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California   California Profile

State Profile and Energy Estimates

Changes to the State Energy Data System (SEDS) Notice: In October 2023, we updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal). Visit our Changes to 1960—2022 conversion factor for renewable energy page to learn more.

Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)

Last Updated: April 20, 2023

Overview

California has the largest economy in the nation and the fifth-largest in the world.1,2 More than one in nine U.S. residents live in California, and it is the most populous state in the nation.3 California also uses more energy than all other states except Texas.4 However, energy efficiency efforts have helped make California's per capita energy use less than in almost all other states.5,6 California has abundant renewable energy resources, including solar energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass, and the state produces more electricity using renewable energy than every other state but Texas.7 California is also rich in mineral resources. Long known for gold and other precious minerals, the state produces strategic elements at the nation's only rare earths mine.8 Additionally, California has significant crude oil reserves, and the state's petroleum refineries have one-tenth of the nation's total crude oil refining capacity.9,10

Per capita residential and commercial sector energy use in California is lower than in all other states except Hawaii.

California stretches two-thirds of the way up the U.S. West Coast. At its greatest distances, it is more than 1,000 miles long and 500 miles wide.11 With such great distances to travel, transportation accounts for the largest share of the state's energy consumption.12 Californian's have more registered motor vehicles and travel more vehicle miles than residents in any other state.13,14 California accounts for one-tenth of U.S. motor gasoline consumption and about one-seventh of the nation's jet fuel consumption.15,16 Overall, the state's transportation sector accounts for about one-third of California's total energy consumption. The industrial sector uses one-fourth of the state's total energy, the residential sector accounts for about one-fifth, and the commercial sector uses one-fifth.17 However, per capita energy consumption in both the residential and commercial sectors is lower than in all other states except Hawaii.18 Although California has a varied climate, most of the state's more densely populated areas are relatively mild for much of the year.19,20 Changes in weather patterns and climate have resulted in an increased use of cooling and almost three-fourths of California households have air conditioning.21,22

Electricity

In 2022, California was the nation's fourth-largest electricity producer and accounted for about 5% of all U.S. utility-scale (1-megawatt and larger) power generation.23 Renewable resources, including hydropower and small-scale (less than 1-megawatt) customer-sited solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, supplied about half of California's total in-state electricity generation. In 2022, natural gas-fired power plants provided 42% of the state's total net generation.24 Nuclear power's share of California's total electricity generation was about 8%, which was less than half the power nuclear supplied in 2011. The decrease resulted from the shutdown of the San Onofre nuclear power plant in January 2012. The state now has only one operating commercial nuclear power plant—the two-reactor Diablo Canyon facility.25,26,27

California has the nation's second-largest conventional hydroelectric generating capacity, after Washington, and it is consistently among the nation's top four hydropower producers.28,29 Hydropower's contribution is highly variable and is dependent on rain and snowfall. Even though California is prone to drought, 2021 was the driest year in nearly a century and in-state hydroelectric power supplied about 7% to California's utility-scale net generation that year. Hydroelectric power's contribution increased slightly in 2022, supplying 8% of California's total in-state generation.30,31,32 Nonhydroelectric renewable generation, especially solar and wind energy, offset declines in the state's hydroelectric and nuclear generation. In 2022, nonhydroelectric renewable resources provided 42% of California's total in-state electricity generation. Coal fuels only a small amount of California's in-state net generation, all of it from one industrial cogeneration plant.33,34 A California law, enacted in 2006, limits new long-term financial investments in electricity generation based on greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, essentially all imports of coal-fired generation from other states are expected to end by 2026.35

California imports more electricity than any other state.

