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Washington   Washington Profile

State Profile and Energy Estimates

Changes to the State Energy Data System (SEDS) Notice: In October 2023, we updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal). Visit our Changes to 1960—2022 conversion factor for renewable energy page to learn more.

Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)

Last Updated: March 16, 2023

Overview

Washington generates more hydroelectric power than any other state.

Washington State borders Canada and is the furthest northwest of the Lower 48 states. The Pacific Ocean forms the state's western boundary.1 The Columbia River, second only to the Mississippi in volume of water flow among the nation's rivers, enters Washington near the state's northeastern corner and flows in an arc through the eastern half of the state. It forms much of the boundary between Washington and Oregon and drains all of eastern Washington and the western slopes of the Cascade Range south of Mt. Rainier.2 The river provides water for vast hydroelectric projects including Washington's Grand Coulee Dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world, and helps make the state the nation's largest hydroelectric power producer.3,4,5 Washington's climate ranges from rainforest in the extreme western part of the state, where the heaviest precipitation in the continental United States occurs, to near desert conditions in areas east of the Cascade Range.6 Crop residues from Washington's agricultural areas in the east and those from the state's western forests provide ample biomass resources, and many areas of the state have significant wind power development potential.7,8 Even though the state has few fossil fuel resources, its five petroleum refineries provide the only crude oil refining capacity in the Pacific Northwest.9,10,11 Washington also is the only Pacific state other than California that generates nuclear power.12

Washington's economy developed around logging, fishing, and agriculture.13 Today, the state's top industries include: real estate; information and information technology; manufacturing, particularly of transportation equipment; and professional, scientific, technical, and business services.14 Washington is a leader in the energy-intensive forest products industry and in the aerospace industry, including the manufacture of aircraft.15 In 2020, the transportation sector accounted for 28% of the state's total energy consumption, while the industrial sector accounted for 27%.16 Most of Washington's more densely populated areas are west of the Cascade Range where the climate is moderated by the Pacific Ocean and summers are cool and winters are mild.17,18 The residential sector accounted for 26% of the state's energy consumption, and the commercial sector accounted for 19% of the state's total energy use.19 Overall, Washington consumes nearly twice as much energy as it produces, but its per capita energy consumption is less than in almost three-fourths of the states.20,21

Electricity

Washington’s Grand Coulee Dam is the seventh-largest hydroelectric power plant in the world.

In 2022, hydroelectric power accounted for 67% of Washington's total electricity net generation from both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities.22 Washington typically contributes between one-fourth and one-third of all conventional hydroelectric generation in the nation annually, and 9 of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity and 7 of the 10 by actual generation are hydroelectric facilities.23,24 Most of those hydroelectric plants are located on the Columbia River, and one of them, the Grand Coulee Dam, is the seventh-largest hydroelectric power plant by capacity in the world.25,26 Grand Coulee Dam's hydroelectric plant typically produces more than 21 million megawatthours of electricity each year and supplies power to 8 western states and parts of Canada.27 In part because of regional drought, Grand Coulee Dam produced about 17 million megawatthours of electricity in 2019, down from a high of more than 26 million megawatts in 2012. Grand Coulee Dam's contribution rose to more than 21 million megawatthours in 2022.28,29 The second-largest power plant in the state—Chief Joseph—is also a hydroelectric facility.30 Grand Coulee and Chief Joseph are among the eight Washington hydroelectric power plants that are owned and operated by the federal government.31 The Bonneville Power Administration, one of four federal power marketing administrations, distributes the electricity ¬produced at all federal dams in Washington.32,33

