Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: November 21, 2024
Overview
Wood is used as the main heating source in 1 in 16 New Hampshire households.
New Hampshire is nestled in northern New England between Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine. It is one of the smallest states in the nation, but its terrain ranges from ocean beaches to rugged mountains, including Mount Washington, the highest peak in New England. Maine and the Atlantic Ocean form New Hampshire's eastern borders, but the state's Atlantic coastline is the shortest in the nation, at roughly 18 miles in length. That coastline contains both recreational beaches and Portsmouth, a deep-draft, ice-free port, where the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard repairs the U.S. nuclear submarine fleet.1,2,3,4 Although it has no fossil energy reserves, New Hampshire's mountains, rivers, and forests hold plentiful renewable energy resources.5 Several large rivers run through the state, and some of the dams on those rivers have provided New Hampshire with hydroelectric power for more than a century.6 The White Mountains of northern New Hampshire, home to record surface wind speeds, became the site of the world's first wind farm in 1980.7,8,9 Forests that cover more than four-fifths of New Hampshire make the state second only to Maine in the percentage of its area that is woodland, and wood is the mainstay of New Hampshire's biomass energy industry.10,11 Wood is used as a primary heating source for 1 in 16 New Hampshire households, almost five times the national average.12 Most of New Hampshire's small population lives in the southeastern part of the state.13 However, the state's natural beauty and proximity to northeastern population centers draw many visitors and part-time residents.14,15
New Hampshire's transportation and residential sectors account for nearly equal shares of the state total energy consumption at about one-third each.16 Energy use in the state's residential sector is impacted by the nearly one-tenth of New Hampshire homes that are only seasonally or occasionally occupied.17 The commercial sector accounts for about one-fifth of state energy consumption and the industrial sector uses only slightly more than one-eighth.18 Private service-providing industries, including real estate, finance, and insurance, are the largest contributors to New Hampshire's GDP, and less energy-intensive computer and electronics manufacturing has replaced New Hampshire's long-established textile and shoe manufacturing industries.19,20 As a result, New Hampshire is among the 10 states that use the smallest amount of energy for every dollar of GDP created.21 Even so, New Hampshire consumes more than twice as much energy as it produces.22
Electricity
In 2023, New Hampshire’s only nuclear facility, which is the state’s largest power plant, accounted for about three-fifths of the state’s electricity generation.
In 2023, about 56% of New Hampshire's total in-state net electricity generation came from the state's only nuclear generating station, Seabrook, which is New Hampshire's largest power plant, both by capacity and generation. It is one of only two nuclear power plants in New England. Two natural gas-fired plants are the next largest power plants by both capacity and generation.23,24,25,26 In 2023, natural gas provided nearly 25% of the state's total electricity generation. Renewables, including hydroelectric power, biomass (primarily from wood and wood-derived fuels), wind, and solar supplied 18% of the state's total generation. The rest of the state's generation was fueled by small amounts of petroleum and coal. Petroleum, which is used primarily to generate power when demand is highest, fueled less than 1% of the state's generation. Coal's contribution declined from 25% of New Hampshire's total in-state generation in 2001 to less than 1% in 2023, while the contribution from natural gas increased from less than 1% to nearly 25% during the same period.27 Because New Hampshire's power plants generate more electricity than the state consumes, excess generation is sent to other states.28
New Hampshire had lower per capita total electricity retail sales than all but six other states in 2022.29 Only 1 in 10 New Hampshire households use electricity as their primary heating source, but in part because of fewer winter daylight hours than in many other states, the residential sector accounted for about 44% of the state's electricity use in 2023. The commercial sector consumed about 38% of the state's electricity, and the industrial sector accounted for 18%.30,31,32 New Hampshire is a participant in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a multi-state cap and trade program that sets regional limits to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power generation.33 Carbon dioxide emissions in New Hampshire are among the lowest in the nation, less than in all but three other states.34 New Hampshire has used most of its RGGI emission allowance auction proceeds to reduce energy use and lower electricity bills through rebates.35 However, in 2023, the state had the fourth-highest average electricity price in the nation.36
In August 2024, New Hampshire had 250 public electric vehicle charging locations, the fewest locations in New England.37 Charging locations are strategically located along the major interstate highways, I-89, I-93, and I-95, and in major urban areas.38 The New Hampshire Department of Transportation was awarded $2.8 million to expand the charging infrastructure along the major travel corridors of I-93 and NH-16.39
Renewable energy
In 2023, renewable energy supplied 18% of New Hampshire’s total in-state electricity.
