Last Updated: June 15, 2023

Overview

Oklahoma is in the heart of the U.S. Mid-Continent oil region, a vast natural gas- and crude oil- producing area that also encompasses Kansas, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and New Mexico. The region is flanked by the Mississippi River to the east and the Rocky Mountain states to the west, with Oklahoma at its center.^1,2 Natural gas and crude oil wells can be seen across much of Oklahoma, and some of the largest natural gas and oil fields in the country are found in the state.^3,4 Eastern Oklahoma is also a coal-mining region.^5,6 However, fossil fuels are not the state's only energy resources. Although Oklahoma has mountains in the east and mesas in the west, it is a plains state with open prairie and fertile soils.^7,8 Winds that blow across the open plains give the state significant wind energy potential, and wind provides a substantial and increasing share of Oklahoma's electricity generation.^9,10 The state's climate is humid and subtropical in the east and semi-arid in the west. While solar potential in Oklahoma is widespread, the available solar energy resource increases across the state from east to west as sunny, arid conditions increase and precipitation decreases.^11,12 Overall, the state is tied at sixth in the nation in solar power potential.¹³ With several rivers and large reservoirs, the state also has hydropower resources.^14,15

Oklahoma is the 28th most-populous state in the nation, but it ranks 10th in energy use per capita.^16,17 The state's industrial sector, which includes the energy-intensive crude oil and natural gas industries, accounts for about two-fifths of Oklahoma's energy consumption, and the transportation sector uses more than one-fourth.¹⁸ The state has long, hot summers, but Oklahoma winters are short and less-severe than other, more northern states.¹⁹ This is reflected in the state's residential sector, which accounts for less than one-fifth of total energy consumption. The commercial sector uses the rest.²⁰ Overall, the state produces almost three times more energy than it consumes, and much of the energy produced in Oklahoma—particularly natural gas, petroleum, and electricity—is sent to other states.^21,22,23

Natural gas

Oklahoma has more than 6% of the nation's total proved natural gas reserves and ranks sixth in the nation, after Texas, Pennsylvania, Alaska, West Virginia, and Louisiana.²⁴ All or part of about 15 of the nation's largest natural gas fields, as measured by proved reserves, are located in the state.²⁵ In 2022, Oklahoma had the sixth-largest gross withdrawals of natural gas, at 6% of the nation's total. The state also was the fifth-largest producer of marketed natural gas and accounted for 7% of the U.S. total.²⁶ Marketed production was more than 2.7 trillion cubic feet in 2022, but was still less than its all-time high of 3 trillion cubic feet in 2019.²⁷

The Hugoton Gas Area is the largest natural gas field in Oklahoma and one of the largest natural gas fields, as measured by proved reserves, in the nation. It covers parts of the western Oklahoma panhandle, the Texas panhandle, and Kansas.²⁸ The initial development of the Hugoton natural gas area was limited by a lack of accessible markets. However, in 1931, construction of a 24-inch diameter high-pressure pipeline from the Hugoton Gas Area in Oklahoma to Chicago enabled the nation's first long-distance pipeline transportation and marketing of natural gas far from its source. It was a critical development in the creation of the modern natural gas industry.²⁹ Today a web of interstate and intrastate natural gas pipelines covers the state.³⁰ The natural gas produced from the Hugoton field also contains unusually high concentrations of helium. The helium is separated out of the natural gas and piped to the National Helium Reserve in Amarillo, Texas, where it is accessible for use as a coolant and for other scientific and industrial applications.³¹