Natural gas, nonhydroelectric renewable resources (mostly wind), nuclear energy, and coal provide almost all the rest of Washington's in-state electricity generation. Natural gas is the second-largest in-state source of net generation, and it fueled 12% of the state's total electricity generation in 2022. Renewable resources other than hydroelectric power accounted for about 9% of state generation. Wind represented more than four-fifths of that share and biomass fueled almost all the rest, with solar energy supplying a small amount. Nuclear provided about 8% of total in-state generation, all¬¬¬¬¬¬ of it from the Columbia Generating Station, which is Washington's only operating nuclear power plant.34,35 It also is the only nonhydroelectric power plant among the state's 10 largest by capacity. In 2021, the Columbia nuclear plant was the state's fifth-largest power plant by capacity, but it was the state's third-largest provider of electricity.36 In 2022, coal fueled about 3% of the total electricity generated in Washington, almost all of it from one coal-fired power plant, the TransAlta Centralia plant.37 One of Centralia's two coal-fired units permanently shut down at the end of 2020, and the other is scheduled for retirement in 2025.38 Overall, Washington's electricity net generation exceeds electricity demand in the state, and the excess power generated is sent to the Western Interconnection, a regional grid that stretches from British Columbia and Alberta in Canada, to the northern part of Baja California, Mexico, and across all or parts of 14 western states.39,40

In 2022, Washington was among the six states in the nation with the lowest average electricity prices.41 The residential sector, where almost three in five households use electricity as their primary heating source, accounted for more than two-fifths of Washington's electricity sales in 2022.42 The commercial sector used almost one-third of the state's electricity, and the industrial sector accounted for almost one-fourth. The transportation sector also used a small amount of electricity for light rail and electric trolley buses.43,44 Washington is part of the West Coast Electric Highway, a network of public charging stations for electric vehicles located along Interstate 5 and other major roads in the Pacific Northwest. It is part of the larger West Coast Green Highway that extends from Canada to Mexico.45 More than 66,000 all-electric vehicles are registered in Washington, the fourth-most of any state.46 As of February 2023, the state had more than 1,600 public-access electric vehicle charging stations and about 4,100 charging ports.47

Renewable energy

In 2022, Washington produced one-tenth of the total renewable-sourced utility-scale electricity nationwide.

Washington leads the nation in electricity generation from hydroelectric power and accounted for about 31% of the nation's total hydroelectric generation in 2022.48 The state was second in the nation, after Texas, in utility-scale renewable generation from all sources. In 2022, Washington produced one-tenth of the nation's total renewable-sourced utility-scale electricity generation.49 Hydroelectric power accounted for almost nine-tenths of the state's total renewable power generation, and wind and biomass provided most of the rest.50 Some renewable energy resources are used in energy applications other than electricity generation, such as biofuel blends used for transportation and space heating as well as wood and solar energy used for space and water heating. About 3% of Washington's households heat with wood.51,52 When biofuels and thermal energy are included with renewable electricity generation, renewable resources account for about 90% of Washington's total energy production.53

Wind power is the second-largest contributor to the state's renewable electricity generation. It has supplied more than 6% of Washington's total electricity net generation in every year since 2013. In 2022, it supplied almost 8% of the state's power.54 Washington's first utility-scale wind project came online in 2001, and development of the state's wind resources, particularly along the Columbia Gorge, continues.55,56 As of December 2022, Washington had almost 3,400 megawatts of wind-powered capacity.57 The state's largest wind farm is along the Snake River in southeastern Washington. It came online in 2012 and has a capacity of about 343 megawatts.58

In 2022, biomass accounted for about 1% of Washington's total electricity net generation, about 3% of the nation's total net generation from biomass.59 Forests cover about half of Washington's land area, and wood and wood-derived fuels are the main sources of biomass used to fuel electricity generation in the state.60,61 Washington also has two wood pellet manufacturing plants with a combined production capacity of about 90,000 tons per year. Wood pellets are used for electricity generation and space heating.62

Solar energy supplies a small amount of Washington's total electricity generation. In 2022, almost all of it came from small-scale, customer-sited solar photovoltaic (PV) power installations, such as rooftop solar panels.63 One of the state's wind farms includes a 0.5-megawatt solar array, which came online in 2007, but Washington's first utility-scale solar PV project, a 19-megawatt facility, came online in 2018. A 150-megawatt solar project in Klickitat County came online in 2022 and is Washington's largest solar power plant so far. Other large solar projects are planned.64