California imports more electricity than any other state and typically receives between one-fifth and one-third of its electricity supply from outside of the state.36 In 2022, in-state utility-scale electricity generation equaled about four-fifths of California's electricity sales, and the rest of the state's supply came from out of state.37 In 2021, renewable energy generated 31% of California's imported electricity and large hydroelectric sources supplied another 16%. Nuclear energy accounted for 11% of imports and natural gas and coal each supplied almost 10%. Another 23% of imports came from unspecified sources.38 Wildfires in California and surrounding states threaten both imports of electricity and transmission within the state.39

Although California consumes more electricity than all other states except Texas and Florida, it uses less per capita than any other state, but Hawaii.40,41 In 2022, California had the nation's second-highest average price of electricity, after Hawaii.42 The commercial sector accounted for 46% of California's electricity sales in 2022. The residential sector, where almost one in three California households use electricity for home heating, accounted for 36% of sales.43 About 18% of the state's electricity sales went to the industrial sector. The railroads, subways, electric buses, and iconic cable cars in California's transportation sector accounted for less than 0.3% of electricity use. 44

California is part of the West Coast Green Highway, an extensive network of electric vehicle DC fast charging stations located along Interstate 5, and the state has more than 14,000 public electric vehicle charging stations.45,46 As of December 31, 2021, California had more than 563,000 registered all-electric vehicles, the most of any state.47 California also requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to 100% zero-emission bus (ZEB) fleets. Beginning in 2029, all transit agency new bus purchases must be ZEBs.48

Renewable energy

California is second in the nation, after Texas, in total electricity generation from renewable resources. The state is the nation's top producer of electricity from solar energy and geothermal resources. In 2022, California was also the nation's second-largest producer of electricity from biomass, after Georgia, and the fourth-largest producer of conventional hydroelectric power, after Washington, Oregon, and New York.49

California is the nation’s top producer of electricity from solar and geothermal energy.

Solar energy is the largest source of California's renewable electricity generation.50 The state's greatest solar resources are in California's southeastern deserts, where all of its solar thermal facilities and several of its largest solar PV plants are located. However, there are solar PV facilities throughout the state.51 In 2022, solar energy supplied 19% of the state's utility-scale electricity net generation. When small-scale solar generation is included, solar energy provided 27% of the state's total electricity net generation.52 In 2022, California produced 31% of the nation's total utility-scale and small-scale solar PV electricity generation and 69% of the nation's utility-scale solar thermal electricity generation.53 At the beginning of 2023, California had more than 17,500 megawatts of utility-scale solar power capacity, more than any other state. When small-scale facilities are included, the state had almost 32,000 megawatts of total solar capacity.54

In 2022, wind accounted for 7% of California's total in-state electricity generation, and the state ranked eighth in the nation in wind-powered generation.55,56 California wind power potential exists at several areas around the state, both onshore and offshore.57 However, the majority of the state's wind turbines are in six major wind resource areas: Altamont, East San Diego County, Pacheco, Solano, San Gorgonio, and Tehachapi.58 At the beginning of 2023, California had more than 6,200 megawatts of wind capacity.59

California is the nation's top producer of electricity from geothermal resources. In 2022, the state produced 69% of the nation's utility-scale geothermal-sourced electricity, and geothermal power accounted for about 6% of California's utility-scale generation and 5% of the state's total in-state generation.60,61 The state's operating geothermal power plants have a combined total capacity of 1,867 megawatts.62 Four areas in California have substantial geothermal resources—the coastal mountain ranges north of San Francisco, volcanic areas of north-central California, areas near the Salton Sea in southern California, and areas along the state's eastern border with Nevada. The Geysers, located in the Mayacamas Mountains north of San Francisco, is the largest complex of geothermal power plants in the world and has about 725 megawatts of installed capacity.63,64

Superheated geothermal brines in the Salton Sea Known Geothermal Resource Area in southern California contain lithium, a critical mineral used to manufacture rechargeable batteries.65,66 The state also has the only rare earth mine in North America. The Mountain Pass mine in southern California's Mojave Desert is the largest deposit of rare earth elements in the nation. Rare earths are used in the manufacture of electric vehicles, wind turbines, and batteries, among other applications.67 In 2020, the Mountain Pass mine produced more than 38,500 metric tons of rare earth concentrate, the largest amount in the mine's history and more than 15% of global consumption.68

California is second in the nation, after Georgia, in utility-scale electricity generation from biomass.69 In 2022, biomass fueled 2% of the state's total net generation, and more than half of that was from wood and wood-derived fuels.70 Nearly three-fifths of the state's utility-scale biomass generating capacity is at 28 power plants fueled by wood and wood waste. Landfill gas, municipal solid waste, and other biomass sources fuel 77 other biomass power plants.71 California also has two wood pellet manufacturing facilities. Those plants can produce about 168,000 tons of pellets per year. Wood pellets are used for heating but can also be used for electricity generation.72 About 170,000 California households use wood as their primary fuel for space heating.73