In 2023, renewable resources provided 18% of New Hampshire's total in-state electricity generation, mostly from hydroelectric power and biomass.40 Hydroelectric power was the largest source of New Hampshire's renewable generation. The state is home to one-fourth of New England's hydroelectric generating capacity. New Hampshire accounted for almost 19% of the region's hydroelectric generation in 2023, when it supplied 9% of New Hampshire's total generation.41,42,43 The state has 24 utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) hydroelectric facilities. The two largest hydroelectric power plants in New England—the 193-megawatt S.C. Moore and the 166-megawatt Comerford hydropower dams—are located on the Connecticut River along New Hampshire's border with Vermont. However, most of the state's utility-scale hydroelectric facilities have capacities of less than 5 megawatts.44
Biomass supplied the second-largest share of New Hampshire's electricity generation from renewable resources in 2023 and accounted for about 5% of the state's total net generation. Wood and wood-derived fuels from the state's forest products industry provided 82% of the state's biomass-fueled generation.45 The rest came from landfill gas and municipal solid waste.46 New Hampshire's biomass resources also provide the feedstock for the state's one wood pellet manufacturing plant. It can produce about 90,000 tons of wood pellets each year. Wood pellets are burned for heating and electricity generation.47 The state also has a small biofuels industry. New Hampshire has one biodiesel plant with a capacity of about 8 million gallons per year.48 In 2022, New Hampshire consumed about 3 million gallons of biodiesel.49 The state does not have any fuel ethanol production plants, but New Hampshire consumed about 72 million gallons of fuel ethanol in 2022.50,51
Wind and solar energy facilities supply the rest of New Hampshire's renewable electricity generation. In 2023, wind energy accounted for 2% of New Hampshire's total in-state electricity generation.52 Areas along the state's short Atlantic coastline and on its mountain ridges have New Hampshire's best wind resources.53 The state's first commercial wind farm came online in 2008, and as of September 2024, New Hampshire has five utility-scale wind farms with a combined 212 megawatts of capacity.54 All of the state's wind turbines are located on mountain ridges in northern and western New Hampshire.55 In 2021, New Hampshire established the Office of Offshore Wind Industry Development to assess the opportunities of offshore wind.56
New Hampshire has modest solar energy resources.57 Solar energy supplied about 2% of New Hampshire's total net generation in 2023, almost all of it from small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) installations.58 The state's first and so far only utility-scale solar-powered facility came online in early 2019 with a capacity of 2.4 megawatts.59 The rest of New Hampshire's solar power generation comes from small-scale, customer-sited installations, mostly rooftop solar panels but also larger ground-mounted arrays. In mid-2024, the total capacity of New Hampshire's solar installations was 261 megawatts, almost all of it at small-scale solar facilities.60
New Hampshire's renewable portfolio standard (RPS) requires that by 2025 the state's electricity providers, except for municipal utilities, acquire the equivalent of one-fourth of the electricity they sell from renewable-sourced generation or by purchasing renewable energy credits. State power suppliers can use electricity generated from renewable energy resources in neighboring New England states to comply with the RPS. New Hampshire's RPS includes credit for new thermal energy projects that deliver energy as heat instead of as electricity, such as solar thermal, geothermal, and ocean thermal facilities.61 The state requires utilities that sell electricity in New Hampshire to offer net metering to customer-sited electricity generators that use eligible renewable or combined-heat-and-power technologies up to a total of 100 kilowatts for small customer-generators and up to 1 megawatt for large customer-generators.62
Petroleum