Washington has several biogas and biofuel projects. There are several dairy farms in the state that use anaerobic digesters to generate electricity from methane captured from manure.65 Washington also has two biofuel manufacturing facilities. One plant can produce about 107 million gallons of biodiesel per year.66 The other facility, completed in late 2022, can produce about 110 million gallons of renewable diesel each year from waste vegetable oils and animal fats.67 In 2020, Washington consumers used about 22 million gallons of biodiesel.68 State law requires that at least 2% of all diesel fuel sold in Washington be biodiesel or renewable diesel. The law also requires that at least 20% of all diesel fuel used in state agency vehicles be biodiesel or renewable diesel.69 There are no commercial fuel ethanol producers in Washington.70 However, oxygenated motor gasoline blended with fuel ethanol is required statewide.71

Much of Washington has geothermal resources. Although the state does not generate electricity from geothermal energy, those resources are used to heat buildings, greenhouses, and water.72 Several of Washington's natural hot and mineral spring spas use their hot waters to provide space heating.73

Washington established a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 2006 and revised it in 2019 when it enacted the Clean Energy Transformation Act (CETA). The CETA requires electric utilities that serve retail customers to phase out coal-fired electricity from their energy mix by 2025. CETA also requires that utilities make their electricity supply greenhouse gas emissions neutral by 2030 and allows utilities to meet a portion of the requirement through offsets. By 2045, 100% of all electricity sold to in-state customers must come from renewable or non-emitting sources.74,75

Petroleum

Washington has the fifth-largest crude oil refining capacity in the nation.

Washington does not have any crude oil reserves or production.76 Even though oil exploration in the state began in 1900, drillers found only small amounts of crude oil, and the state has not produced any crude oil since the early 1960s.77 Nonetheless, Washington is a major oil refining center with the fifth-largest crude oil refining capacity in the nation.78 Washington's refineries receive crude oil supplies by pipeline, ship, and rail.79,80 The state's five refineries process domestic and foreign crude oils, primarily from Canada, North Dakota, and Alaska.81,82 Collectively, Washington's refineries can process about 650,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, which they process into a wide variety of products including transportation fuels. The largest refinery, Cherry Point in northwestern Washington, can process about 242,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.83 That refinery is also one of the few in the country that can produce renewable diesel from biomass-based feedstocks. In 2022, the plant expanded its renewable diesel production capacity to nearly 110 million gallons of renewable diesel per year.84,85

In 2020, Washington's total petroleum consumption was the 16th-highest in the nation, but its per capita consumption of petroleum ranked 37th among the states.86 The transportation sector accounted for 76% of the petroleum consumed in Washington.87 Motor gasoline, which all five of the state's refineries produce, accounts for more than two-fifths of Washington's total petroleum consumption, and distillate fuel oil (diesel) accounts for almost one-fourth. Washington is also the nation's 10th-largest jet fuel consumer and jet fuel accounts for about one-tenth of the state's petroleum consumption.88,89 The industrial sector is the second-largest petroleum consumer and accounted for 19% of state use.90 The commercial sector consumed 3%, and the residential sector, where about 1 in 20 households heat with petroleum products, used about 2%.91,92

Natural gas

Canada supplies most of the natural gas that Washington uses.