Oklahoma has substantial natural gas resources in shale formations (shale gas) and coalbeds (coalbed methane). In 2021, the state accounted for about 5% of the nation's proved shale gas reserves and was the seventh-largest shale gas producer.^32,33 As a result of advanced horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies, Oklahoma's shale well annual production steadily increased between 2007 and 2019 when it peaked at nearly 1.5 trillion cubic feet. After a 20% decline in 2020, production once again began to increase, and the state's shale gas wells produced more than 1.2 trillion cubic feet of gas in 2021.³⁴ Oklahoma also is 1 of 16 states with natural gas production from coal seams.³⁵ That natural gas resource, called coalbed methane, is found in eastern Oklahoma.³⁶ Coalbed methane production in the state declined from a peak of 82 billion cubic feet in 2007, and although there have been sporadic increases, production fell to about 29 billion cubic feet in 2017 before rebounding. In 2021, Oklahoma's annual natural gas production from coalbed methane wells was about 44 billion cubic feet, about 6% of the nation's total.^37,38

Oklahoma typically produces between three and four times more natural gas than it consumes. Surplus natural gas is either injected into the state's 12 natural gas storage fields or added to the volumes transported by the interstate pipelines that cross through the state.^39,40,41 In 2021, about three times as much natural gas flowed out of Oklahoma as entered the state. Most of that natural gas went to northern and eastern markets through Kansas, Texas, and Arkansas.⁴² In 2021, Oklahoma was the nation's sixth-largest consumer of natural gas on a per capita basis.^43,44 Because of the many natural gas fields in Oklahoma, large amounts of natural gas are used for gathering, processing, and distributing natural gas—one-fifth of the state's total consumption in 2021. The electric power sector typically uses about two-fifths of the total natural gas used in Oklahoma. In 2021, the electric power sector accounted for 44% of the natural gas delivered to end-use consumers in the state. The industrial sector consumed 36%. Although more than half of Oklahoma households heat with natural gas, the residential sector and the commercial sector together accounted for 19% of the natural gas consumed in the state.⁴⁵ The transportation sector used a small amount of natural gas.⁴⁶

Petroleum

The discovery of oil transformed Oklahoma's economy. By the time Oklahoma became a state in 1907, it was the largest crude oil producer in the nation.⁴⁷ Because the early history of oil field development in Oklahoma was one of booms and busts, including unregulated overproduction and waste, important oil and gas conservation practices and organizations trace their origins to the state. In 1935, the voluntary Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC), headquartered in Oklahoma City, was created to ensure responsible development of crude oil resources through the coordinated efforts of crude oil-producing states.^48,49 In 2021, Oklahoma had about 1.5 billion barrels of proved crude oil reserves, about 4% of the nation's total.^50,51

In 2022, Oklahoma produced about 152 million barrels of crude oil, the sixth-largest amount among the states, and accounted for about 3.5% of the nation's total annual crude oil production.⁵² Although most oil fields are in the eastern half of the state and most natural gas fields are in the west, crude oil wells are found throughout Oklahoma.⁵³ One of the 100 largest oil fields in the United States, Oklahoma's Sho-Vel-Tum field, has continuously produced crude oil since its discovery in 1905.⁵⁴ The state's oil industry experienced a decline in production from the mid-1980s until 2005 when annual crude oil production in Oklahoma fell to 61 million barrels, its lowest level since 1913.⁵⁵ Production rebounded, and in 2019, it exceeded 218 million barrels. Although production declined again in 2020 as demand fell, due in part to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, annual output remained above 143 million barrels in 2021 and rose to nearly 152 million barrels in 2022.^56,57,58

Oklahoma's 5 crude oil refineries have a combined processing capacity of about 524,000 barrels per calendar day, which is nearly 3% of the U.S. total refining capacity.^59,60 Several petroleum product pipelines connect the state's refineries to markets in Oklahoma and in other states. Pipelines also bring crude oil into Oklahoma from other states and Canada. Those pipelines converge in central Oklahoma near the city of Cushing, which is known internationally as the designated delivery and pricing point for the U.S. benchmark crude oil, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a domestically produced light (low density), sweet (low sulfur content) crude oil traded in both the physical and futures markets.^61,62 Cushing, known as the pipeline crossroads of the world, has 30 inbound pipelines, 16 outbound pipelines, and more than 30 intra-Cushing pipelines.⁶³ It is a major crude oil storage terminal as well, and, excluding the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve, it has 14% of the nation's crude oil storage capacity.⁶⁴

