Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: September 15, 2022
Overview
Maine is the most rural U.S. state and has the most energy-intensive economy in New England.
Maine rises from a jagged Atlantic coastline in the east to the state's highest point, Mount Katahdin, nearly a mile above sea level at the northern end of the Appalachian Trail in the center of the state. Maine is the largest of the New England states and is the easternmost state in the nation.1 Although Maine has no fossil energy reserves, the state's rivers, winds, and forests supply Maine with substantial renewable energy resources.2 Rivers that flow from the state's interior highlands to the sea provide hydroelectricity resources, while winds that sweep along the coast and across the state's uplands and Appalachian mountain crests make Maine New England's leader in wind-powered electricity generation.3,4,5 Known as the Pine Tree State, forests cover about nine-tenths of Maine, a larger share than in any other state. Forest products are both a major energy-intensive industry and an important biomass resource, powering electricity generation and supplying wood-derived fuels such as wood pellets.6,7 Although Maine has no coal or crude oil reserves, the state's ports handle shipments of coal and petroleum products that enter the region.8
Although Maine is home to coastal cities, more than three-fifths of its population live in rural areas, the largest proportion of any U.S. state.9 It is the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River and contains large rural areas, including Northwest Aroostook, a 2,600 square mile area with less than one resident per 250 square miles.10,11,12 Overall, Maine has more than three-fifths of its population living in rural areas, the largest proportion of any U.S. state.13 Maine's weather varies significantly across the state. Even though temperatures reach the triple digits in the south in summer, they fall to minus 50°F in the far north in winter, and the state is one of the nation's four coldest.14 Heating needs during the frigid winters contribute to Maine having the highest per capita energy use in New England.15,16
Maine's residential, industrial, and transportation sectors account for roughly equal amounts of the state's energy consumption at more than one-fourth each, and the commercial sector uses less than one-fifth. The industrial sector accounts for a larger share of state energy consumption in Maine than in any other New England state.17 Energy-intensive industries such as forestry, forest products, and paper manufacturing have contributed to Maine's economy for decades, but private service industries including finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing; professional and business services; and health care are now the largest contributors to Maine's economy and accounted for almost three-fourths of the state's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021.18 Even so, the Maine economy uses significantly more energy per dollar of GDP than any other New England state and also more than the national average.19
Renewable energy
In 2021, 72% of Maine's in-state electricity net generation came from renewable resources, down from 79% in 2020, in part because of an increase in natural gas-fired generation. Hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, and wood and wood-derived fuels supplied most of the state's renewable generation. Solar energy also provided a small amount from both utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) photovoltaic (PV) installations.20
Hydropower, wind, and wood produce most of the electricity generated in Maine.
Although Maine ranked 16th in the nation in total hydroelectric generation in 2021, hydropower's share of in-state generation, at more than one-fourth, was second to Vermont's among the states east of the Mississippi River and eighth among all the states.21 Maine's many rivers powered the mills used by the state's early lumber industry. By the mid-1980s, the state was home to nearly 800 dams, many of which were capable of generating electricity. Since then, hydroelectric dam owners and conservationists have agreed to remove some dams to restore natural river flows and fish migrations and to increase turbine generating capacity at others.22,23 As of 2022, there were 51 licensed hydroelectric power plants in the state with about 726 megawatts of capacity, 15% of which is more than a century old.24 Maine has further undeveloped hydroelectric potential.25 The state also has supported ocean energy research for more than a decade. In 2014, the first tidal-generated power delivered to the U.S. electricity grid came from a pilot project in Maine's Cobscook Bay. More recently, a project in central Maine that will generate power from river and tidal currents is in development.26,27
