Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: September 21, 2023
Overview
Ohio is a highly industrialized state that has abundant natural resources.1 Named after the river that forms its southern boundary, Ohio is a Great Lakes state bordered on the north by Lake Erie, the fourth-largest Great Lake and, by surface area, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world.2 Ports along the state's more than 300 miles of Lake Erie shoreline and on the Ohio River give this Midwestern state access to domestic and international markets.3 Coal is shipped by way of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River and coal and petroleum leave the state's Lake Erie ports and enter into the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system.4 The eastern half of Ohio is occupied by the hills and valleys of the Appalachian Plateau, part of the larger Appalachian Region. Ohio's coal resources and most of the state's many natural gas and crude oil fields are located there.5 Western Ohio's rolling plains have some of the most fertile farmland in the United States and mark the beginning of the nation's Corn Belt, which extends westward across the Midwest.6 Soybeans and corn are the state's leading crops, and corn is the feedstock for Ohio's fuel ethanol production plants.7,8 Prevailing winds that blow across the state provide western Ohio with moderate onshore wind resources, and winds that blow across Lake Erie provide the state with stronger offshore wind energy resources.9
With its large population, heavily industrialized economy, and wide seasonal temperature variations, Ohio is among the top 10 states in total energy consumption.10,11,12,13 However, the state's per capita energy consumption is only slightly above the national average.14 In 2021, Ohio's industrial sector accounted for about one-third of the state's total energy consumption.15 Manufacturing—including the production of chemicals; motor vehicles and transportation equipment; fabricated metal products; food, beverage, and tobacco products; and machinery—is one of the largest contributors to Ohio's economy. Natural gas, coal, and crude oil production are energy-intensive industries that also are important contributors to the state's economy.16 The state has the nation's fourth-largest interstate highway system, and Ohio's transportation sector is the state's second-largest energy consumer. In 2021, that sector accounted for one-fourth of Ohio's energy consumption.17 With its large population, the state's residential sector used almost as much energy as the transportation sector and accounted for almost one-fourth of Ohio's energy use in 2021. The commercial sector consumed less than one-fifth.18
Natural gas
Ohio is one of the nation's top 10 natural gas producers. The state accounts for about 5% of U.S. natural gas production and has about 5% of the nation's natural gas reserves.19,20 Production from shale formations in eastern Ohio, where horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques release natural gas trapped in low permeability reservoirs, has increased the state's natural gas production dramatically.21 Gross withdrawals of natural gas peaked at 2.65 trillion cubic feet in 2019, and almost all of it was from shale gas wells.22,23 Although output has declined somewhat, Ohio produced almost 2.3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in 2022 .24
Ohio is one of the nation’s top 10 natural gas producers.
Ohio's natural gas production surpassed state demand for the first time in 2015.25 However, the state receives additional natural gas supplies from other states, primarily Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Because Ohio produces more natural gas than the state consumes, more natural gas leaves Ohio than enters. Most of that natural gas is delivered to Michigan, Kentucky, and Indiana.26 Some of the natural gas that remains in Ohio is injected into underground natural gas storage reservoirs for later use. Ohio has the seventh-largest natural gas storage capacity among the states. Its 24 underground natural gas storage fields have a combined total storage capacity of about 575 billion cubic feet, which is about 6% of the U.S. total.27,28 Most of the natural gas that is withdrawn from Ohio storage fields is removed between October and April to meet increased demand for heating.29
Ohio is one of the nation's top 10 natural gas-consuming states. However, the state's per capita total natural gas consumption is less than in one-fourth of the states.30,31 Natural gas use at Ohio's power plants increased markedly in recent years and was nearly three times greater in 2022 than it was a decade earlier.32 The electric power sector is the state's largest natural gas consumer and has been since 2018. It accounted for almost two-fifths of the total natural gas delivered to Ohio consumers in 2022. The industrial sector used about one-fourth, and the residential sector, where nearly two-thirds of households use natural gas for home heating, accounted for almost one-fourth of the state's total natural gas deliveries to consumers. Almost all the rest of the natural gas consumed in the state was used in the commercial sector. The transportation sector used a small amount of natural gas as vehicle fuel.33,34
Coal
Ohio has more than 4% of U.S. estimated recoverable coal reserves.35 The state is the nation's 12th-largest producer of bituminous coal, the only type of coal mined in Ohio, and is the 16th-largest coal-producing state overall.36 In 2021, 56% of the operating mines in Ohio were surface mines, but 65% of the state's coal production came from underground mines.37 More than three-fifths of the Ohio coal distributed domestically in 2021 was used in the state. Most of the rest was shipped to Kentucky and West Virginia, and almost all of it was sent to electric power generators.38
Ohio is among the top 10 coal-consuming states in the nation.