California consumes one-tenth of the nation's fuel ethanol supply, which is almost eight times more than the state's four fuel ethanol plants can produce.74,75 Midwestern states provide most of the additional fuel ethanol California uses.76 California can produce a combined total of about 72 million gallons of biodiesel annually from 4 production plants, which is about one-fourth the amount of biodiesel consumed in the state each year.77,78 Several California petroleum refineries have added renewable diesel, derived from biomass, manufacturing capacity.79,80 In 2021, California accounted for 99% of the nation's renewable diesel consumption.81

California's renewable portfolio standard (RPS), enacted in 2002 and revised several times since then, required that 33% of electricity retail sales in California come from eligible renewable resources by 2020. The state met that goal three years before the target date.82 The RPS also requires that 60% of electricity sales come from renewables by 2030, and 100% by 2045.83 By 2020, 59% of California's electricity already came from carbon-free sources.84 In 2022, the state legislature set intermediate targets of 90% renewable energy and zero-carbon electricity by the end of 2035 and 95% by the end of 2040 on the way to the eventual target of 100% by 2045.85

Petroleum

Foreign suppliers provide almost half of the crude oil refined in California.

California was the sixth-largest crude oil producer among the states in 2022 and accounted for about 3% of the nation's total onshore and offshore oil production.86 Although California's annual crude oil production has steadily declined from its peak of 394 million barrels in 1985, the state still produced more than 122 million barrels of crude oil in 2022.87 Reservoirs along California's Pacific Coast, including in the Los Angeles basin, and those in the state's Central Valley contain major crude oil reserves, and the state holds 4% of the nation's total proved crude oil reserves.88,89

Assessments of California's offshore areas indicate the potential for large, undiscovered recoverable crude oil resources in the federally administered Outer Continental Shelf (OCS).90 However, in 1994, concerns about the risks of offshore crude oil and natural gas development resulted in a permanent moratorium on new offshore oil and natural gas leasing in state waters.91 Congress imposed a federal moratorium on oil and natural gas leasing in California federal waters in 1982, but it expired in 2008.92 No new California offshore federal lease sales have occurred since then, although there are 22 older crude oil and natural gas production platforms that remain active in federal waters and 11 in state waters off the coast of California.93,94,95

California has about one-tenth of the nation's total crude oil refining capacity and ranks third after Texas and Louisiana.96 A network of pipelines connects California crude oil production to the state's 13 operating petroleum refineries, which are located primarily in the Los Angeles area, the San Francisco Bay area, and the San Joaquin Valley.97,98,99 As crude oil production in California and Alaska declined, the state's refineries increased their supply from foreign imports.100,101 Led by Ecuador, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq, foreign suppliers provided almost half of the crude oil refined in California in 2021.102,103

California requires that motorists use, at a minimum, a specific blend of motor gasoline called CaRFG (California Reformulated Gasoline) to reduce emissions from motor vehicles. California refineries produce cleaner fuels in order to meet state environmental regulations. Refineries in the state often operate at or near maximum capacity because of the high demand for those petroleum products and the lack of interstate pipelines that can deliver those cleaner fuels into the state. When unplanned refinery outages occur, the lack of CaRFG deliveries available from interstate pipelines means replacement supplies of CaRFG come in by marine tanker from out-of-state U.S. refineries or from other countries. It can take several weeks to find and bring replacement motor gasoline from overseas that meets California's unique specifications.104,105

California is the nation's second-largest consumer of refined petroleum products, after Texas, and accounts for about 8% of U.S. total consumption.106 In 2021, California was the nation's largest consumer of jet fuel and the second-largest consumer of motor gasoline, after Texas.107,108 The transportation sector used about 83% of the petroleum consumed in the state. The industrial sector accounted for about 13% of state petroleum use, and the commercial sector consumed about 3%. The residential sector, where about 1 in 27 California households heat with petroleum products, mostly propane, used about 1%.109 A minimal amount of petroleum is used for electricity generation.110

