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Tennessee   Tennessee Profile

State Profile and Energy Estimates

Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)

Last Updated: October 17, 2024

Overview

Tennessee stretches over 400 miles across from the state's eastern border with Virginia and North Carolina to its western border at the Mississippi River.1,2 Tennessee's westernmost city, Memphis, is one of the world's busiest hubs for barge, air, truck, and rail cargo traffic.3 Wide bends in the Tennessee River divide the state into three regions: the largely mountainous east, a central basin rimmed by highlands, and the low, rolling plains of western Tennessee.4 The eastern part of the state produces coal, natural gas, and crude oil, although those fossil energy reserves are modest.5 Both the Tennessee River, which flows south along the western border of Tennessee and flows into northeastern Alabama before bending north back into central Tennessee, and the Cumberland River, which flows in an arc from Kentucky across north-central Tennessee, have histories of destructive floods.6,7,8 In the 20th century, a series of dams built by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to control those rivers brought hydroelectricity to the region.9 The TVA, the largest government-owned electricity provider by generating capacity in the nation, operates many hydroelectric, nuclear, natural gas-fired, coal-fired, and renewable-energy powered electricity generating facilities in the state. The TVA serves over 7 million customers in Tennessee as well as parts of six other states.10,11,12,13

Tennessee ranks among the top one-third of states in total energy consumption.

Tennessee consumes over three times more energy than it produces, ranking among the top one-third of the states in total energy consumption and near the national median in per capita energy use.14,15,16 The long travel distances across Tennessee, combined with the state's role as a logistics hub and popular tourism destination spot, make the transportation sector the largest energy consumer, accounting for more than three-tenths of the state's total energy consumption. Manufacturing is a leading contributor to the state's economy, and the industrial sector accounts for about one-fourth of the state's energy use.17,18,19 The industrial activities that make the largest impact on Tennessee's gross domestic product (GDP) include the manufacture of food, beverages, and tobacco products; motor vehicles and automotive parts; chemicals; fabricated metal products; and paper.20 Tennessee ranks near the middle of the states and is above the U.S. average in its energy consumption per dollar of GDP.21

Tennessee's climate is relatively mild, but it is greatly influenced by the state's topography. Much of the state experiences hot summers and mild winters. However, the mountains of eastern Tennessee, which include part of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, have much colder winters.22 The residential sector, where both heating and air conditioning are widely used, accounts for slightly less than one-fourth of the state's end-use energy consumption. The commercial sector is responsible for one-fifth of the state's energy use.23,24

Electricity

The TVA owns 92% of Tennessee’s utility-scale electricity generating capacity.

About 22,000 megawatts, or 92%, of Tennessee's utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) electricity generating facilities, including the 10 largest power plants in the state both by capacity and by actual yearly generation, are owned and operated by the TVA.25,26 TVA facilities in Tennessee include 29 hydroelectric dams, 17 natural gas-fired power plants, 4 coal-fired power plants, 3 nuclear power plants, and 1 pumped-storage hydroelectric plant. The TVA also operates one wind farm and several small solar power facilities in the state.27,28

The largest power plant by capacity in Tennessee is the 2,470-megawatt coal-fired Cumberland generating facility, but the plant ranks third in annual electricity generation. The TVA owns the power plant and plans to shut it down by 2028 and replace it with natural gas-fired generation for economic and environmental reasons. The state's next two largest power plants by capacity are both nuclear-powered and each generates more electricity than the Cumberland plant.29,30,31

In 2023, nuclear power provided 48% of the state's total net generation. Tennessee ranks in the top 10 states for total nuclear generation.32 Coal and natural gas plants have each accounted for roughly one-fifth of the state's generation since 2020. Coal contributed more than half of the state's electricity generation as recently as 2011, but its share declined since then with the retirement of over 3,800 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity since 2014 and an additional 4,800 MW currently scheduled to retire by 2031. Hydroelectric power contributed 12% of the state's generation in 2023, and solar energy, biomass, petroleum, and wind energy provided almost all the rest of Tennessee's net generation.33,34