New Hampshire does not produce or refine crude oil and has no crude oil reserves.63 Although petroleum products account for half of the state's total energy consumption, New Hampshire has no petroleum product pipelines.64,65 All refined petroleum products arrive in the state by rail, truck, or ship. Some arrive at Portsmouth, the state's only seaport. Most of the petroleum products are from Mid-Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico refineries or from other countries.66,67 Although most of the state's imported petroleum products are from Canada, refined products also arrive from several other countries. Distillate and propane are the most common imports.68 Portsmouth also has marine terminal and storage facilities for heating oil, propane, and other petroleum products.69,70 The terminals connect with rail lines and highways that take petroleum products inland. Distributors also bring in supplies by truck and rail from neighboring states.71 One crude oil pipeline, the Montreal-Portland Pipeline, crosses through northeast New Hampshire, but does not deliver crude oil in New Hampshire. Built in 1941, it is the only crude oil pipeline in the state and it operates intermittently. It transports crude oil from tanker docks at Portland, Maine, to refineries in Montreal, Canada.72,73
Two-fifths of New Hampshire households use fuel oil for heating, 10 times the national average.
New Hampshire uses less petroleum than all but five other states, but per capita use in New Hampshire is greater than three-fifths of the states.74 Although New Hampshire is a small state with fewer road miles traveled annually than most other states, the transportation sector accounts for about two-thirds of state petroleum consumption.75,76 The more densely populated counties in southeastern New Hampshire require the use and sale of reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol. However, most gasoline sold in New Hampshire and the nation contains at least 10% ethanol.77,78,79 New Hampshire's residential sector, where about three-fifths of households use petroleum products as the primary source for space heating, accounts for one-fifth of state petroleum use.80,81 Only one other state, Maine, heats a larger share of its households with petroleum products. Two-fifths of New Hampshire's households use fuel oil as their primary heating fuel, ten times the national average, and almost one in five homes use propane for heat, nearly four times the national average.82 The commercial sector accounts for almost one-tenth of state petroleum use and the industrial sector uses almost all the rest. The electric power sector uses a very small amount of petroleum, primarily as a backup fuel.83
New Hampshire's high reliance on fuel oil for home heating makes it particularly vulnerable to supply constraints and price spikes during the winter months. New Hampshire provides assistance to low-income households with heating expenses during fall and winter months.84 In a supply emergency, the U.S. Department of Energy can release heating oil from the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, created by Congress in 2000, to avert supply disruptions. The reserve holds a total of 1 million barrels at storage sites in four states, with 201,000 of those barrels stored nearby in Massachusetts and 200,000 barrels in Maine.85
Natural gas
New Hampshire does not have any natural gas reserves or production.86,87 Natural gas enters New Hampshire by interstate pipelines, primarily from Canada and from domestic production through the surrounding New England states. In 2023, about four-fifths of the natural gas that entered New Hampshire left the state, primarily to neighboring states.88 The electric power sector is the largest natural gas consumer in New Hampshire, accounting for more than half of the natural gas used in the state.89 However, as power companies use more natural gas to fuel electricity generation in New Hampshire, and in New England as a whole, assurance of natural gas supply has become a critical energy issue for the region.90,91,92 The industrial and commercial sectors almost evenly split a combined three-tenths of the natural gas delivered to consumers. The residential sector, where about one in five homes are heated with natural gas, used almost all the rest. A very small amount of natural gas is used as transportation fuel.93,94 In 2023, New Hampshire was among the five states consuming the least amount of natural gas. Most of the state does not have any natural gas distribution infrastructure.95,96
Coal
New Hampshire is scheduled to retire the only two coal-fired electricity generating stations in New England by 2028.