Coal from Ohio and other states is shipped from the state's ports along Lake Erie and on the Ohio River.39 Coal is transferred from railcars to ships at several points along the Lake, including ports at Toledo and Lorain, and then sent to ports throughout the Great Lakes region and overseas.40 The Cleveland Customs District on Lake Erie accounted for about 1.2% of all U.S. coal exports in 2022.41 Coal is also shipped on the Ohio River from Cincinnati, one of the nation's largest inland coal ports.42
Ohio is among the top 10 coal-consuming states in the nation.43 In 2021, the state used about eight times more coal than it mined.44,45 To meet Ohio's needs, coal was brought in from several surrounding states by barge, rail, and truck to supplement Ohio production. Coal arrived primarily from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Kentucky. Lesser amounts of coal came from several other states, including from as far away as Colorado and Wyoming.46 In 2021, the electric power sector used 84% of the coal consumed in Ohio. Most of the remaining coal went to coking plants for use in the steelmaking process. Other industrial users also received a small amount.47
Petroleum
Ohio's crude oil reserves are modest, and the state contributes about 0.1% of the nation's total crude oil production.48 Ohio produced a record high of almost 28 million barrels of crude oil in 2019, exceeding the previous records set in 1896 and 2015. Although production has declined, in 2022 the state was the largest oil-producer east of the Mississippi River.49,50 Recent increases in production resulted from the use of advanced drilling technologies, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, which have enhanced production from low permeability reservoirs such as the Utica shale formation in the eastern half of the state.51
Ohio‘s 4 crude oil refineries typically have a combined processing capacity of almost 605,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, about 3% of the nation's total.52,53 However, one refinery was shut down after an explosion and fire in 2022, but it restarted in 2023.54 The crude oil processed at the four refineries comes from many different areas, including Canada, the Midcontinent region, North Dakota, the Appalachian Basin, U.S. Gulf Coast, and from Utica Shale production within the state. Collectively, the refineries can process a wide variety of crude oils from light, sweet crudes to heavy, sour ones. Ohio's refineries deliver their products—including motor gasoline, distillates, aviation fuels, petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, and other byproducts—by pipeline, truck, and rail to markets throughout the Midwest.55,56,57 Petroleum products also move in and out of Ohio's port facilities on Lake Erie.58
Ohio is among the nation's top 10 petroleum-consuming states. In 2021, the transportation sector used 77% of the petroleum consumed in Ohio, mainly as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.59,60 Although conventional motor gasoline without ethanol can be sold throughout Ohio, most retail gasoline stations in the state sell gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.61,62 Some Ohio fueling stations also sell gasoline blended with 15% ethanol.63 Additionally, about 210 public access fueling stations in Ohio sell E85, a blend of motor gasoline that contains 85% ethanol.64 The industrial sector is Ohio's second-largest petroleum consumer and accounted for about 15% of the state's total petroleum use in 2021. The state's commercial sector used more than 3% and the residential sector—where about 7 in 100 Ohio households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating—accounted for about 3%. Ohio's electric power sector used about 1% of the petroleum consumed in the state.65,66
Electricity
Ohio is among the nation’s top 10 electricity producers and one of the top 5 electricity consumers.