Tennessee helped usher in the nuclear age with the nation's first nuclear fuel enrichment plant, built at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory near Knoxville as part of the World War II Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic bomb.35 Today, Tennessee has two nuclear power generating sites, the Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant and the Watts Bar Nuclear Power Plant, both located in southeastern Tennessee with two reactors each.36 The Watts Bar power plant has some of the nation's newest nuclear power reactors. Watts Bar Unit 1 began operating in 1996, and Watts Bar Unit 2 entered service in 2016—becoming the nation's first new nuclear reactor to come online in the 21st century.37,38 The TVA is pursuing a federal permit for a possible new nuclear power plant using small modular reactors at a site near Oak Ridge.39,40,41

Despite its many TVA generating facilities, Tennessee imports about three-tenths of its electricity supply to meet the state's power needs.42 Tennessee is among the top 15 states in both residential sector and total electricity sales.43 The average electricity price in Tennessee is below the national average, and the average price for the residential sector is among the lowest 10 states.44 About 65% of households in Tennessee use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating.45

Renewable energy

Tennessee is the sixth-largest conventional hydroelectric power producer in the nation.

Renewable resources, mostly hydropower, supplied about 14% of Tennessee's total in-state electricity net generation in 2023.46 The state is the sixth-largest conventional hydroelectric power producer in the nation and the third-largest east of the Mississippi River.47 Tennessee has 28 hydroelectric power plants operating in Tennessee, plus a large pumped storage hydroelectric facility.48 Hydroelectric power accounted for 11% of the state's total generation and 86% of the state's renewable generation.49

The TVA's 1,616-megawatt Raccoon Mountain pumped storage plant, which began operating in 1978, is the fourth-largest power plant and the largest hydroelectric facility by generating capacity in Tennessee.50,51 During periods of low power demand, typically at night, less costly electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods when power demand and electricity prices are higher, the water is released from the upper reservoir and flows down through generating turbines on its way back to the lower reservoir, producing electricity. Although the plant uses more power than it generates, it supplies power in periods of peak demand when electricity is most needed and prices are highest.52

Solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities contribute the second-largest share of renewable energy generation in Tennessee, providing about 10% of the state's renewable generation in 2023. Over 90% of that solar generation was at utility-scale facilities (1 megawatt or larger in capacity). The rest came from smaller, customer-sited generating systems of less than 1 megawatt, mostly solar panels installed on residential and business rooftops.53 By mid-2024, Tennessee had about 601 megawatts of total solar power generating capacity.54 Most of the state's utility-scale solar PV generating facilities are located in southwestern Tennessee. The state's largest solar farm, with 150 megawatts of capacity from 500,000 solar panels, came online in March 2022. Another 580 megawatts of solar capacity is expected to come online through 2025, including what will be the state's new largest solar farm at 254-megawatts at the end of 2024.55,56,57

Biomass in the form of wood, wood waste, and landfill gas accounted for about 4% of the state's renewable net generation and nearly 1% of total generation in 2023, all from five utility-scale biomass facilities.58,59 Tennessee's biomass resources are also used as feedstock for the state's three wood pellet manufacturing plants, which can produce about 175,000 tons of pellets annually. Wood pellets are burned for electricity generation and for heating.60,61

Although Tennessee does not have a renewable portfolio standard requiring that a certain amount of its electricity come from renewable energy sources, the state was among the first in the Southeast to develop renewable generation beyond hydroelectric power.62,63 The region's first major wind farm, located on Buffalo Mountain near Oliver Springs in eastern Tennessee, began operating as a 2-megawatt generating facility in 2000 and has expanded to 15 wind turbines with 27 megawatts of capacity.64,65 However, in 2023, wind power was not a large contributor to Tennessee's energy mix, providing less than 0.1% of the state's net generation.66 The state's best wind resources are along the Appalachian Mountains in eastern Tennessee.67

