Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: December 19, 2024
Overview
Connecticut is located in southern New England on hilly terrain between New York's Hudson River Valley and Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay.1 Although Connecticut does not have any fossil fuel reserves, it does have renewable resources.2 The river that shares its name forms a broad valley that runs through the center of the state and flows south, dividing Connecticut in two.3 That river and others in Connecticut provide the state with hydropower resources that have been used since colonial times.4 To the south, the hills of northern Connecticut give way to the coastal lowlands along the Long Island Sound, which forms the state's southern border.5 Winds that sweep along the shoreline of Long Island Sound provide the state with moderate wind energy resources.6 Connecticut's population is concentrated in an area that stretches from the southwestern part of the state up through its center along the Connecticut River where the state capital, Hartford, is located.7 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas supplied by the state's many urban areas, along with wood and wood waste, provide Connecticut with abundant biomass resources.8,9
Connecticut is the fifth-most densely populated state in the nation, with 745 people per square mile, and the third-smallest in land area. Connecticut ranks among the 10 states that use the lowest amount of energy on a per capita basis.10,11,12 The residential sector leads Connecticut's end-use energy consumption and accounts for about 33% of energy use in the state. The transportation sector follows closely at 32% of state energy consumption, and the commercial sector accounts for 25%. The industrial sector consumes the least amount of energy at about 10% of the state total.13 Connecticut's economy uses less energy to produce each dollar of gross domestic product (GDP) than all other states except New York, California, Massachusetts, and Washington.14 The largest contributors to Connecticut's GDP, at about one-fourth, are finance, insurance, real estate, rentals, and leasing, all of which use relatively little energy.15 In 2023, Connecticut had the highest annual per capita personal income of any state at $89,945.16
Electricity
Connecticut ranks among the 10 states with the highest share of electricity generated from nuclear power.
In 2023, natural gas fueled 60% of Connecticut's total electricity net generation. The state's natural gas-fired generation has more than doubled since 2010, as about 2,000 megawatts of natural gas-fired generating units came online since then. Seven of the state's 10 largest power plants by annual generation are natural gas-fired. Nuclear power provided 33% of in-state generation in 2023, the seventh-largest share of any state.17,18,19,20 Connecticut has one nuclear power plant with two reactors, the 2,081-megawatt Millstone nuclear power station located in Waterford.21
Solar power provides the largest amount of Connecticut's remaining in-state electricity, accounting for about 4% of net generation in 2023. Biomass, hydroelectric, and petroleum power plants provided almost 3% of the state's net generation. Connecticut also has a minor amount of generation from wind energy.22
Petroleum fuels 3 of Connecticut's 10 largest power plants by capacity.23 Although about one-fifth of Connecticut's generating capacity is petroleum-fired, the use of petroleum has declined in the past decade with the increased use of natural gas and renewable energy resources to generate electricity.24 In 2023, petroleum contributed 0.3% of the state's net generation.25,26 Higher-cost petroleum-fired generation is often used when natural gas supplies are constrained and electricity demand is high, usually in winter.27,28
Prior to 2009, coal typically supplied more than one-tenth of the state's electricity. However, coal-fired power generation in Connecticut ended in mid-2021, when the state's remaining coal-fired power plant, the 258-megawatt Bridgeport Harbor facility, was retired.29,30,31 In 2023, Connecticut was one of nine states that did not generate any electricity from burning coal.32
Connecticut has the third-highest average electricity price among the states, after Hawaii and California.33 Connecticut's per capita electricity consumption is less than in all but five states.34 Demand for electric cooling in the New England region is low during the mild summer months, and only about 1 in 3 Connecticut households have central air conditioning.35,36 About one-fifth of the state's households use electricity as a primary source for home heating in winter.37 Connecticut has generated more electricity than it needs since 2009. Almost three-tenths of Connecticut's generation is excess power that is sent to other states over the regional electric grid.38
Renewable energy
2023, about 75% of the solar power generation in Connecticut was from small-scale systems, mostly rooftop solar panels.
