Last Updated: January 16, 2025

Overview

New Jersey is the most densely populated state in the nation at nearly 1,300 residents per square mile.¹ Despite its extensive Atlantic Ocean beaches and its northern highlands that are part of the Appalachian chain, New Jersey is the only state where every county is considered urban by the U.S. Census Bureau.^2,3 Even though it is the fourth-smallest state by land area, New Jersey plays a major role in the supply of energy to the entire Northeast region. Shipping terminals on the Delaware River on the state's western boundary and at the New York-New Jersey harbor have extensive connecting pipeline, rail, and storage terminals that make the state a hub for the distribution of petroleum products throughout the northeastern states.^4,5,6,7 Although the state has no fossil energy reserves, it has some renewable resources, primarily solar and biomass from landfills and other municipal solid wastes.^8,9

New Jersey is located on the Atlantic coast between New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The state experiences moderate and occasionally snowy winters and warm, humid summers—temperatures can vary from the eastern coastal regions to western inland regions.¹⁰ New Jersey was nicknamed the Garden State in 1876 because of its role in food production for the nearby major cities at the time.¹¹ Today, New Jersey is a leading producer of apples, blueberries, cucumbers, eggplants, and peaches in the nation.¹² The state lies along the heavily traveled East Coast transportation corridor, and New Jersey has more miles of roadway per square mile of land area than any other state except Rhode Island.¹³ Many New Jersey residents commute to work in the New York City or Philadelphia metropolitan areas, and the state has some of the nation's longest average commute times.¹⁴ Long commutes are one reason that the transportation sector consumes more energy than any other sector in the state, accounting for about one-third of the state's total energy use in 2022.¹⁵

Even with the moderating impacts of the Atlantic Ocean on New Jersey's varied climate, the residential sector made up almost three-tenths of state energy use. In 2023, New Jersey ranked 11th in GDP among the states and the commercial sector consumed more than one-fourth of state energy use. The service-providing industries, such as finance, insurance, real estate and professional services, contribute the largest portion to the state's GDP, and the state is also among the 10 states that use the lowest amount of energy per dollar of GDP.^16,17 New Jersey's goods-producing private industries made up only 13% of the state's GDP and the industrial sector's energy consumption accounted for just 13% of the state's total energy use in 2022.^18,19 In 2022, New Jersey's per capita total energy consumption was less than three-fourths of all other states.²⁰

Petroleum

New Jersey does not have any crude oil production or reserves, but the state has three operating oil refineries.^21,22 One of those refineries is the Paulsboro refinery, where a previously retired crude oil distillate unit was restarted in July 2023. This refinery is also the largest producer of asphalt on the East Coast. The three refineries in New Jersey have a combined capacity of about 451,000 barrels per calendar day and produce a wide range of refined petroleum products.^23,24,25,26 Four other New Jersey refineries closed between 2010 and 2017.²⁷

In addition to getting crude oil shipments by rail, New Jersey's refineries receive crude oil imports and petroleum products by tanker from all over the world at the New York-New Jersey Harbor.²⁸ The Linden Terminal, on the New Jersey side of the harbor, is one of the 10 largest petroleum terminals in the nation, with a storage capacity of 4.3 million barrels.²⁹ Several major petroleum product pipelines also cross New Jersey.³⁰ The Colonial Pipeline, the nation's largest refined product pipeline, has its northern terminus in Linden, New Jersey, supplying petroleum products from Gulf Coast refineries to the New York and New England markets.³¹ Other pipeline systems distribute refined petroleum products from New Jersey terminals and refineries to upstate New York and Pennsylvania.^32,33

New Jersey is the 13th-largest petroleum-consuming state, but it uses less petroleum per capita than all but 7 other states.³⁴ It is the only state in the nation where consumers are not allowed to pump their own gas.³⁵ The transportation sector accounts for about 80% of the petroleum consumed in the state, with more than three-fifths of it as motor gasoline.^36,37 The state was home to one of two storage sites that made up the one-million-barrel federal Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve, which was created in 2012 to counter motor fuel supply disruptions caused by hurricanes, winter storms, and other natural events. However, the emergency gasoline reserve was sold off in July 2024.³⁸ New Jersey requires the statewide use of reformulated gasoline blended with ethanol to reduce emissions of smog-forming and toxic pollutants.³⁹ Although the state does not have any ethanol production plants, the New York-New Jersey Harbor area is the primary distribution hub for ethanol supplies for the East Coast.^40,41 Facilities in New Jersey receive ethanol deliveries by rail from the Midwest.^42,43