Tennessee is also a biofuels producer. It is the 14th-largest in the nation.68 The state has three fuel ethanol plants—two use corn as feedstock and a third, smaller plant uses recycled waste beverages, cosmetics, and health care products—that have a combined production capacity of about 250 million gallons of ethanol per year, which is about one-fourth less than the state's annual ethanol consumption of 340 million gallons.69,70,71,72 In addition, Tennessee has one biodiesel plant with a production capacity of 36 million gallons annually, slightly greater than the 34 million gallons of biodiesel used yearly in the state.73,74 Tennessee is the 15th-largest biodiesel-producing state.75

Petroleum

Tennessee has minor proved crude oil reserves and produces a small amount of crude oil.76,77 The first commercial crude oil production in Tennessee occurred in 1866, but only small amounts of crude oil have been produced in the state. Tennessee's oil output peaked at slightly over 1 million barrels in 1982 and 1983, but declined since then. In 2021, the state's annual oil output fell to 141,000 barrels, the lowest level since 1969 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The state's oil output increased in 2022 and 2023 to 173,000 barrels each year as the economy improved and petroleum demand increased.78,79,80,81 Most of the oil wells in Tennessee are in the Appalachian Basin in the northeastern part of the state.82

Tennessee has one petroleum refinery, located in Memphis, which can process about 180,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day and accounts for about 1% of U.S. refining capacity.83 The refinery receives most of its light, low-sulfur crude oil supply via a pipeline from the oil storage hub in Cushing, Oklahoma. The Memphis refinery also receives additional crude oil transported by barge on the Mississippi River. The refinery produces motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel. Refined petroleum products are shipped out by truck and barge, and a pipeline delivers jet fuel directly to the Memphis airport.84,85,86 Tennessee also receives motor gasoline and diesel fuel from the Colonial Pipeline and the PPL Pipeline that serve the state as they transport petroleum products from the Gulf Coast region to Mid-Atlantic and Northeast states.87,88

About 88% of Tennessee's petroleum consumption is in its transportation sector, and about six out of ten petroleum barrels consumed in the state are motor gasoline.89,90 Conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide, although almost all motor gasoline sold in the state contains at least 10% ethanol.91,92 The industrial sector accounts for 9% of the state's petroleum consumption and the commercial sector uses 2%. The residential sector, where about 4 in 100 Tennessee households use fuel oil, kerosene, or propane for home heating, consumes a small amount of petroleum.93,94

Natural gas

Tennessee has no significant proved natural gas reserves and its natural gas production is small.95,96 Most of the state's natural gas-producing wells are located in northeastern Tennessee on the Cumberland Plateau.97,98 Natural gas exploration permits issued in the past decade have focused on exploration in the Chattanooga Shale play, which underlies the northeastern part of the state.99,100

Tennessee's natural gas needs are met by several interstate pipelines that supply the state as they transport natural gas to markets in the East and the Midwest.101,102 Historically, most of the state's natural gas supply entered Tennessee from the south through Mississippi, but, in 2015, volumes from the south began to decline as more natural gas entered the state from the Marcellus and Utica shale regions in Mid-Atlantic states. Three-quarters of the natural gas that enters Tennessee now comes by pipeline through Kentucky, and almost all of the rest arrives by way of Mississippi. Over 80% of the natural gas that enters Tennessee continues on to other states, mainly Mississippi, Alabama, and Kentucky.103 Some of the natural gas is stored in the state's two underground natural gas storage fields that have a combined capacity of 2.4 billion cubic feet, which is less than 0.1% of U.S. total storage capacity.104

Tennessee’s electric power sector natural gas consumption in 2022 was nearly triple the level from a decade earlier.