Oklahoma is among the top one-fourth of the states in per capita petroleum consumption.⁶⁵ In 2021, the transportation sector used more than three-fourths of the petroleum consumed in the state, and the industrial sector used nearly one-fifth. The residential and commercial sectors, together, accounted for about 4% of state consumption. Almost 1 in 15 Oklahoma households use petroleum products, mostly propane, to heat their homes.^66,67

Electricity

Wind and natural gas together accounted for almost nine-tenths of Oklahoma's total in-state electricity net generation in 2022. Wind energy provided the largest share of Oklahoma's total net generation for the second year in a row at about 44% and natural gas fueled 43%.⁶⁸ Oklahoma ranks third among the states, behind Texas and Iowa, in the amount of electricity it generates from wind. In 2022, the state accounted for about 9% of the nation's wind-powered electricity net generation.⁶⁹ Oklahoma has a natural gas energy standard that makes natural gas the preferred choice for any new fossil energy fueled generating facilities.⁷⁰ Natural gas had fueled more than half of in-state generation in 2019 and 2020, and 8 of Oklahoma's 10 largest power plants by capacity and by generation are natural gas-fired.^71,72 Coal, which fueled 63% of in-state generation in 2001, saw its share decline to 10% in 2022.⁷³ Almost all the rest of Oklahoma's net generation comes from renewable resources other than wind, primarily hydroelectric power.⁷⁴ Oklahoma does not have any nuclear power plants.⁷⁵

Total electricity retail sales in Oklahoma are less than in almost half the states, but its electricity sales per capita are greater than in all but eight other states.⁷⁶ Because Oklahoma generates more electricity than it consumes, the state sends its excess power out of state on the regional grid.⁷⁷ About two in five Oklahoma households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating and almost all use air conditioning during the hot summers.^78,79 Oklahoma's residential electricity sales per capita are greater than in all but nine other states.⁸⁰ In 2021, the residential sector accounted for the largest share of electricity consumption in Oklahoma at about 37%, and the industrial sector followed at about 32%. The commercial sector accounted for the remaining 31% of state electricity consumption.⁸¹ Although no electricity sales to public transit and rail are reported, there are more than 300 public-access electric vehicle charging stations in the state.⁸²

Renewable energy

Renewable resources accounted for 47% of Oklahoma's total in-state electricity generation in 2022, an increase from about 10% in 2011. About 93% of the state's renewable generation came from wind energy, but other renewable energy resources contributed to in-state generation, including hydropower and, to a lesser extent, biomass and solar energy.⁸³ In 2022, wind energy accounted for a larger share of Oklahoma's total in-state electricity net generation than in all but three other states—Iowa, South Dakota, and Kansas.⁸⁴ In March 2023, Oklahoma had about 11,896 megawatts of wind capacity, which was 90% of Oklahoma's total generating capacity from all renewable resources.⁸⁵ Several large wind energy projects came online in 2022 and early 2023, including Oklahoma's 999-megawatt Traverse Wind Project.⁸⁶

Many of the rivers that flow across Oklahoma were dammed to form lakes, and the state has more man-made lakes than any other state in the nation.^87,88 Those dams, and the rivers they restrict, are the locations of Oklahoma's 10 hydroelectric power plants.⁸⁹ Hydroelectric power contributes varying amounts to the state's electricity net generation depending on river levels, precipitation, and drought. In 2022, hydropower provided about 3% of the state's total net generation, but in the past 20 years, it has contributed amounts ranging from about 1% to nearly 5%.⁹⁰ The state also has one hydroelectric pumped storage power plant.⁹¹ Pumped storage allows system operators to purchase inexpensive power during periods of low demand and use it to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electricity demand, the upper reservoir releases water that flows through turbines to the lower reservoir, generating electricity. A pumped storage facility uses more electricity than it generates, but it provides grid reliability and supplies power in periods when electricity demand is highest.⁹²