Wind energy is the second-largest source of renewable electricity generation in Maine. In 2019, wind surpassed biomass as a source of in-state generation for the first time.28 Maine leads New England in wind power and ranks ninth in the nation in the share of its electricity generated from wind.29 In 2021, Maine's wind turbines produced almost one-fourth of the state's total net generation and accounted for two-thirds of all wind-powered generation in New England.30 The state's best wind resources are on the ridge crests along the state's western border and on Maine's Atlantic coastline.31 As of mid-2022, Maine had more than 1,000 megawatts of wind-powered generating capacity.32 The state's largest wind facility, the 186-megawatt Bingham Wind project, began operating in late 2016. The most recent, a 15-megawatt onshore wind project, came online in November 2021.33 In 2009, the Maine legislature established a series of goals for the installation of both onshore and offshore wind-powered capacity.34 The goal of at least 3,000 megawatts of installed wind capacity by 2020 was not met, and a more recent target of 8,000 megawatts by 2030, with 5,000 megawatts from facilities in state coastal or offshore waters, was set.35 There are currently no active offshore wind projects along the Maine coast.36 However, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management plans to identify areas for wind energy leases in the Gulf of Maine by mid-2023 with lease sales occurring by mid-2024.37
Biomass fuels one-fifth of Maine's net generation, the second-largest share of any state, after Vermont.38 Almost all of the biomass Maine uses for electricity generation is wood and wood waste-derived fuels.39 Maine also has four wood pellet manufacturing plants that can produce a total of about 232,000 tons of pellets annually.40 Wood pellets are burned for electricity generation and heating. Almost 1 in 10 Maine households use wood as their primary fuel for space heating.41 The state also can produce about 1 million gallons of biodiesel per year from recycled cooking oils at its one biodiesel plant.42,43 About 6 million gallons of biodiesel were consumed in Maine in 2020.44 There are no fuel ethanol plants in the state, but more than 60 million gallons of fuel ethanol were used in Maine in 2020.45,46
Maine's solar resources are modest.47 All of the state's 21 utility-scale solar-powered generating facilities have come online since 2017. The three largest are 20-, 49-, and 77-megawatt facilities that came online in since 2020.48 In 2021, the state's utility-scale solar installations provided more power than customer-sited, small-scale solar PV for the first time. In 2021, solar generation from both utility-scale and small-scale facilities produced about 3% of Maine's total in-state net generation.49
Maine regulators established a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 1999. The RPS required that at least 30% of each retail provider's electricity sales come from renewable sources, a standard that state electricity distributors had already surpassed with the state's biomass and hydroelectric resources. In 2019, Maine increased the RPS target to 80% of electricity retail sales from renewable sources by 2030, and 100% renewable electricity by 2050.50,51,52 In 2021, 72% of Maine's in-state net generation came from renewable resources.53 However, a significant amount of the electricity sold in the state is generated elsewhere.54
Electricity
Maine generates less electricity than all but five other states. In 2021, renewable resources provided almost three-fourths of Maine's utility-scale in-state net generation, a larger share than in all but Vermont, South Dakota, Washington, and Idaho.55 Hydroelectric power provided slightly more than one-fourth of Maine's in-state utility-scale net generation, wind turbines supplied nearly one-fourth, and biomass fueled one-fifth. Solar energy provided about 3% of Maine's total electricity net generation. Almost all the rest of Maine's in-state electricity net generation was fueled by natural gas.56
Maine's energy mix has changed significantly since the early 1990s when more than three-tenths of the state's net generation came from nuclear power and another one-fifth, on average, came from petroleum-fired facilities. The state's only nuclear plant ceased operations in 1997, and petroleum-fueled generation decreased from 37% of net generation in the late 1990s to less than 0.5% in 2021.57,58 As a result, Maine's electricity generation in 2021 was about half of what it was two decades earlier.59 Maine's largest power plant by capacity is petroleum-fired, but it is now used only to meet peak electricity demand in the winter. The state's largest power plant by generation is natural gas-fired.60 In 2021, natural gas-fired power plants fueled nearly one-fourth of the state's total net generation. Coal supplied less than 1%, down from almost 3% in 2001.61 In 2021, Maine's industrial sector supplied 16% of in-state electricity generation, the highest proportion of any New England state and the third-largest share, after Louisiana and Delaware, of any state in the nation.62
Overall, Maine does not generate enough electricity to meet demand, and in 2020, the state imported almost three-tenths of its electricity supply from other states and Canada.63 Most of Maine is part of the regional transmission grid operated by Independent System Operator New England (ISO-NE). An exception is in the northern part of the state, where Maine's power system links to the rest of New England through Canada by way of Canada's New Brunswick Power Corporation.64,65 In part because of the small amount of power generated in-state and the state's limited use of both coal and petroleum for electricity generation, Maine ranks among the states with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions.66