Renewable resources provided about 7% of Connecticut's electricity net generation in 2023. Solar power accounted for three-fifths of the state's renewable electricity generation, followed by biomass at about one-fifth. Conventional hydroelectric sources accounted for about one-sixth of the state's renewable generation and a small amount came from wind power.39 By September 2024, about 1,400 megawatts of utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar power generating capacity was installed in Connecticut.40 The state's largest solar farm, with 49 megawatts of generating capacity, came online at the end of 2021.41 In 2023, about three-fourths of the state's solar power came from small-scale, customer-sited facilities, like rooftop solar panels.42
Most of Connecticut's biomass generating capacity is at four facilities fueled by municipal solid waste that have a combined 101 megawatts of capacity. Additionally, a single 38-megawatt biomass power plant uses wood recovered from construction, demolition, forest, and land clearing activities for fuel. Connecticut also has one small landfill gas-fired power facility in the state with 1.6 megawatts of generating capacity.43,44
Connecticut's 13 conventional hydroelectric facilities provide 119 megawatts of generating capacity. The state also has a pumped storage hydroelectric facility with 29 megawatts of capacity.45 The Rocky River Generating Station in New Milford, Connecticut, was completed in 1929 and was the first pumped storage hydroelectric plant in the United States. The power station pumps water from the Housatonic River into the Candlewood Lake reservoir and later releases it to generate electricity during periods of peak demand. The facility uses reversible pumps that also act as generators, an innovation at the time the facility was built.46
Connecticut's first and only onshore utility-scale wind project—two turbines with 5 megawatts of combined generating capacity—went online in the northwestern corner of the state in late 2015.47,48 However, the state's strongest wind power resources are offshore along the Long Island Sound coastline.49 Connecticut's governor signed legislation into law in 2019 requiring the state's Department of Energy and Environmental Protection to solicit proposals to procure 2,000 megawatts of offshore wind by 2030.50 The state signed contracts to acquire 300 megawatts of offshore wind power generation from the Revolution Wind project located off Rhode Island and 800 megawatts from the Park City Wind project, which is Phase 1 of the Vineyard Wind project located off the Massachusetts coastline.51,52,53,54 However, the company behind the Park City Wind project canceled its contract to sell electricity to Connecticut in October 2023 because of rising construction costs and planned to rebid the power at a higher price.55,56 To help mitigate the rising costs of offshore wind power projects, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts agreed to jointly purchase 6,000 megawatts of offshore wind power from energy companies in 2024.57 However, Connecticut declined to participate in the first-round selection of developers in September 2024.58 Revolution Wind is expected to be operational in September 2025 and Park City Wind, now renamed New England Wind 1, is scheduled to be completed in May 2025.59,60,61
Connecticut's renewable portfolio standard (RPS) was established in 1998 and has been revised several times since then. The RPS requires that increasing amounts of electricity sold in the state be generated from renewable resources, including solar and wind power, biomass, and wave or tidal power, reaching 44% of electricity sales by 2030.62,63 Connecticut's governor issued an executive order for 100% of the state's electricity supply to be generated by renewable resources by 2040.64,65 To encourage the use of renewable resources and energy efficiency, Connecticut requires both of its investor-owned utilities to offer net metering. In 2021, state regulators changed how customers are credited for the excess solar power they generate and put on the grid.66,67
Connecticut promotes the use of alternative fuels for transportation, including biofuels and electricity, through financial incentives and regulatory relief.68 The state is home to about 1,180 public electric vehicle charging locations, the second-largest amount among the New England states.69 Connecticut does not have any fuel ethanol production, but about 156 million gallons of ethanol are consumed in the state annually.70,71 In addition to the many fueling stations that sell motor gasoline blended with 10% ethanol, Connecticut has three E85 (85% ethanol, 15% motor gasoline) public fueling stations.72 Connecticut has one biodiesel production plant, which is the largest in New England. The plant is located in New Haven and can produce 38 million gallons per year, which is about six times greater than the state's annual biodiesel use of about 6 million gallons.73,74,75,76
Petroleum
Connecticut receives much of its petroleum products through its three deepwater ports.
Connecticut does not have any crude oil reserves and does not produce or refine petroleum.77,78 Much of the gasoline, heating oil, and other petroleum products that enter Connecticut travel through the port of New Haven, one of the state's three deepwater ports. Connecticut's other two deepwater ports—New London and Bridgeport—also receive petroleum products.79,80 A pipeline originating in New Haven delivers refined petroleum products to central Connecticut and terminates in south-central Massachusetts.81
The transportation sector accounts for about seven-tenths of the petroleum consumed in Connecticut, primarily as motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil.82,83 Connecticut is one of several New England states that requires the statewide use of reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol to reduce smog-forming pollutants, and its total ethanol consumption is the second highest among the New England states.84,85 The residential sector accounts for about one-fifth of the petroleum used in the state.86 About 4 out of 10 Connecticut households use heating oil or other petroleum products for home heating, the fourth-largest share of any state.87 The commercial and industrial sectors together account for one-tenth of state petroleum use. A small amount of petroleum is used for electricity generation.88
Connecticut is one of four states with storage sites for the Northeast's emergency heating oil stockpile. In 2000, the U.S. Department of Energy created the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve to protect residents and businesses in the northeastern United States against heating fuel supply disruptions during the winter. The reserve holds 1 million barrels of heating oil at five storage sites, including one in New Haven, Connecticut, where 250,000 barrels of heating fuel are stored, and one in Groton, Connecticut, that holds 50,000 barrels.89,90 The Groton site's first release of emergency supplies occurred in November 2012 because of regional fuel delivery shortages resulting from Hurricane Sandy.91
Natural gas
Connecticut does not have any natural gas reserves or production.92,93 Interstate pipelines bring in the natural gas the state uses. Natural gas arrives in Connecticut from the Appalachian region, Canada, the U.S. Gulf Coast, and the U.S. Mid-Continent region.94,95,96,97 Almost all of the natural gas that enters Connecticut comes through the state of New York. Minor amounts are also delivered through Massachusetts. Nearly two-fifths of the natural gas that enters Connecticut is consumed in the state, and the rest is transported on to Rhode Island or New York.98
A record amount of natural gas was used by Connecticut’s electric power sector in 2023.