Biomass resources provided less than 0.4% of Oklahoma's total electricity net generation and less than 0.8% of the state's renewable generation in 2022. There are three utility-scale biomass power plants in the state—one that uses wood and wood waste, one that uses municipal solid waste, and one that uses landfill gases. Of those three plants, the wood-fueled power plant has the largest capacity and generates the most electricity.^93,94

In 2022, utility-scale (1 megawatt of larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) installations provided about 0.4% of Oklahoma's renewable electricity generation. The power supplied is almost equally divided between utility- and small-scale facilities. The state's 12 utility-scale solar arrays, mostly located in sunnier western Oklahoma, have a combined generating capacity of about 298 megawatts.^95,96 Although solar power generation from both utility-scale and small-scale generators is less than 0.2% of the state's total electricity generation, it was two times greater in 2022 than in 2019.⁹⁷

Oklahoma's Energy Security Act established a renewable energy goal for the state's electric utilities in 2010. It required that 15% of an electric utility's installed capacity use renewable sources by 2015. Energy efficiency and demand-side management could be used to meet up to 25% of the overall goal. By 2015, the state's utilities exceeded the goal, and 25.9% of Oklahoma's installed capacity came from eligible renewable energy resources and demand-side management.⁹⁸ By March 2023, Oklahoma had more than 13,100 megawatts of utility-scale renewable generating capacity, which was more than two-fifths of the state's utility-scale generating capacity from all sources.⁹⁹

Oklahoma does not require oxygenated motor fuels and does not have any fuel ethanol production plants.^100,101 However, the state's one biodiesel plant uses animal fats, byproducts of Oklahoma's livestock production, as a feedstock. The plant's production capacity is 45 million gallons per year.¹⁰² Oklahoma consumes about 30 million gallons of biodiesel each year.¹⁰³

Coal

Oklahoma's coal-mining region is in the northeastern part of the state and extends south from the Kansas border toward the Arkansas border in the east. In the late 1800s numerous mines supplied fuel for the railroads. However, Oklahoma's coal production peaked at 4 million tons per year during World War I and then began to decline in the 1920s.¹⁰⁴ By 2021, Oklahoma had less than 0.2% of the nation's estimated recoverable coal reserves, and the state's 1 active coal mine produced only about 505 tons of bituminous coal, down from more than 1 million tons produced from 9 active mines in 2006.^105,106,107 Because of increased coal consumption by the electric power sector, Oklahoma coal use was almost 7.6 million tons in 2021, up from about 4.1 million tons in 2020.¹⁰⁸ Oklahoma uses much more coal than the state produces. Almost all of the coal consumed in the state comes from Wyoming by rail for use in the electric power sector.¹⁰⁹ Some coal mined in Oklahoma went to in-state power plants and industrial users in 2021.¹¹⁰

Energy on tribal lands

Oklahoma has the nation's second-largest Native American population, after California.^111,112 Federal legislation enacted at the end of the 19th century stripped reservation status from almost all tribal lands in the territory before it became a state.¹¹³ Oklahoma tribes now govern and provide services within tribal jurisdictional areas.¹¹⁴ Oklahoma's tribal areas are spread across about three-fourths of the state, but less than 3% of the state is tribal lands.¹¹⁵ Only one of the state's 38 federally recognized Indian Nations, the Osage, has a reservation.^116,117 The nearly 1.5 million acres of the Osage Nation Reservation occupy all of Osage County, Oklahoma. The tribe purchased its land, including the mineral rights, from the Cherokee in the 19th century. After oil was discovered on their land in 1894, the Osage tribe became very wealthy.¹¹⁸ The Osage Minerals Council administers the crude oil and natural gas resources on the reservation, and the tribe continues to receive income from the crude oil and natural gas produced in the county.¹¹⁹