New Hampshire does not have any coal reserves or coal mines, but the state does have the only two coal-fired power plants left in New England—the Schiller plant at Portsmouth and the Merrimack plant at Bow.97,98 However, the Schiller plant has been out of service since 2020 and is not expected to come back online before its scheduled retirement in 2025. The much larger Merrimack coal-fired power plant has been operating only on days it has to meet peak power demand and is scheduled to be retired in 2028.99,100 Coal-fired plants are no longer the predominant baseload power source, but they play an important role in providing electricity on high demand days, especially during the cold winter months, when supplies of natural gas for electricity generation are constrained by increased natural gas demand for heating from the residential sector.101,102 The operator of the Schiller and Merrimack plants is seeking to leverage the location and existing connections to the electricity grid to provide battery storage for nearby renewable energy projects.103 New Hampshire's electric power sector received a small amount of coal in 2023, from West Virginia and Pennsylvania.104
Endnotes
1 NETSTATE, New Hampshire Geography, updated February 25, 2016.
2 New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, New Hampshire Beaches: Shoreline Movement and Volumetric Change, 2017, p. 2.
3 New Hampshire Port Authority, NH Division of Ports & Harbors Information, and The Economic Impact of the Piscataqua River and the Ports of Portsmouth and Newington (June 2012), p. 6.
4 Naval Sea Systems Command, Portsmouth Naval, About Us, accessed October 18, 2024.
5 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), New Hampshire Profile Data, Reserves and Environment, accessed October 18, 2024.
6 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2023 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
7 WorldAtlas.com, Maps of New Hampshire, accessed October 30, 2024.
8 Mount Washington Observatory, World Record Wind, accessed October 18, 2023.
9 University of Massachusetts Amherst, Wind Energy Center, Wind Energy Center Alumni, accessed October 18, 2024.
10 New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands, Forest Statistics, accessed October 18, 2024.
11 National Association of State Foresters, State Foresters by the Numbers, December 2021, p. 3.
12 U.S. Census Bureau, United States, New Hampshire, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
13 U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: New Hampshire Profile.
14 New Hampshire Department of Business and Economic Affairs, Record Setting Summer Tourism Season, accessed October 18, 2024.
15 New Hampshire Housing, Housing Market Report June 2022, p. 12.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
17 U.S. Census Bureau, New Hampshire, 2023, Tables B25002, Occupancy Status, and B25004, Vacancy Status.
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
19 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Data, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, New Hampshire, All statistics in table, 2023.
20 Bookman, Todd, "Made in New Hampshire: Manufacturing's Rise and Fall in Manchester," New Hampshire Public Radio (March 27, 2017).
21 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
22 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
23 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New Hampshire, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001‒23.
24 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, New Hampshire Electricity Profile 2023, Tables 2A, 2B.
25 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, New Hampshire, updated June 17, 2022.
26 Mohl, Bruce, "Region's aging nuclear power plants drawing interest," CommonWealth Beacon (January 19, 2023).
27 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New Hampshire, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001‒23.
28 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, New Hampshire Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10.
29 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
30 U.S. Census Bureau, New Hampshire, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
31 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Direct Normal Solar Irradiance in October, National Solar Radiation Database Physical Solar Model, updated February 22, 2018.
32 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of Electricity, New Hampshire, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Annual 2023.
33 The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Welcome, accessed October 21, 2024.
34 U.S. EIA, Environment, Energy-Related CO2 Emission Data Tables (October 29, 2024), Table 1, State Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Year, XLSX.
35 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, The Investment of RGGI Proceeds in 2021 (June 2023), p. 4, 31-33.
36 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 5.6.B.
37 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (September 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
38 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations, New Hampshire, Map Results, accessed October 16, 2024.
39 New Hampshire Department of Transportation, "$2.8M Awarded in Bids to Further Extend NH's Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure," Press Release (February 28, 2024).
40 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New Hampshire, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
41 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New Hampshire, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables (total), Wind, Biomass (total), Wood and wood-derived fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
42 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2024), Table 6.2.B.
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New England, New Hampshire, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
44 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New Hampshire, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables (total), Wind, Biomass (total), Wood and wood-derived fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
46 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
47 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, July 2024.