Maine uses less electricity than all but a few states, and its total per capita retail sales of electricity are less than in four-fifths of the states. In 2021, Maine's residential sector accounted for the largest share of the state's total electricity retail sales at 44%, but per capita use in the residential sector is less than in almost three-fourths of the states.67,68 Only about 1 in 12 households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating.69 Summers can be hot and humid but are generally mild, so many New England households do not use air conditioning.70 The commercial sector accounted for 34% of state electricity purchases and the industrial sector accounted for about 22%.71 Maine has the lowest average electricity retail price in New England, in part because of the state's low industrial sector power prices, which reflect that sector's use of less costly wood and wood waste as fuels for electricity generation.72,73,74
Petroleum
Maine does not have any crude oil reserves or production, nor does it have any oil refineries.75,76 Refined petroleum products arrive in the state at several marine points of entry, including Maine's largest—the Port of Portland on Casco Bay. Portland is a natural deep-water harbor and is ice-free year-round.77 Although there are no interstate petroleum product pipelines that enter Maine, one intrastate product pipeline runs between Portland and Bangor.78 Most of the rest of the state's refined products enter farther north at Searsport and Belfast, Maine, or at several border crossings from Canada. Heating oil and propane also arrive at New Hampshire's Port of Portsmouth on Maine's southern border, and those products are distributed regionally, including into Maine. Canada is the dominant supplier of the petroleum products that arrive at all of Maine's ports.79
There is one crude oil pipeline system in Maine. That pipeline, built in 1941, transports crude oil from the Port of Portland to refineries in Quebec and Ontario. Currently, it operates only intermittently. The Canadian refineries now process crude oil from western Canada, and crude oil shipments from Portland have mostly stopped.80,81,82
More than 7 of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products for home heating, a larger share than in any other state.
Petroleum accounts for the largest share of energy consumed in Maine and meets more than two-fifths of the state's energy needs.83 In 2020, 59% of the petroleum consumed in Maine was used in the transportation sector, and almost half of it was consumed as motor gasoline.84,85 In addition to the wide use of petroleum in the state's transportation sector, 23% was used in the residential sector, where more than 7 out of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products, primarily fuel oil, as their primary energy source for home heating, a larger share than in any other state.86 Transportation and home heating fuel consumption together help make Maine second, after Vermont, in per capita petroleum use among the New England states.87 In 2020, the commercial sector accounted for about 11% of Maine's petroleum consumption, and the industrial sector used about 6%. The electric power sector consumed a very small amount.88 In 2011, the Maine legislature enacted a law that set goals to decrease petroleum use across all sectors of the Maine economy. The targets were a reduction of 30% below the 2007 consumption level by 2030 and 50% by 2050.89 By 2020, petroleum consumption in Maine had decreased by almost 28% from the 2007 levels.90
Maine is home to one of three storage sites that make up the 1-million-barrel federal Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve, created to counter motor fuel supply disruptions caused by hurricanes, winter storms, and other natural events. The Maine storage site is in South Portland, and it holds 100,000 barrels of motor gasoline.91 Maine's heavy reliance on fuel oil for home heating also makes the state particularly vulnerable to fuel oil supply disruptions and price spikes during the winter months. The U.S. Department of Energy created the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve in 2000 to protect consumers in the northeastern states, including Maine, from supply disruptions. The Heating Oil Reserve holds 1 million barrels of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) with sulfur levels of less than 15 parts per million at storage sites in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.92 In 2018, Maine required the use of ULSD.93
Natural gas
Maine does not have any natural gas reserves, does not produce natural gas.94,95 A liquefied natural gas terminal at St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, which began operations in 2009, receives natural gas from overseas and sends it by pipeline to Canadian markets and to U.S. markets, including Maine.96,97 Another interstate pipeline, the Portland Natural Gas Transmission System pipeline delivers natural gas from Canada and the United States through New Hampshire to southern Maine.98 The state's natural gas use accounted for only about 0.2% of the amount that entered the state because of Maine's small population and lack of distribution infrastructure. In 2020, about three-fourths of the natural gas received from all sources was sent to Canada. The rest went to New Hampshire.99