In 2023, Connecticut's electric power sector used a record amount of natural gas, accounting for almost three-fifths of the state's total natural gas consumption. The commercial sector consumed about one-fifth, and the residential sector used about one-sixth. The industrial sector accounted for less than one-tenth of the state's natural gas consumption. The transportation sector uses a small amount of natural gas as vehicle fuel.99 Nearly 4 out of 10 Connecticut households use natural gas as their primary fuel for heating.100 As increasing amounts of natural gas are used for electricity generation in Connecticut and throughout New England, assurance of a sufficient natural gas supply has become a critical energy issue for the region.101 Like other New England states, Connecticut does not have any underground natural gas storage facilities and depends on underground storage capacity in nearby states to help meet peak natural gas demand in the winter.102
Coal
Connecticut’s last coal-fired power plant was retired in the summer of 2021.
Connecticut has no economically recoverable coal reserves or coal mine production.103 The state does not use any coal for electricity generation.104 The 258-megawatt coal-fired electric generating unit at Bridgeport Harbor Station was the only coal-fired power plant still operating in the state until it closed in the summer of 2021.105,106 Connecticut's industrial sector has not consumed any coal since 2006.107
Endnotes
1 Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Connecticut's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, , accessed November 18, 2024.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Connecticut Profile Data, Reserves and Environment, accessed November 18, 2024.
3 Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Connecticut's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, , accessed November 18, 2024.
4 Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Dams In Connecticut: Their History, Use and Regulation, accessed November 18, 2024.
5 Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Connecticut's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, , accessed November 18, 2024.
6 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Connecticut, Maps & Data, accessed November 18, 2024.
7 U.S. Census Bureau, Connecticut: 2020 Census: 2020 Census, State Profile, Population and Housing, Population Density in Connecticut Counties: 2020, updated August 25, 2021.
8 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
9 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geospatial Data Science, Biomass Resource Data, Tools, and Maps, Biogas-Methane Resources, accessed November 18, 2024.
10 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Historical Population Density Data (1910-2020), updated April 26, 2021.
11 U.S. Census Bureau, State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates, accessed November 18, 2024.
12 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
13 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
15 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Connecticut, All statistics in table, 2023.
16 U.S Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bearfacts, State, Connecticut, Personal Income and Gross Domestic Product (September 27, 2024).
17 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, 2001-23.
18 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 17, 2024), Tables 3.7, 3.13.
19 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Natural Gas Fired Combustion Turbine, Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle, Natural Gas Internal Combustion Engine, Other Natural Gas.
20 U.S. EIA, Connecticut Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2B, Ten largest plants by generation, 2023.
21 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Nuclear.
22 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, 2001-23.
23 U.S. EIA, Connecticut Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A, Ten largest plants by capacity, 2023.
24 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Select All, Petroleum Liquids.
25 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, 2001-23.
26 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (September 2024), Tables 6.2.A., 6.2.C.
27 Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, 2018 Connecticut Comprehensive Energy Strategy (February 8, 2018), Electric Power Sector, ISO-NE Winter Reliability Program, p. 153.
28 U.S. EIA, "Oil-fired generators helped meet electric demand in New England this January," Today in Energy (February 10, 2022).
29 "Connecticut's last coal-fired power plant expected to shut down," The New Haven Register (February 11, 2016).
30 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, 2001-23.
31 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal; Inventory of Retired Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
32 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 17, 2024), Table 3.8.
33 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 5.6.B.
34 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
35 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Housing characteristics, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
36 Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Connecticut's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, accessed November 19, 2024.
37 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Connecticut.
38 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Connecticut Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2023.
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, 2001-23.
40 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (September 2024), Table 6.2.B.
41 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
42 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, 2001-23.
43 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
44 Greenleaf Power, Plainfield Renewable Energy, accessed November 20, 2024.
45 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric, Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
46 American Society of Civil Engineers, Rocky River Pumped Storage Hydraulic Plant, accessed November 20, 2024.
47 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
48 Windpower, Colebrook South (USA), accessed November 20, 2024.
49 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Connecticut, Maps & Data, accessed November 20, 2024.