The industrial sector consumes the largest share of natural gas delivered to end users in Tennessee and accounted for 39% of state natural gas demand in 2023. With the growth of natural-gas fired generation in the state, the electric power sector's consumption of natural gas nearly tripled in the past decade and accounted for 29% of the state total in 2023. About 18% of the natural gas delivered to consumers went to the residential sector in 2022, where about one in three Tennessee households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating. The commercial sector accounted for 15% of the state's natural gas consumption in 2022, and a very small amount of natural gas was used in the transportation sector.105,106

Coal

Tennessee's estimated recoverable coal reserves are small, accounting for about 0.2% of the U.S. total, but the state currently does not produce coal. The state's last coal was mined in 2022.107,108,109 Commercial coal mining began in Tennessee in the mid-1800s and expanded as railroads were built across the state. Coal production in Tennessee peaked in 1972 at around 11 million tons, and then steadily declined. The state's total coal production fell to 92,000 tons in 2020 and there was none in 2021. A small amount of coal, less than 500 tons, was mined in 2022.110,111,112,113 Only bituminous coal had been previously mined in the state, though western Tennessee long contained untapped lignite coal reserves that were mined for the first time in 2022. Almost all the producing mines have been located in the northeastern corner of Tennessee near the Kentucky border.114,115,116 About 90% of the coal consumed in the state is used for electric power generation, and the rest is used at industrial facilities. Tennessee's coal-fired power plants rely on coal delivered by rail and river barge from other states, primarily Kentucky, Wyoming, and Illinois.117,118