Natural gas fuels the largest share of Ohio's total electricity net generation. In 2022, it supplied more than half of the state's power. For decades, coal was the primary fuel for electricity generation in Ohio. However, in 2019, natural gas supplied more of Ohio's in-state electricity net generation than coal for the first time. In recent years, coal's share of Ohio's electricity generation has decreased. In 2022, coal fueled 37% of the state's net generation, down from 82% in 2010.67 Although 6 of Ohio's 10 largest power plants by capacity were coal-fired in 2021, two of those have retired, one in 2022 and one in 2023.68,69 Increased natural gas-fired generation has offset much of the power decrease caused by coal-fired power plant retirements. The share of Ohio's net generation provided by natural gas increased from 5% of the state's total electricity net generation in 2010 to 51% in 2022. Ohio's two nuclear power plants, located near Toledo and Cleveland, supplied about 12% of the state's net generation in 2022.70 Renewable energy resources, primarily wind, accounted for most of the rest.71
Ohio is one of the nation's top 10 electricity producers (seventh), and the state ranks among the top 5 electricity consumers (fourth).72,73 However, per capita electricity retail sales in Ohio are less than in about half of the states.74 The residential sector, where almost one in four households heat with electricity, accounted for the largest share of electricity retail sales in Ohio—almost 36% of the state total in 2022. The industrial sector accounted for almost 34%, and the commercial sector accounted for almost 31% of Ohio's electricity consumption.75,76 Because in-state generation does not meet consumer demand, Ohio typically imports between about one-fifth and one-fourth of the electricity it needs each year from other states and Canada by way of the regional grid.77
Major improvements were made in the nation's grid reliability because of a grid failure in Ohio in 2003 that affected the interconnection that coordinates the movement of electricity through all or part of 14 states between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean.78 The August 2003 failure of a transmitter in northeastern Ohio led to what was the largest blackout in North America.79 It took only nine seconds for the grid to collapse, and it affected more than 50 million people in the northeastern United States and Canada.80 A U.S.-Canadian joint task force investigated the causes of the blackout and a number of their recommendations were incorporated into the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The Act resulted in new reliability standards and gave the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission the power to enforce compliance.81
Renewable energy
Renewable energy resources supplied about 4% of Ohio's total in-state electricity generation in 2022. Wind power provided almost three-fifths of the state's renewable generation.82 Most of the state's wind farms are located in northwestern Ohio, the area with the state's greatest onshore wind potential.83,84 The state's largest wind farm, the 304-megawatt, 152 turbine, Blue Creek Wind Farm, is located near the state's northwestern border.85,86 In mid-2023, Ohio had almost 1,100 megawatts of installed wind generating capacity.87 More wind capacity is planned, including a 150-megawatt onshore wind project and an offshore wind project located in Lake Erie near Cleveland.88,89
Ohio is the nation’s seventh-largest fuel ethanol producer.