In addition to fossil energy resources, Oklahoma's tribal areas share many of the state's renewable resources. Six of the 15 U.S. tribes with the greatest potential for wind-powered electricity generation and six of those with the highest potential for solar PV electricity generation are in Oklahoma. There are 5 Oklahoma tribes among the 15 in the nation with the greatest potential for electricity generation from concentrating solar thermal energy, and 4 among those with the highest potential for electricity generation using woody biomass. Three Oklahoma tribes are among the nation's 15 with the greatest hydropower potential. Seven Oklahoma tribes are among those with the greatest potential for biogas-fueled electricity generation using the methane produced from the breakdown of organic matter like food waste, wastewater, and manure.¹²⁰

Several tribal areas in Oklahoma have wind energy potential.¹²¹ Five Oklahoma tribes leased land to a company that is constructing a wind farm on the Chilocco Indian School's land in Kay County. The land is owned by and leased from the Cherokee Nation, the Kaw Nation, the Otoe-Missouri Tribe, the Pawnee Nation, and the Ponca Nation. The 200-megawatt project will be completed in 2024 and will be one of the nation's largest wind farms that is entirely on Native American land.^{122,123,124,125}

Other Oklahoma tribes are developing their own energy projects, including microgrids. In 2018, the U.S. Department of Energy funded a Citizen Potawatomi Nation (CPN) energy infrastructure project. Four megawatts of generation fueled by natural gas provide power to nine community facilities and the CPN's senior housing complex. The project reduces the tribe's energy costs and their dependence on coal-fired power.¹²⁶ The CPN lowered its carbon emissions by entering a power purchase agreement to buy wind-sourced power for their microgrid.¹²⁷ Some tribes use solar energy for distributed generation. The Delaware Nation installed a 37.5-kilowatt solar array on the roof of their headquarters complex north of Anadarko, Oklahoma.¹²⁸ In 2020, two 5-megawatt solar farms, built and owned by the state's largest electric utility, were completed in southeast Oklahoma. These solar farms provide renewable energy to help meet the electricity needs of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations.¹²⁹ In 2021, the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) announced grants for energy development. The Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma received a grant to evaluate solar project options. The BIA awarded the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes a grant that will allow the tribes to purchase or drill wells in high crude oil and natural gas production areas, as well as to construct a natural gas power plant and create an electric microgrid. The BIA also awarded grants to both the Pawnee Nation and the Peoria Tribe for solar energy feasibility studies.¹³⁰

Endnotes

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² Franks, Kenny A., "Petroleum Industry," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, accessed May 18, 2023.
³ Wilmoth, Adam, "Geologist's new maps detail updated oil-field activity across Oklahoma," The Oklahoman (April 28, 2016).
⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Top 100 U.S. Oil and Gas Fields (March 2015).
⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
⁶ Goostree, Eric, "Mining Towns," The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, accessed May 18, 2023.
⁷ Lewis, Tom, and Sara Jane Richter, "Black Mesa," The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, accessed May 18, 2023.
⁸ Patton, Jamie J., and Richard A. Marston, "Great Plains," The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, accessed May 19, 2023.
⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Oklahoma 80-Meter Wind Resource Map, accessed May 19, 2023.
¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Oklahoma, All fuels, Wind, Annual, 2001-22.
¹¹ Roberts, Billy J., "Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance, National Solar Radiation Database Physical Solar Model," National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
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⁷⁵ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Oklahoma, updated March 9, 2021.
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⁸¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F20, Electricity Consumption Estimates, 2020.
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⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (May 2023), Table 6.2.B.
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⁹⁸ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Oklahoma Renewable Energy Goal, updated November 18, 2022.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (April 2023), Table 6.2.A, 6.2.B.
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¹²⁹ Misbrener, Kelsey, "OG&E completes two 5-MW solar projects for Oklahoma tribal nations," Solar Power World (October 14, 2020).
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