Last Updated: May 15, 2025

Overview

The Hawaiian Islands chain stretches about 1,500 miles across the central Pacific Ocean, from the largest island, Hawaii, in the southeast to the Kure Atoll in the northwest. The eight main islands and the more than 100 uninhabited islands, reefs, shoals, and atolls are about 2,400 miles from California and 3,900 miles from Japan, making them farther from a major landmass than any other island group on earth.^1,2 Hawaii's geographic isolation makes its energy infrastructure unique among the states.³ The state consumes 16 times more energy than it produces.⁴ About 90% of Hawaii's energy consumption is petroleum, the highest share among the states.⁵

Hawaii's islands, which are the tops of volcanoes that rise more than 30,000 feet above the sea floor, are located about 1,500 miles north of the equator.^6,7 Steady trade winds and the surrounding ocean moderate the temperatures on the tropical islands. Rainfall is heaviest on the windward side of the islands, where moisture is released as winds move up the mountain slopes, while the leeward slopes remain relatively dry. Hawaii is the only U.S. state with tropical rainforests. Extremes of heat, cold, rainfall, and even snow can occur at higher elevations. However, at lower elevations the state's climate is generally pleasantly warm, with little variation year-round.^8,9 Although the largest island in the state is Hawaii, more than two-thirds of the state's population lives on the island of Oahu. On all of the islands, population centers cluster at lower elevations in the coastal areas where the weather is mild and access to services is greatest.^10,11

Hawaii has the third-lowest total energy use among the states, after Vermont and Rhode Island, and ranks fourth lowest in per capita energy consumption, after Rhode Island, New York, and California.^12,13 Hawaii's economy is not energy intensive and ranks ninth among the states in the least amount of energy used per dollar of GDP.¹⁴ Major contributors to the state's economy are real estate, tourism, construction, and the U.S. military.¹⁵ The transportation sector accounts for 58% of the energy consumed in Hawaii, mostly in the form of jet fuel and motor gasoline, followed by the industrial sector at 18%, the commercial sector at about 14%, and the residential sector at 11%. Hawaii's mild climate contributes to the state's residential sector energy consumption being the lowest in the nation.^16,17

Petroleum

Hawaii has no proved crude oil reserves or production.^18,19 However, the state does have one crude oil refinery, located in the Honolulu port area on Oahu, which can process about 94,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.^20,21 The refinery's crude oil comes primarily from Libya, Argentina, Nigeria, and Brazil.²² The local refinery supplies much of Hawaii's demand for petroleum products, but the state also imports refined petroleum products, including jet fuel, propane, low-sulfur diesel fuel, and motor gasoline, from countries including Argentina, Canada, Chile, and South Korea.²³ Suppliers offload crude oil into storage tanks in the Oahu refinery area through offshore mooring systems and load refined products at Honolulu harbor terminals onto fuel barges for distribution to other islands. Hawaii has no inter-island pipelines, but pipeline systems on some islands distribute petroleum products to customers.^24,25,26

The transportation sector uses about two-thirds of all petroleum consumed in Hawaii, and the electric power sector uses one-fourth. Together, the industrial, commercial, and residential sectors make up the remaining one-tenth of the state's petroleum use.²⁷ Jet fuel accounts for nearly half of the petroleum products consumed in the state. Because of significant demand from military installations and commercial airlines, jet fuel makes up a larger share of total petroleum consumption in Hawaii than in any other state. Motor gasoline accounts for almost three-tenths of the state's petroleum use.²⁸ To help reduce its reliance on petroleum, Hawaii has implemented a series of incentives for electric vehicles, including designated parking spots in public garages, free parking in government lots and at parking meters, and rebates for installing charging stations.^29,30

Electricity

Petroleum products are used to generate the majority of Hawaii's electricity, but renewable energy has contributed an increasing share of the state's annual generation in the past decade. In 2024, petroleum fueled 65% of the state's total electricity generation.³¹ About 124 megawatts of petroleum-fired generating capacity in the state has been retired since 2014. Hawaii utilities plan to retire more petroleum-fired generating units, including 32 megawatts of capacity by the end of 2028, and add 416 megawatts of renewable energy-powered generating units and related battery energy storage.^32,33,34,35