48 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity as of January 1, 2024, detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
49 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
50 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2024.
51 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2022.
52 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New Hampshire, All fuels, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
53 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in New Hampshire, and Gulf of Maine Offshore Wind Speed at 100 Meter, accessed October 22, 2023.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
55 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask New Hampshire, Wind Power Plants, accessed October 22, 2024.
56 New Hampshire Department of Energy, Office of Offshore Wind Industry Development, accessed October 22, 2024.
57 Roberts, Billy J., Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
58 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New Hampshire, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001‒23.
59 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators, Solar Photovoltaic, as of September 2024.
60 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2024), Table 6.2.B.
61 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, New Hampshire, Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated March 5, 2024.
62 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Net Metering, New Hampshire, updated January 5, 2024.
63 U.S. EIA, New Hampshire, Profile Data, Supply & Distribution and Reserves, updated October 17, 2024.
64 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
65 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask New Hampshire, Crude Oil Pipelines Petroleum Products Pipelines, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) Pipelines, accessed October 22, 2024.
66 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missions, Civil Words, Navigation, New Hampshire, Portsmouth, accessed October 24, 2024.
67 New Hampshire Department of Transportation, Statewide Freight Plan, Final Report (January 2019), p. 17, 110, 125.
68 U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, Previous issues, July 2023—July 2024.
69 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask New Hampshire, Petroleum Product Terminals, Petroleum Ports, accessed October 24, 2024.
70 ISO New England, Oil Infrastructure (April 2021), p. 4.
71 New Hampshire Department of Transportation, Statewide Freight Plan, Final Report (January 2019), p. 100, 111.
72 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask New Hampshire, Crude Oil Pipelines Petroleum Products, accessed October 22, 2024.
73 Canada Energy Regulator, Pipeline Profiles: Montreal, Pipeline system and key points and Throughput and capacity, accessed October 24, 2024.
74 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
75 Federal Highway Administration, Policy and Governmental Affairs, Office of Highway Policy Information, Highway Statistics Series, Highway Statistics 2022, National Highway System Travel - 2022, Annual Vehicle Miles By Functional System, Table HM-44, January 18, 2024.
76 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
77 U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: New Hampshire Profile.
78 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Programs, Reformulated Gasoline, updated August 22, 2024.
79 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
80 U.S. Census Bureau, United States, New Hampshire, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
81 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
82 U.S. Census Bureau, All states, United States, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
83 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
84 New Hampshire Department of Energy, Energy News, Emergency Energy Assistance Programs Signed into Law, posted September 15, 2022.
85 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, and NEHHOR History, accessed October 24, 2024.
86 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, Annual, 2016‒21.
87 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Annual, New Hampshire, 2023.
88 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, New Hampshire, 2018-23.
89 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New Hampshire, Annual 2018-23.
90 ISO New England, Resource Mix, accessed October 16, 2024.
91 ISO New England, Role of Natural Gas, accessed October 16, 2024.
92 "The New England energy market challenges and how they impact your energy purchasing plan," NRG Editorial Voices (December 19, 2022).
93 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New Hampshire, Annual 2018-23.
94 U.S. Census Bureau, New Hampshire, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
95 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Volumes Delivered to Consumers, Annual, 2018-23.
96 New Hampshire Public Service Commission, State of New Hampshire Gas Utilities Franchise Areas (April 25, 2019).
97 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 1, Table 15.
98 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
99 Dewitt, Ethan, "Merrimack and Schiller stations, last coal plants in New England, to shut down coal operations," New Hampshire Bulletin (March 27, 2024).
100 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
101 National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Baseload Generation, accessed October 10, 2024.
102 U.S. EIA, "New England's power grid weather last weekend's record breaking cold and wind," Today in Energy (February 8, 2023).
103 Storrow, Benjamin, "New England's Last Coal Plant is Closing. What Comes Next?," E&E News (July 15, 2024).
104 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic Coal Distribution of U.S. coal by: Destination State, 2023, New Hampshire, Table DS-25.