Natural gas

Most of California's natural gas reserves and production are in fields in the northern portion of the state's Central Valley.111 California's natural gas output has declined steadily since 1985, and the state now accounts for less than 1% of the nation's total natural gas reserves and production.112,113 California's natural gas production is less than one-tenth of the state's total consumption.114,115 Several interstate natural gas pipelines enter California from Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon and bring natural gas into California from the Southwest, the Rocky Mountain region, and western Canada.116 Although a small amount of natural gas is exported to Mexico, California consumes almost nine-tenths of the natural gas delivered to the state.117 Some natural gas that enters the state is placed in California's 14 underground natural gas storage reservoirs in its 12 storage fields.118 Together those fields have a natural gas storage capacity of about 600 billion cubic feet.119

California is the nation’s second-largest natural gas consumer.

California is the nation's second-largest natural gas consumer. Only Texas uses more.120 In 2021, about 33% of the natural gas delivered to California consumers went to the state's industrial sector, and about 31% went to the electric power sector, where it fuels more than two-fifths of the state's total electricity generation.121,122 The residential sector, where three in five California households use natural gas for home heating, accounted for 22% of natural gas use, and the commercial sector consumed about 12%. The transportation sector used about 1% as compressed natural gas vehicle fuel.123,124

Coal

California does not have any coal reserves or production and has very little coal-fired electricity generation. All the generation is from one industrial facility in Trona, California.125,126 Almost all the coal consumed in California arrives by rail and truck from mines in Utah and Colorado. A small amount comes from Pennsylvania.127 In 2021, some coal produced in other states was exported to other countries from California ports.128

Energy on tribal lands

California has the largest Native American population in the nation, and the state is home to more than 100 federally recognized tribal groups.129,130 Although tribal areas exist throughout California, they account for less than 1% of the state's land area.131,132 Many of the tribal lands are small, including the nation's smallest reservation, the 1.32-acre parcel that contains the Pit River Tribe cemetery.133 The largest is the forested Hoopa Valley Reservation, home of the Hupa people, in northern California's Humboldt County. More than three-fourths of that reservation's more than 85,000 acres is commercial timberland.134

California's diverse climate and geography give tribes access to a variety of renewable energy resources. One of the first utility-scale wind projects on tribal land in the nation is in southern California. In 2005, the Campo Kumeyaay Nation in southern California leased some of its land in San Diego County for the development of a 50-megawatt wind project.135,136 The Ramona Band of Cahuilla became one of the first tribes to make its reservation independent of the regional electric grid in 2009.137 In 2015, the Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria in Northern California became the first California tribe to install a hybrid solar, wind, and advanced energy storage microgrid for power generation.138

Some reservations in California have abundant biomass potential. The Blue Lake Rancheria Tribe in Humboldt County has a 175-kilowatt biogas fuel cell system powered by gasified wood waste from the forestry industry.139,140 In 2016, members of the Blue Lake Rancheria installed a 500-kilowatt solar array, funded through a grant from the California Energy Commission, as part of their microgrid.141,142 In 2019, the Rancheria extended use of the microgrid to the broader community, about 10% of the county's population, during a widespread wildfire-related utility power shutoff in northwest Humboldt County.143 In 2019, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the Rincon San Luiseño Band of Mission Indians funding for two microgrid projects on their reservation in San Diego County. The projects will integrate 290 kilowatts of new PV capacity with existing ground-mounted and other solar installations on the reservation.144 In addition to the tribes that have abundant solar, wind, and biomass resources, some California tribal lands have geothermal electricity generation potential, particularly in the Imperial Valley in southern California, the Geysers area in northern California, and along the state's eastern border.145

The California Energy Commission (CEC) awarded a total of $2 million in grants to 10 Native American tribes in early 2021. The grants supported climate and energy planning efforts on tribal lands and in tribal communities, including studies related to the development of renewable resources, microgrids, and energy storage systems.146 In 2022, the CEC awarded one of its largest grants, $31 million, to the Viejas Tribe of Kumeyaay Indians for a long-duration energy storage system that will provide renewable backup power for the tribe. It will support statewide grid reliability in the event of an emergency. Since 2010, DOE has invested more than $21 million in nearly 40 California tribal renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. About one-third of that money was awarded in 2021 and 2022.147

Endnotes

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