Washington has no natural gas reserves or production.93 However, the state has one underground natural gas storage field, the Jackson Prairie Gas Storage Facility located in western Washington. It has a total storage capacity of about 47 billion cubic feet.94,95,96 Canada supplies most of the natural gas that Washington uses. Almost two-thirds of the natural gas that enters the state comes from Idaho and most of that is originally from Canada. Another more than one-third enters Washington directly from Canada.97 Canada's Sumas Center, near the border between Washington and British Columbia, is a major natural gas trading and transportation hub.98 Nearly two-thirds of the natural gas that enters Washington continues south to Oregon.99

Washington consumes less natural gas than about half of the states, and uses less per capita than all but four other states and the District of Columbia.100 In 2019, the electric power sector accounted for the largest share of Washington's natural gas consumption for the first time. The electric power sector has remained the largest natural gas consumer in the state since then. In 2022, three-tenths of the natural gas delivered to consumers was used to generate electricity.101 The residential sector, where more than one-third of households rely on natural gas as their primary heating fuel, was the second-largest natural gas-consuming sector and accounted for more than one-fourth of the state total.102 The industrial sector accounted for about one-fourth of the natural gas consumed. The commercial sector consumed almost one-fifth, and the transportation sector used a small amount as compressed natural gas vehicle fuel.103

Coal

In 2021, Seattle was the fifth-largest coal export center in the United States.

Washington has nearly 700 million tons of estimated recoverable coal reserves, but there are no longer any active coal mines in the state.104 The last coal mine closed in 2006. That mine provided most of the coal used at the state's only coal-fired power plant near Centralia. Currently, coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana supplies the Centralia power plant, but the power plant's last coal-fired unit will retire by 2025.105 Industrial facilities in the state also receive small amounts of coal.106 Washington consumed about 2.2 million tons of coal in 2021, 38% less than in 2020.107 Coal from several western states is exported through Washington's Seattle Customs District. In 2021, Seattle was the fifth-largest coal export center in the nation, and accounted for about 8% of U.S. total coal exports.108

Energy on tribal lands

Washington is one of only eight states with more than 200,000 Native American residents, and Native Americans make up almost 3% of the state's population.109 There are 29 federally recognized tribes in Washington, and almost 6% of the state's land area is tribally held.110,111 Washington's tribal lands do not have fossil fuel resources, but they do have renewable resources.112

Many tribal lands in Washington have abundant biomass resources. The 12 tribes on the Colville Reservation and those on the Yakama Reservation—the two largest reservations in the state—have substantial forestry industries.113,114,115 Additionally, the Yakama reservation of southern Washington is among the top five reservations in the nation for potential electricity generation from biomass.116 The Quinault Indian Nation on Washington's Pacific coast has abundant woody biomass and uses sustainable forest practices. In addition to timber sales and cedar harvests, the tribe explored the feasibility of a wood pellet manufacturing facility on the reservation to manage forest slash, the woody debris from logging.117,118

In 2008, an agricultural cooperative, a salmon habitat restoration organization, and the Tulalip tribe joined together to form the Qualco electric cooperative. The cooperative generates electricity from methane produced in an anaerobic biodigester using manure and agricultural waste from local farms to reduce runoff that would otherwise enter and pollute nearby salmon streams.119,120 In 2022, Qualco Energy received funding from the state's Clean Energy Fund for participation in a hydrogen generation project using Qualco's renewable biogas. Clean burning hydrogen is a fuel that does not produce any CO2 emissions.121

Land that was once part of two Washington reservations—the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation and the Spokane Tribe Indian Reservation— is now the site of Grand Coulee Dam, the nation's largest hydroelectric power producer.122,123 Today, the Yakama reservation, the second-largest reservation in the state, has some of the best hydropower potential of any reservation in the nation and has more than 3 megawatts of hydroelectric capacity.124,125 The Yakama tribe is developing electric generation projects that will use solar and woody biomass resources and is exploring opportunities to develop its wind resources as well.126 Yakama Power, a tribal-owned utility, has worked toward acquisition of ownership interests in transmission and distribution facilities that serve the reservation.127