In 2022, solar energy provided nearly one-fourth of Ohio's total generation from renewable sources. It was the second-largest after wind, supplying a larger amount than biomass for the second year in a row. All of the state's solar power comes from solar photovoltaic (PV) installations.90 Ohio's largest solar PV installation to date came online in mid-2023, when the 274-megawatt Yellowbud Solar project began operations.91 Utility-scale (1-megawatt or larger) solar PV surpassed the contribution from small-scale solar (less than 1-megawatt) for the first time in 2021. In 2022, utility-scale solar provided almost three times as much power as small-scale, customer-sited installations.92
Biomass, from wood and wood waste, landfill gas, and other feedstocks, as well as conventional hydroelectric power accounted for the rest of Ohio's renewable electricity generation.93 There are 11 utility-scale biomass power plants in the state. In 2022, they provided one-tenth of Ohio's total renewable generation.94 Biomass resources also provide feedstock for three wood pellet manufacturing plants in the state. Together they can produce about 108,000 tons of pellets per year.95 Wood pellets are used for electricity generation and space heating.96 In 2022, hydropower supplied almost as much electricity as biomass.97 There are five utility-scale hydroelectric power plants in Ohio.98
Ohio is the nation's seventh-largest fuel ethanol producer.99 The state's 7 fuel ethanol plants use corn as a feedstock and can produce 757 gallons, or about 18 million barrels, of ethanol per year.100,101,102 In 2021, Ohio was the nation's fifth-largest fuel ethanol consumer. The state produced about 14 million barrels of fuel ethanol and consumed about 11 million barrels. In 2021, Ohio also produced nearly 1.5 million barrels of biodiesel and consumed almost 1.2 million barrels.103,104 Currently there are not any biodiesel plants in the state because Ohio's one biodiesel plant was converted into a renewable diesel pretreatment facility, and it no longer produces biodiesel fuel.105 In early 2022, the plant began processing agricultural material into feedstock for a renewable diesel fuel plant in North Dakota.106,107
Ohio has an alternative energy portfolio standard (AEPS) and an energy efficiency portfolio standard (EEPS) for investor-owned utilities and all other retail electricity suppliers except municipal utilities and electric cooperatives. The AEPS set a target of 8.5% renewable-sourced power by 2026, including a solar carve-out of 0.5%.108 Ohio's EEPS requires that utilities put in place energy efficiency programs to reach a 22% cumulative reduction in retail electricity sales by the end 2027.109 Investor-owned electric utilities are required to offer net metering to customer generators.110
Endnotes
1 NETSTATE, Ohio, The State of Ohio, updated July 28, 2017.
2 Lake Erie Waterkeeper, Lake Erie Facts, accessed August 13, 2023.
3 NETSTATE, Ohio, The Geography of Ohio, The Land, updated February 25, 2016.
4 World Port Source, Port of Toledo Port Commerce, Port Lorain Port Commerce, and Port of Cincinnati Port Commerce, accessed August 13, 2023.
5 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Ohio Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Coal Mines, Oil Wells, and Natural Gas Well Map Layers, accessed August 13, 2023.
6 NETSTATE, Ohio, The Geography of Ohio, The Land, updated February 25, 2016.
7 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2022 State Agriculture Overview, Ohio.
8 Ethanol Producer Magazine, Plant List, accessed August 14, 2023.
9 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Ohio, accessed August 15, 2023.
10 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022.
11 Rogers, Jeffery, "Ohio's New Era of Climate Extremes," CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, accessed August 15, 2023.
12 Britannica, Ohio, Economy, Manufacturing, accessed August 14, 2023.
13 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
16 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tools, Interactive Data Tables, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, Ohio, All Statistics in Table, Ohio, 2019-22.
17 Deye, Andrew, "Ohio's Outstanding Transportation Infrastructure Is a Key Selling Point," Ohio Economic Development Association Newsletter (February 23, 2018).
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
19 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, Annual, 2016-21.
20 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2017-22.
21 U.S. EIA, Ohio Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Tight Oil and Shale Gas Plays Map Layer, accessed August 15, 2023.
22 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2017-22.
23 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas, 2007-21.
24 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2022.
25 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Total Consumption, 1997-2021.
26 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Ohio, 2016-21.
27 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2016-21.
28 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, 2016-21.
29 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Underground Storage Withdrawals, Monthly, 1990-2023.
30 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022.
31 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F18, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, 2021.
32 U.S. EIA, Ohio Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, 1997-2022.
33 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Ohio, Annual, 2017-22.
34 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Ohio.
35 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
36 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2021.
37 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2021 and 2020.
38 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, Ohio, Table OS-17, 2021.
39 World Port Source, Ohio, Satellite Map of Ports, accessed July 16, 2022.
40 World Port Source, Ohio Port Index, accessed August 22, 2023.
41 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2022 (April 2023), Table 13, U.S. Coal Exports by Customs District, Year to date, 2022.
42 World Port Source, Port of Cincinnati, Review and History, accessed August 22, 2023.
43 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2021.
44 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2021 and 2020.
45 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2021 and 2020.
46 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), Ohio, Table DS-31, Domestic Coal Distribution by Destination State, 2021.