Renewable energy sources—solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower—supplied most of the rest of the state's electricity. The share of Hawaii's total electricity generation produced by all renewable sources, including from small-scale solar such as customer-sited rooftop solar panels, was 33% statewide in 2024. However, the share of renewable generation was higher on some of Hawaii's individual islands.^36,37

Hawaii has no utility-scale, coal-fired generation. The state's last utility-scale coal-fired power plant, a 180-megawatt facility on Oahu, closed in September 2022 as required by state law as part of Hawaii's efforts to transition to 100% electricity generation from renewables.^38,39 Hawaii has no natural gas-fired generation or nuclear power.⁴⁰ However, the state is looking into whether it is feasible to import liquefied natural gas (LNG) for generating electricity. Hawaii's state energy office released a report in January 2025 that found LNG was the most cost-effective transitional fuel for generating electricity on Oahu until oil-fired power plants were phased out completely by 2045.⁴¹

About 95% of Hawaii's residents receive their power from Hawaiian Electric, which operates on five of the state's six main islands. An electric cooperative provides power on the island of Kauai. Each of the six islands has a separate electricity grid. The grids are not connected by undersea electricity transmission cables, so each island is responsible for generating its own power.^42,43,44 In August 2023, the Department of Energy awarded $95 million in federal funds to strengthen the grids on the five islands served by Hawaiian Electric following the destructive and deadly windstorms and wildfires on Maui.⁴⁵

The state's reliance on imported petroleum for generating electricity and its isolated island grids contribute to Hawaii having the highest average electricity price of any state, reaching more than triple the U.S. average price.^46,47 Hawaii's electricity demand is the fourth-lowest in the nation, after Vermont, Alaska, and Rhode Island. The state also has the lowest per capita electricity consumption.^48,49 In 2024, the industrial sector accounted for the largest share of Hawaii's electricity sales, making up almost two-fifths of the total, followed by the commercial sector and the residential sector at about three-tenths each. In 2020 and 2021, Hawaii's residential sector used more electricity than the commercial sector for the first time in more than two decades as the COVID-19 pandemic reduced tourism travel to the state. The commercial sector's electricity consumption has exceeded residential power use since 2022 after tourism increased.⁵⁰ About 4 out of 10 households in Hawaii use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating. However, with Hawaii's mild tropical climate, heating is rarely needed and about 45% of households have no heating system, the highest share for any state.⁵¹

Renewable energy

Hawaii has substantial renewable resources throughout the island chain.⁵² In 2024, about one-third of Hawaii's total electricity (utility-scale and small-scale) was generated by renewable sources of energy. Solar power accounted for about 65% of the state's renewable electricity generation and 22% of its total generation from all energy sources. Small-scale, customer-sited solar panel generation was more than twice as large as the state's utility-scale solar generation.⁵³ Hawaii had the 11th-highest small-scale solar generation of any state in 2024.⁵⁴ At the end of 2024, Hawaii had 1,383 megawatts of total solar power generating capacity, with about two-thirds of that capacity installed as customer-sited small-scale solar panel systems.⁵⁵ Hawaii has a net metering program, but it closed to new applicants in 2015 when the program reached the maximum number of customers who can send excess electricity from their privately installed rooftop solar panels or other renewable systems to the grid for payment.⁵⁶

Hawaii's largest solar farm, which went online in mid-2024 with 200,000 solar panels on the island of Maui, has a generating capacity of about 60 megawatts. The separate 185-megawatt Kapolei Battery Energy Storage facility, which stores renewable-generated electricity and then releases it to the grid when needed, began operating in late 2023.^57,58,59,60 About 238 megawatts in new utility-scale solar power generating capacity and related battery energy storage are scheduled to come online in 2025.⁶¹ As part of Hawaii's commitment to renewable energy, building codes have required all new single-family homes to have solar hot water heaters since 2010, with some exceptions.^62,63

Hawaii has significant onshore and offshore wind resources, and wind energy generated 19% of the state's renewable electricity and 6% of its total electricity in 2024.^64,65 The state has 233 megawatts of installed generating capacity at eight utility-scale wind farms.^66,67 Hawaii has no offshore wind power turbines, although energy companies have proposed several offshore wind projects in federal waters around Oahu and the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management has looked into deploying floating wind turbines because the waters around Hawaii are too deep to build fix-bottom wind turbines.⁶⁸ In January 2025, the federal government temporarily withdrew all federal offshore areas from leasing for wind energy development.⁶⁹