Several of Washington's tribal areas have solar and geothermal resources. The Spokane Nation of eastern Washington owns an energy company that constructed a 643-kilowatt community solar facility and has plans to build a 100-megawatt solar facility.128 In 2020, the Spokane Reservation received funding for 140 customer-sited solar PV installations from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).129 In 2021, the Lummi Nation received DOE funding to assist in the installation of a 100-kilowatt solar PV system in Bellingham, Washington.130 In 2022, a DOE grant to the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, whose lands are south of Seattle, will help pay for the installation of approximately 130 kilowatts of solar PV.131 Some tribal lands in eastern Washington also have geothermal resource potential.132

Endnotes

1 NETSTATE, Washington, The Geography of Washington, updated February 25, 2016.
2 Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Washington, Rivers, accessed January 31, 2023.
3 U.S. EIA, "The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation," Today in Energy (June 27, 2014).
4 Jaganmohan, Madhumitha, "Largest hydroelectric dams worldwide as of 2021, based on power generation capacity (in gigawatts)," Statista (January 19, 2023).
5 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual, 2021, Table 3.14, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Hydroelectric (Conventional) Power.
6 Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Washington, accessed February 2, 2023.
7 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geospatial Data Science, Biomass Resource Data, Tools, and Maps, U.S. Biomass Resource Maps, accessed February 2, 2023.
8 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Washington 80-Meter Wind Resource Map (October 5, 2010).
9 Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas Resources, accessed February 2, 2023.
10 Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Coal, Metallic and Mineral Resources, Coal, Coal in Washington, accessed February 2, 2023.
11 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity, Annual as of January 1, 2022 and Number of Operating Refineries, 2022.
12 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual, 2021, Table 3.13, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Nuclear Energy.
13 Washington State Department of Commerce, Choose Washington, A brief history of Washington's economy, accessed February 2, 2023.
14 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in current dollars, NAICS, Washington, All statistics in table, 2021.
15 Washington Department of Commerce, Key Industries in Washington, Key Sectors Bring Focus to High Growth Industries, accessed February 2, 2023.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
17 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census: Washington Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
18 Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Washington, Western Washington, accessed February 10, 2023.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
20 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2020.
21 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
22 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Washington, Net generation all sectors, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Small-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
23 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Conventional hydroelectric, United States, Washington, Annual, 2001-22.
24 U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A and 2B.
25 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 2, 'Plant Data'.
26 Fernandez, Lucia, "Largest hydroelectric dams worldwide as of 2021, based on power generation capacity," Statista (February 8, 2023.
27 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Grand Coulee Dam Statistics and Facts, revised December 2021.
28 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Plant Level Data, Grand Coulee, Annual, 2001-22.
29 Drought.Gov, Drought in Washington from 2000-Present, accessed February 10, 2023.
30 U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A and 2B.
31 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
32 U.S. Department of Energy, Offices, Power Marketing Administration, accessed February 10, 2023.
33 Bonneville Power Administration, Fact Sheet, BPA's foundational statutes (August 2020).
34 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, updated March 9, 2021.
35 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
36 U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B, 10.
37 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
38 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only) and (Retired & Canceled Units Only).
39 U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile, 2021, Table 10.
40 Western Electricity Coordinating Council, About WECC, accessed February 11, 2023.
41 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Average retail price of electricity, All sectors, All states, Annual, 2022.
42 U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Washington, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Other, Annual, 2022.
44 King County Metro, Electric Trolley Buses, accessed March 9, 2023.
45 West Coast Green Highway, West Coast Electric Highway, accessed February 11, 2023.
46U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Electric Vehicle Registrations by State (June 2022).
47 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations, Washington, Public access, All charger types, accessed February 11, 2023.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, United States, Washington, Conventional hydroelectric, Annual, 2022.
49 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Geography-Check all, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Annual, 2022.
50 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
51 Washington Department of Enterprise Services, Biodiesel Use by Washington State Agencies, Jan-Dec 2021, p. 12.
52 U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
53 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P2, Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2020, Washington.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, All fuels, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
55 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
56 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Washington, Wind Power Plant Map Layer, accessed February 11, 2023.