47 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2021 and 2020.
48 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Annual, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021, Ohio and U.S. Total.
49 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2017-22.
50 U.S. EIA, Ohio Field Production of Crude Oil, 1981-2022.
51 Cocklin, Jamison, "Estimates Show Ohio Oil Production Shattered 19th Century Record Last Year," Shale Daily (March 18, 2020).
52 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Distillation Operable Capacity, as of January 1, 2023.
53 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, as of January 1, 2023.
54 Heid, Derek, "Cenovus Energy purchases Toledo Refinery and shares plans to reopen after fatal fire," NBC 24 News (March 2, 2023).
55 Cenovus Energy, Upgrading & refining, Lima Refinery and Toledo Refinery, accessed August 22, 2023.
56 PBF Energy, Refineries, Toledo, OH, accessed August 22, 2023.
57 Marathon Petroleum, Canton Refinery, accessed August 22, 2023.
58 World Port Source, Port of Toledo, Port Commerce, accessed August 22, 2023.
59 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
60 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2021.
61 Larson, B. K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements As of January 2018, ExxonMobil, accessed August 23, 2023.
62 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
63 U.S. EIA, "New EPA ruling expands sale of 15% ethanol blended motor gasoline," Today in Energy (July 16, 2019).
64 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, Ohio, Ethanol 85, Public Stations, accessed August 23, 2023.
65 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
66 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Ohio.
67 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2001-22.
68 U.S. EIA, Ohio Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
69 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of July 2023.
70 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ohio, updated March 9, 2021.
71 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2001-22.
72 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 5.4.B.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F20, Electricity Consumption Estimates, 2021.
74 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
75 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Ohio.
76 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Ohio, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2022.
77 U.S. EIA, Ohio Electricity Profile 2021, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2021.
78 PJM Interconnection, Territory Served, accessed August 25, 2023.
79 Minkel, J. R., "The 2003 Northeast Blackout Five Years Later," Scientific American (August 13, 2008).
80 "Blackout by the numbers," CBC News Online, updated November 14, 2003.
81 Minkel, J. R., "The 2003 Northeast Blackout Five Years Later," Scientific American (August 13, 2008).
82 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, All utility-scale solar, Geothermal, Biomass, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
83 U.S. EIA, Ohio Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Ohio, Wind Power Plant Map Layer, accessed August 26, 2023.
84 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Ohio, Maps & Data, accessed August 26, 2023.
85 Power Technology, Blue Creek Wind Farm, Ohio, accessed August 26, 2023.
86 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2023.
87 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2023), Table 6.2.B.
88U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of July 2023.
89 Kosich, John, "A year after clearing its last legal hurdle, the plans to put windmills in Lake Erie remain just that — plans," News 5 Cleveland (August 16, 2023).
90 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Biomass (total), All solar, All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
91 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2023.
92 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, A Biomass (total), All solar, All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
93 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass (total), All solar, Annual, 2022.
94 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2023.
95 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2023.
96 U.S. EIA, Glossary, Densified biomass fuel, accessed August 27, 2023.
97 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Ohio, Conventional hydroelectric, Biomass (total), Annual, 2022.
98 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2023.
99 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B. Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2021.
100 Ethanol Producer Magazine, Plant List, accessed August 27, 2023.
101 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. Nameplate Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity as of January 1, 2023, Excel file.
102 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2021.
103 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B. Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2021.
104 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2021.
105 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, as of January 1, 2023
106 Kotrba, Ron, "Marathon converts Cincinnati biodiesel plant to renewable diesel pretreatment facility," Biodiesel Magazine (February 3, 2022).
107 Marathon, Renewable Fuels, Renewable Fuel Portfolio, accessed September 10, 2023.
108 NC Clean Technology Center, DSIRE, Ohio Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard, updated July 20, 2023.
109 NC Clean Technology Center, DSIRE, Ohio Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard, updated October 6, 2016.
110 NC Clean Technology Center, DSIRE, Ohio Net Metering, updated February 13, 2023.