New Jersey's industrial sector uses about 14% of the petroleum consumed in the state. The residential sector accounts for 3%, and about 1 in 11 New Jersey households use petroleum products, mostly heating oil, as their primary source for home heating.^44,45 New Jersey is one of four states with storage sites for the 1-million-barrel federal Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, in Port Reading, with 300,000 barrels. The reserve was established in 2000 to avert heating oil shortages in the region during extreme winter weather.^46,47 The commercial sector accounted for most of the rest of the petroleum consumed in the state at 3%, and the electric power sector consumed 0.1%.⁴⁸

Natural gas

New Jersey does not produce natural gas, nor does the state have any natural gas reserves.^49,50 New Jersey also does not have any natural gas storage fields.⁵¹ About half of the natural gas that enters New Jersey is not consumed there. Natural gas leaves the state via several interstate pipelines that cross New Jersey and deliver natural gas primarily to New York.⁵² The Transco pipeline project was cancelled in mid-2024, but other pipeline projects will bring natural gas produced from Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale into the Northeast through New Jersey.^53,54

New Jersey is the nation's 14th-largest natural gas consumer. However, in part because of its large population, New Jersey uses less natural gas per capita than three-fifths of the states.⁵⁵ In 2023, electricity generation in New Jersey accounted for 36% of the state's total natural gas deliveries to consumers. The residential sector closely followed and accounted for about 31% of the state's natural gas consumption. Seven out of ten New Jersey households use natural gas as their primary home heating fuel. The commercial sector used about 21% of the natural gas delivered to consumers, and the industrial sector accounted for about 12% of the state total. A small amount of natural gas was consumed by the transportation sector as vehicle fuel and separately for pipeline and distribution use.^56,57

Electricity

Natural gas and nuclear energy account for almost all of New Jersey's electricity net generation. In 2023, natural gas accounted for 49% of New Jersey's total electricity generation and nuclear power provided 42%. Natural gas and nuclear energy together have fueled more than 90% of New Jersey's total electricity generation in every year since 2011.⁵⁸ Nuclear power's contribution declined in recent years following the permanent shutdown of the state's Oyster Creek single-reactor nuclear power plant in 2018. Oyster Creek was the nation's oldest operating nuclear power reactor at the time.^59,60 Following the closure of Oyster Creek, New Jersey provided financial support for the state's three nuclear power reactors at its two remaining nuclear power plants to prevent their closures.^61,62,63 Renewable resources supplied 8% of New Jersey's total generation in 2023. Solar energy, at both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities, accounted for almost 90% of New Jersey's renewable electricity generation. The rest was produced from biomass, with small amounts from wind and hydropower.⁶⁴ New Jersey's last two coal-fired power plants shut down in 2022.⁶⁵

New Jersey consumes more electricity than it produces and in 2023 it obtained nearly one-fifth of its power from generators in other states by way of the regional grid.⁶⁶ The commercial sector accounted for half of all electricity use in the state. The residential sector, where one in six households use electricity for heating and one in five for air conditioning, accounted for two-fifths of electricity use in New Jersey. Almost all of the rest of the state's electricity went to the industrial sector, although a small amount of electricity was used in the transportation sector, which consists of New Jersey's light rail system.^67,68,69 New Jersey's clean energy plan includes a goal to register 330,000 electric vehicles by 2025.⁷⁰ In 2023, the state had 129,000 registered battery electric vehicles and another 36,000 plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, ranking sixth in the nation.⁷¹ The state offers financial incentives for purchasing electric vehicles and for installing charging stations.⁷² In November 2024, New Jersey had about 1,450 public electric vehicle charging locations.⁷³