57 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Table 6.2.B.
58 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Wind Technology Data' (Operable Units Only).
59 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, United States, Washington, All fuels, Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
60 Washington Forest Protection Association, Forest Facts & Figures, accessed February 11, 2023.
61 U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2021, Table 5, Electric power industry generation by primary energy source, 1990 through 2021.
62 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, October 2022.
63 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
64 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2022 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of December 2022.
65 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AgStar, Livestock Anaerobic Digester Database, accessed February 11, 2023.
66 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2022.
67 BP, "Getting more renewable diesel on the road," Press Release (November 2022).
68 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2020.
69 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Biodiesel Laws and Incentives in Washington, Renewable Fuels Standard, accessed February 11, 2023.
70 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2020.
71 Larson, B.K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements as of January 2018, ExxonMobil (January 2018).
72 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of December 2022.
73 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program Washington, DOE/GO-102004-2035 (February 2005).
74 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Washington, Renewable Energy Standard, updated November 3, 2022.
75 Washington State Department of Commerce, CETA Overview, accessed February 13, 2023.
76 U.S. EIA, Washington Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed February 13, 2023.
77 Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas Resources, Oil and Gas in Washington, accessed February 13, 2023.
78 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity as of January 1, 2022.
79 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries as of January 1, 2022.
80 U.S. EIA, Washington, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Petroleum Refinery, Crude Oil Rail Terminal, Petroleum Port, and Crude Oil Pipeline Maps, accessed February 13, 2023.
81 U.S. EIA, Crude Imports, Imports of all grades from World to Washington, Annual, 2020-21, accessed February 13, 2023.
82 Marathon, Anacortes Refinery, accessed February 13, 2023.
83 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2022 (June 2022), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2022, p. 20.
84 BP United States, Washington, Cherry Point Refinery, updated December 2022.
85 Kotrba, Ron, "BP completes renewable diesel coprocessing expansion project in Washington," Biobased Diesel Daily (November 28, 2022),
86 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
87 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Tables, C4, Total End-Use Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020, and C8, Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020.
88 Washington Research Council, Economic Profile, The Economic Contribution of Washington State's Petroleum Refining Industry in 2019 (June 2021), p. 3.
89 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F1, Jet Fuel Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
90 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Tables, C4, Total End-Use Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020, and C7, Industrial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020.
91 U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
92 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Tables, C4, Total End-Use Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020, C5, Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020, and C6, Commercial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020.
93 U.S. EIA, Washington Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed February 13, 2023.
94 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, 2021, Washington.
95 Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas Resources, accessed February 13, 2023.
96 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2021, Washington.
97 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Washington and Idaho, Annual, 2021.
98 U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Imports by Point of Entry, Pipeline Volumes, 2022.
99 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Washington and Oregon, Annual, 2021.
100 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020, and Table F18, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, 2021.
101 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use, Washington, Annual, 2017-22.
102 U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
103 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use, Washington, Annual, 2017-22.
104 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 2021), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
105 "How a coal town is preparing for a future without coal," Yale Climate Connection (March 11, 2022).
106 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 2022), By Coal Destination State, Washington, Table DS-41.
107 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 2022), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2021 and 2020.
108 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (April 2022), Table 13, U.S. Coal Exports by Customs District.
109 World Population Review, Native American Population 2023, accessed February 14, 2023.
110 Washington Office of Public Education, Tribes within Washington State, accessed February 14, 2023.
111 U.S. Forest Service, Forest Service National Resource Guide to American Indian and Alaska Native Relations, Appendix D: Indian Nations, The American Indian Digest (April 1997) p. D-3.
112 U.S. EIA, Washington, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Map Layers: Tribal census tracts, Coal fields, Oil wells, Gas wells, accessed February 14, 2023.
113 Washington Tribes, The Tribes of Washington Map, accessed February 15, 2023.
114 Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Integrated Resource Management Plan 2015, p. 78-95.
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