Hawaii is one of seven states with utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal resources, which provided about 7% of the state's renewable electricity and about 2% of total power generation in 2024.^70,71 Hawaii's single geothermal power plant, located on the Kilauea Volcano on the Big Island, temporarily shut down in May 2018 after ground fissures and lava blocked access to it following an eruption of Kilauea. In November 2020, the plant came back online and its owners plan to increase the capacity of the plant from 38 megawatts to 46 megawatts by installing upgraded power-generating units.^72,73,74,75

Biomass accounted for about 7% of the Hawaii's renewable generation in 2024 and 2% of the state's total generation.⁷⁶ Biomass, mainly agricultural wastes such as bagasse from sugarcane, has long been used in rural Hawaii to generate heat and electricity. However, that source of biomass declined with the closure of many sugar plantations.⁷⁷ Currently, Honolulu's 86-megawatt waste-to-energy power plant, which uses municipal solid waste to generate electricity, provides most of the state's biomass-fueled power. Several other smaller waste-to-energy and biomass generators operate on Oahu and Maui.^78,79 A new biomass facility, located on a former sugar plantation, planned to burn local forest waste to generate electricity, but that project has been opposed because it is not carbon neutral.^80,81,82,83 Biofuels also play an important role in Hawaii's power generation. Hawaii's one operating biodiesel production plant has a capacity of 6 million gallons per year.⁸⁴

Hawaii does not have rivers with large water flows that can support hydroelectric dams, but the state still produces some hydropower.^85,86 The small hydroelectric turbines in use are run-of-river and run-of-the-ditch systems at sites on Maui, Kauai, and the Big Island. Hydropower provided about 3% of the state's renewable generation and almost 1% of total generation from all energy sources in 2024.⁸⁷

In 2015, the Hawaii legislature amended the state's renewable portfolio standard (RPS) and made Hawaii the first state to set a legally required deadline, by the year 2045, to obtain 100% of its electricity sales from renewable energy sources. The legislature amended the RPS again in 2022, basing the RPS targets on electricity net generation instead of electricity sales starting at 40% in 2030.^88,89,90,91 Hawaii's governor issued an executive order in January 2025 moving up the deadline by a decade to 2035 for having 100% renewable generation on the islands of Kauai, Hawaii, and Maui.^92,93 The state has a separate energy efficiency standard to reduce electricity consumption by 40% by 2030. Originally, the energy efficiency standard was part of the RPS, but, in 2015, the standards were separated because of the different technologies and measurements required to assess each goal.^94,95

Natural gas

Hawaii has no natural gas reserves and produces no conventional natural gas, but it produces synthetic natural gas (syngas).^96,97 Hawaii is the sixth-largest syngas-producing state.⁹⁸ An Oahu processing plant produces syngas, using naphtha feedstock from a local refinery, and delivers it via pipeline to parts of Oahu.⁹⁹ Renewable natural gas is also produced in Hawaii in the form of methane created by the biogas from decomposing organic matter at a Honolulu wastewater treatment plant.¹⁰⁰

With its limited supply and distribution network, Hawaii has both the lowest total natural gas consumption in the nation and the lowest per capita consumption.¹⁰¹ In 2024, the commercial sector, which includes hotels and restaurants, consumed 77% of the natural gas in Hawaii. The residential sector accounted for about 21% and the industrial sector used about 3%.¹⁰² Just over half of Hawaiian households have heating systems, and about 3 in 100 households use natural gas as their primary heating fuel.^103,104

Coal

Hawaii has no coal reserves and does not produce coal, but did receive coal from ocean freighters in the past.¹⁰⁵ Hawaii's coal use began in the 1980s as a way to reduce the state's dependence on petroleum in both the industrial and electric power sectors.¹⁰⁶ Coal was last used by Hawaii's electric power sector in late 2022, when the state's one utility-scale coal-fired power plant was retired.^107,108,109

Endnotes

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