50 Spiegel, Jan Ellen, "Connecticut takes a major step into offshore wind," CT Mirror (June 4, 2019).
51 Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, "Regional Wildlife Science Entity Launched to Research and Monitor Effects of Offshore Wind Development on Wildlife, Ecosystems," Press Release (July 22, 2021).
52 Revolution Wind, About Revolution Wind, accessed November 20, 2024.
53 Dunavin, Davis "Offshore Wind HQ Established In Bridgeport, Auguring 800-Megawatt Project," WSHU (July 19, 2021).
54 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, "BOEM Announces Environmental Review of Wind Energy Project Proposed for Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts," Press Release (June 28, 2021).
55 Crowley, Brendan, "Avangrid Cancels Park City Wind Contract, Pays State $16m Penalty," CT Examiner (October 3, 2023).
56 Brown, Ethan, "After Park City Wind failure, can Connecticut offshore wind rebound?" WSHU (March 18, 2024).
57 DiSavino, Scott, "New England states join to buy offshore wind power as US industry struggles," Reuters (October 4, 2023).
58 Hurdle, John, "Multi-State Offshore Wind Pact Weakened After Connecticut Sits Out First Selection," Inside Climate News (November 13, 2024).
59 Orsted AS, Revolution Wind Fact Sheet, accessed November 20, 2024.
60 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Technology: Offshore Wind Turbine.
61 Avangrid, "Avangrid Submits Multiple Proposals for Transformative New England Wind Projects to Regional Offshore Wind Solicitation," Press Release (March 27, 2024).
62 Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Public Utilities Regulatory Authority, Connecticut Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated November 2023.
63 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Connecticut, Renewables Portfolio Standard, updated December 5, 2023.
64 State of Connecticut Governor Ned Lamont, "Governor Lamont Signs Executive Order Strengthening Connecticut's Efforts to Mitigate Climate Change," Press Release (September 3, 2019).
65 Prevost, Lisa, "Connecticut plan lays out options for reaching zero-carbon power by 2040," Energy News Network (January 13, 2021).
66 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Connecticut, Residential Renewable Energy Solutions, updated August 14, 2024.
67 Prevost, Lisa, "Five takeaways from Connecticut's new residential solar program changes," Energy News Network (February 17, 2021).
68 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Connecticut Laws and Incentives, accessed November 21, 2024.
69 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (November 26, 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only and Public & private ports combined.
70 U.S. EIA, State Energy Production Estimates 1960 Through 2022, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2022.
71 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2022.
72 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, E85 Fueling Station Locations, accessed November 21, 2024.
73 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
74 American Green Fuels LLC, About and Our Facility, accessed November 21, 2024.
75 U.S. EIA, State Energy Production Estimates 1960 Through 2022, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2022.
76 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
77 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Estimated Production and Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2016-21.
78 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 2024), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2024.
79 Connecticut Port Authority, Impacts on the Connecticut Maritime Industry (July 2019), p. 12-15.
80 U.S. EIA, Company Level Imports, Previous Issues, Monthly, August 2023-August 2024.
81 Buckeye Partners, L.P., System Map, accessed November 21, 2024.
82 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
83 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C8, Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
84 Southern States Energy Board, Gardner, K. W., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
85 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2022.
86 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
87 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, All U.S. states.
88 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
89 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, Petroleum Reserves, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, accessed November 26, 2024.
90 U.S. EIA, Weekly Petroleum Status Report, Appendix C, Northeast Reserves, accessed November 22, 2024.
91 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, Petroleum Reserves, NEHHOR Releases, accessed November 26, 2024.
92 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 11.
93 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
94 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Connecticut, Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed November 22, 2024.
95 Enbridge, Inc., Algonquin Gas Transmission, accessed November 22, 2024.
96 Kinder Morgan, Overview, Natural Gas Pipelines, Tennessee Gas Pipeline, Pipeline Interactive Website, accessed November 22, 2024.
97 Iroquois Gas Transmission System, Iroquois Interactive Map, accessed November 22, 2024.
98 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Connecticut, 2018-23.
99 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Connecticut, Annual, 2018-23.
100 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Connecticut.
101 Giaimo, Michael, "Natural gas bottleneck hurting New England," Commonwealth Beacon (February 2, 2022).
102 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, by State, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
103 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Tables 1, 15.
104 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Connecticut, Coal, Annual, 2001-23.
105 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of October 2024, Plant State: Connecticut, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
106 PSEG Power, "PSEG Power retires Bridgeport Harbor Station coal plant, effective May 31," Press Release (June 1, 2021).
107 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table CT6, Industrial Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, Selected Years, 1960-2022, Connecticut.