Renewable energy

Renewable resources provide 8% of New Jersey's total in-state electricity generation, most of it from solar energy. In 2023, solar energy accounted for 87% of the state's renewable generation. More than two-thirds of that is from small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, like rooftop panels, and the rest is from utility-scale solar farms with capacities of 1-megawatt or more.⁷⁴ Overall, New Jersey ranked 12th among the states in total solar power generation and 7th in generation from small-scale solar power systems.⁷⁵ By October 2024, solar power capacity in New Jersey totaled about 3,600 megawatts, and more than two-thirds of it was at small-scale installations, such as rooftop solar panels.⁷⁶ The state's largest solar farm, Toms River Solar, has 21 megawatts of generating capacity and began operating in June 2021. The 20-megawatt Mount Olive Solar Farm, which came online in January 2023, is the largest landfill solar project in the nation. Several utility-scale projects with a combined 21 megawatts of capacity are scheduled to come online by the end of 2024.^77,78 New Jersey has a community solar program that allows groups of households to benefit from solar power by connecting to remotely located solar arrays within their utility service territory. The program is aimed at renters, those who live in multi-family buildings, households that do not have property suitable for solar, or people that cannot afford the cost of a solar installation. Customers receive a credit on their power bills for the electricity that is generated.^79,80 In 2023, New Jersey ranked sixth in the nation for small-scale solar capacity, primarily due to solar financial incentives.^81,82

Biomass fuels provided about 1% of New Jersey's total electricity generation, but accounted for the second-largest share of the state's renewable electricity generation in 2023 at 12%.⁸³ In large part because of New Jersey's population density, three-fourths of the state's biomass generating capacity is fueled by municipal solid waste, and almost all the rest is fueled with landfill gas.⁸⁴ The state's largest biomass-fueled facility is a 66-megawatt power plant at a waste disposal site near Newark's International Airport.⁸⁵ Plans are underway to construct one of the largest food waste-to-renewable natural gas projects in Linden, New Jersey, scheduled to come online in 2026.⁸⁶

New Jersey has two utility-scale onshore wind power facilities located on the state's Atlantic Ocean coastline—a 7.5-megawatt five-turbine wind farm in Atlantic City, and a 1.5-megawatt single turbine located across from Staten Island in the New York City area which is currently out of service.^87,88 In 2023, wind energy supplied about 0.3% of New Jersey's renewable electricity generation.⁸⁹ New Jersey has more wind power potential offshore.⁹⁰ The state set goals for offshore wind development. The original goal was 3,500 megawatts of offshore wind power by 2030, which was increased to 7,500 megawatts by 2035.⁹¹ In 2022, New Jersey increased its wind power goal to 11,000 megawatts by 2040.⁹² Currently, four offshore wind projects in New Jersey have received approvals but are facing delays and cancelations due to supply chain issues and rising costs. In late 2023, the 2,400-megawatt Ocean Wind 1 and 2 offshore wind projects were canceled by the developer.^93,94,95

Hydropower accounted for 0.2% of New Jersey's renewable electricity generation in 2023.⁹⁶ The state has two small conventional hydroelectric plants near New York City with a combined capacity of about 12 megawatts. However, the smaller plant—with about 2 megawatts of capacity—is out of service for the foreseeable future, and the larger plant had one of its three generating units out of service as of late 2024. New Jersey also has a 415-megawatt hydroelectric pumped storage facility in the northwestern corner of the state near its border with Pennsylvania.⁹⁷ Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants generate electricity during peak demand periods, when power prices are higher, using water pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off-peak periods and then releasing it to flow back to a lower reservoir through turbine generators when additional power is needed.^98,99

New Jersey adopted a renewable portfolio standard in 1999, and the state legislature has since enacted several substantial revisions to the standard, including: increased use of solar energy, offshore wind energy, small-scale hydroelectric, and waste-to-energy facilities. The law was updated most recently in May 2018 and now requires that 50% of electricity sold in New Jersey come from approved renewable sources by 2030, a portion of which must be from offshore wind.^100,101,102 In 2019, New Jersey released its Energy Master Plan: Pathway to 2050, which is a blueprint for meeting 100% of the state's energy needs with clean energy by 2050. The plan calls for carbon-neutral electricity generation, electrification of transportation, increased energy efficiency, improvements to the transmission grid, and building sector improvements that include expanding the net zero carbon homes incentive programs. The plan also calls for installing 2,000 megawatts of battery energy storage by 2030.¹⁰³

Coal

New Jersey does not have any coal reserves or production.¹⁰⁴ The state's electric power sector received all of New Jersey's coal deliveries between 2008 and 2022. The state's last two coal-fired power plants closed in mid-2022.^105,106 New Jersey was one of nine states with no utility-scale coal-fired generation in 2023.¹⁰⁷ A very small number of New Jersey households heat with coal.¹⁰⁸

Endnotes

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³ NCESC.com, How much of NJ is urban?, updated June 20, 2024.
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