Maine's natural gas consumption is among the lowest in the nation. In 2020, the state's natural gas use on a per capita basis was third-lowest in the nation, after Hawaii and Vermont.100 The industrial sector accounted for half of the natural gas consumed in Maine. The electric power sector, where 2 of the state's 10 largest power plants by generation are natural gas-fired, consumed almost one-fourth.101 The commercial sector used one-fifth. Most of Maine lacks natural gas distribution systems, so only about 1 in 13 state households use natural gas as their primary home heating fuel. The residential sector used 7%.102,103,104 Constraints on interstate pipeline natural gas delivery capacity force increased competition between electricity generators and other customers for supply during the high-demand winter months.105
Coal
There are no coal mines in Maine, and the state has no recoverable coal reserves.106 The Portland customs district is the largest recipient of imported coal in the Northeast, but the state is among the seven U.S. states that consume the least coal.107,108 In 2017, a very small amount of domestically produced coal was delivered to Maine's electric power sector from Pennsylvania. However, since then Maine has not received any domestic deliveries of coal.109 The only generation from coal in the state occurs at two cogeneration plants at paper mills that can burn both waste from mill operations and coal.110 A very small number of Maine households burn coal for heat.111
Endnotes
1 NETSTATE, The Geography of Maine, The Land, updated February 25, 2016.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Maine Profile Data, Reserves and Environment, accessed August 1, 2022.
3 Brakeley, Samuel, and Zachary Ezor, The State of Rivers and Dams in Maine, The State of Maine's Environment (2009).
4 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Maine, accessed August 1, 2022.
5 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New England, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wind, Annual, 2021.
6 Maine Forest Products Council, Maine's Forest Economy, accessed August 1, 2022.
7 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Manufacturing facilities with capacity and status, May 2022, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2022.
8 World Port Source, Searsport, Port Commerce, and Port of Portland, Port Commerce, accessed August 26, 2022.
9 Lisa, Andrew, "States with the biggest rural populations," Stacker (April 8, 2019).
10 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Historical Population Density Data (1910-2020).
11 U.S. Census Bureau, City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021, Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 (SUB-EST2021).
12 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing, CPH 2-21 (August 2012), Table 8, Population and Housing Units: 1990 to 2010; and Area Measurements and Density: 2010, p. 10.
13 Lisa, Andrew, "States with the biggest rural populations," Stacker (April 8, 2019).
14 Jacobsen, George L., "Maine's Moist Climate: Strongly Variable Seasonal Temperatures with Even Precipitation," Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, State Climate Series, accessed August 1, 2022.
15 Osborn, Liz, "Coldest States in America," Current Results, weather and science facts, accessed August 1, 2022.
16 U.S. EIA, Rankings, Total Energy Consumed Per Capita, 2020.
17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2020.
18 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, Maine, All statistics in table, 2020-21.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2020.
20 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Natural gas, Coal, Petroleum liquids, Conventional hydroelectric, Wind, Biomass, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, All solar, Small-scale photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, 2020-21.
21 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.3.B, 1.10.B.
22 Brakeley, Samuel, and Zachary Ezor, The State of Rivers and Dams in Maine, The State of Maine's Environment (2009).
23 McCarthy, James, "More Energy, Fewer Dams: A New Approach to Hydropower," Mainebiz (September 3, 2012).
24 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of June 2022.
25 Maine Governor's Energy Office, Maine Hydropower Study (February 2015).
26 Associated Press, "First Tidal Power Delivered to U.S. Power Grid Off Maine," Fox News (November 20, 2014).
27 Schreiber, Laurie, "Portland-based renewable energy company to expand into Millinocket," Mainebiz (February 8, 2022).
28 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Wind, Biomass, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, All solar, Small-scale photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, 2001-21.
29 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B.
30 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, New England, All fuels, Wind, Annual, 2020-21.
31 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Maine, accessed August 4, 2022.
32 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2022), Table 6.2.B.
33 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2022 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of July 2022.
34 DSIRE, NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Maine Renewable Energy Standard, updated August 26, 2021.
35 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2022), Table 6.2.B.
36 Offshore Wind Hub, Maine, accessed August 5, 2022.
37 Shapiro, Jack, "Offshore Wind Holds Great Promise for Maine," Natural Resources Council (December 10, 2021).
38 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.3.B, 1.15.B.
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, Biomass (total), Wood and Wood-derived fuels, Annual, 2001-21.
40 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, April 2022.
41 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
42 U.S. EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, Table 4, Biodiesel producers and production capacity by state, December 2020.
43 Maine Standard Biofuels, 2022 Green Leader Impact Report, accessed August 5, 2022.
44 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2020.
45 U.S. EIA, U.S. Nameplate Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity as of January 1, 2022.
46 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2020.
47 Roberts, Billy J., U.S. Annual Direct Normal Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of June 2022.
49 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001-21.
50 DSIRE, NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Maine Renewable Energy Standard, updated August 26, 2021.
51 U.S. EIA, "Maine and New York become the 6th and 7th states to adopt 100% clean electricity targets," Today in Energy (September 26, 2019).
52 State of Maine Office of Governor Janet T. Mills, "Governor Mills Signs Major Renewable Energy and Climate Change Bills into Law," Press Release (June 26, 2019).
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
54 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2020, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2020.
55 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.3.B, 1.10.B, 1.11.B.
56 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2020-21.
57 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2020, Table 5, Electric power industry generation by primary energy source, 1990 through 2020.
58 Maine Yankee, Maine Yankee Decommissioning, accessed August 14, 2022.
59 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-21.
60 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2020, Tables 2A, 2B.
61 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-21.
62 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.3.B.
63 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2020, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2020.
64 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Electric, ISO-NE, updated July 28, 2022.
65 U.S. EIA, "Northern Maine Considers Options to Gain Direct Access to New England Electric Grid," Today in Energy (January 22, 2015).
66 U.S. EIA, Rankings: Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2019.
67 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
68 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Maine, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2021.
69 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
70 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, 2020 RECS Survey Data, Table HC7.7, Air conditioning in homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions, 2020.
71 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Maine, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2021.
72 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Average Retail Price of Electricity, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, All sectors, Industrial, Annual, 2021.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table E5, Industrial Sector Energy Price Estimates, 2020.
74 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.15.B.
75 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2020, and Estimated Production, Annual, 2020.
76 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2022), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2022.
77 World Port Source, Port of Portland, Port Commerce, accessed August 14, 2022.
78 U.S. EIA, Maine Profile Overview, Petroleum Product Pipeline Map Layer, accessed August 14, 2022.
79 U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, January-May, 2022.
80 U.S. EIA, Maine Profile Overview, Crude Oil Pipeline Map Layer, accessed August 14, 2022.
81 Canada Energy Regulator, Pipeline Profiles: Montreal, updated May 19, 2022.
82 Suncor, Refining, accessed August 14, 2022.
83 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
84 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
85 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2019.
86 U.S. Census Bureau, All states, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
87 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
88 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
89 LaCapra Associates, Oil Dependence Reduction Assessment (April 2013), Executive Summary, p. 1.
90 U.S. EIA, State Energy Consumption Estimates 1960 Through 2020, DOE/EIA-0214(2020) (June 2022), Maine, Table CT1.
91 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve, accessed August 15, 2022.
92 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, accessed August 15, 2022.
93 U.S. EIA, "Sulfur content of heating oil to be reduced in northeastern states," Today in Energy (April 18, 2012).
94 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, 2015-20.
95 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, 2016-21.
96 Saint John LNG, About Saint John LNG, accessed August 15, 2022.
97 Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, Home and FAQs, accessed August 15, 2022.
98 TC Energy, Portland Natural Gas Transmission System, accessed August 15, 2022.
99 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Maine, 2015-20.
100 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
101 U.S. EIA, Maine Electricity Profile 2020, Tables 2A, 2B.
102 Maine Office of the Public Advocate, Natural Gas Service, accessed August 16, 2022.
103 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
104 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Maine, Annual, 2016-21.
105 ISO New England, Natural Gas Infrastructure Constraints, accessed August 16, 2022.
106 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2020 (October 2021), Tables 1, 15.
107 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2021 (April 2022), Table 20, Coal imports by customs district, 2021.
108 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2020.
109 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2017 (November 2018), 2018 (October 2019), 2019 (October 2020), and 2020 (October 2021), By Coal Destination State, Maine.
110 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for coal, Maine, all sectors, Annual, 2021.
111 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.