Endnotes

1 Tennessee State Museum, accessed August 21, 2024.
2 World Atlas, Tennessee, accessed August 21, 2024.
3 Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Location and Infrastructure, Make It Here, Take It Anywhere, accessed August 21, 2024.
4 Freeworldmaps.Net, Physical Map of Tennessee, accessed August 21, 2024.
5 Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Tennessee's Mineral Industry, updated January 2020.
6 Tennessee River, Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 21, 2024.
7 Tennessee Valley Authority, Flood Damage Reduction, accessed August 21, 2024.
8 Hodges, James A., Tennessee, Drainage and soils, Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 21, 2024.
9 Tennessee Valley Authority, Flood Damage Reduction, accessed August 21, 2024.
10 Tennessee Valley Authority, About TVA, accessed August 21, 2024.
11 Tennessee Valley Authority, Energy, accessed August 21, 2024.
12 Tennessee Valley Authority, Built For The People, Fiscal Year 2023.
13 Tennessee Valley Authority, TVA in Tennessee, accessed August 21, 2024.
14 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
17 Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Location and Infrastructure, Make It Here, Take It Anywhere, accessed August 21, 2024.
18 Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, Economic Impact of Travel on Tennessee 2022, accessed August 21, 2024.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
20 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, NAICS, Tennessee, All statistics in table, 2022.
21 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
22 Logan, Joanne, "Tennessee, A Tale of Three Climates," Tennessee's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climate' Series, accessed August 22, 2024.
23 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, 2020 RECs Survey Data, State Data, Highlights for space heating in U.S. homes by state, 2020 and Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
24 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
25 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2023, 2023 Form EIA-860 Data - Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only), Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Select All, Utility Name: Tennessee Valley Authority.
26 U.S. EIA, Tennessee Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
27 Tennessee Valley Authority, Built For The People, Fiscal Year 2023.
28 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: All
29 U.S. EIA, Tennessee Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
30 Tennessee Valley Authority, Cumberland Fossil Plant, accessed August 22, 2024.
31 Tennessee Valley Authority, "TVA Retiring Cumberland, Continues Transition to Clean Energy Future," Press Release (January 10, 2023).
32 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2024), Table 1.9.B.
33 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Tennessee, 2001-23.
34 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
35 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Manhattan Project, Oak Ridge Visitor Center & Basic Info, updated May 31, 2024.
36 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Tennessee, accessed August 22, 2024.
37 Tennessee Valley Authority, Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, accessed August 22, 2024.
38 U.S. EIA, "First new U.S. nuclear reactor since 2016 is now in operation," Today in Energy (August 1, 2023).
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
40 Tennessee Valley Authority, "TVA Board Authorizes New Nuclear Program to Explore Innovative Technology," Press Release (February 10, 2022).
41 McAlee, Hope, "TVA partnership to design nuclear reactor for Clinch River site," WATE-TV (March 24, 2023).
42 U.S. EIA, Tennessee Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10.
43 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
44 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February2024), Table 5.6.B.
45 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Tennessee.
46 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Tennessee, 2001-23.
47 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.10.B.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric, Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
49 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Tennessee, 2001-23.
50 Tennessee Valley Authority, Raccoon Mountain, accessed August 22, 2024.
51 U.S. EIA, Tennessee Electricity Profile 2022, Table 2A.
52 U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Hydropower explained, Hydroelectric power is produced with moving water, Pumped-storage hydropower facilities, updated April 20, 2023.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Tennessee, 2001-23.
54 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (May 2024), Table 6.2.B.
55 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Tennessee, accessed August 23, 2024.
56 McCarthy, Darby, "TVA, Meta commission Tennessee's newest large-scale solar energy project," News Channel 5 (May 22, 2022).
57 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023, Inventory of Planned Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
58 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Tennessee, 2001-23.
59 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Landfill Gas, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass, Other Waste Biomass.
60 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2024.
61 U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today in Energy (December 14, 2016).
62 National Conference of State Legislatures, State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals, updated August 13, 2021.
63 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2023, Inventory of Planned Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic, Onshore Wind Turbine, Offshore Wind Turbine.
64 Tennessee Valley Authority, Wind Q+A, accessed August 22, 2024.
65 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Tennessee, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
66 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Tennessee, 2001-23.
67 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Tennessee, Maps & Data, accessed August 22, 2024.
68 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
69 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed nameplate capacity of fuel ethanol plants by Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PAD District) are available in XLSX file.
70 "Ethanol Producer Magazine, Plants List, updated accessed August 23, 2024.
71 Dynamic Recycling, Ethanol Processing, accessed August 23, 2024.
72 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
73 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
74 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
75 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, in Physical Units, Ranked by State, 2022.
76 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022, Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2022.
77 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2018-23.
78 Historical Tennessee fracking information, 1866-2015, History, Ballotpedia, accessed August 23, 2024.
79 U.S. EIA, Tennessee Field Production of Crude Oil, 1981-2023.
80 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Tennessee, 1960-2022.
81 U.S. EIA, "U.S. crude oil production forecast to rise in 2022 and 2023 to record-high levels," Today in Energy (February 16, 2022).
82 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, Petroleum & Biofuels, Tennessee, accessed August 23, 2024.
83 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2023 (June 14, 2024), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2024, Tennessee.
84 Valero Energy Corporation, Memphis Refinery, Overview, accessed August 23, 2024.
85 Plains, View Our Assets, accessed August 23, 2024.
86 International Port of Memphis, Valero Memphis Refinery, accessed August 23, 2024.
87 Colonial Pipeline Company, About Us, System Map, accessed August 23, 2024.
88 Kinder Morgan Inc., Products Pipelines, Southeast Operations, accessed August 23, 2024.
89 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
90 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
91 American Petroleum Institute, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, accessed August 23, 2024.
92 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
93 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
94 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Tennessee.
95 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 8, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2022.
96 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
97 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Tennessee, accessed August 26, 2024.
98 Tennessee Oil & Gas Association, Resource Availability, accessed August 23, 2024.
99 Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Tennessee Division of Water Resources, Oil and Gas Data, Oil and Gas Well Permit, Oil & Gas Well Data Viewer, Oil & Gas Well Map Viewer, accessed August 23, 2024.
100 U.S. EIA, Lower 48 states shale plays, updated April 13, 2015.
101 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Tennessee, accessed August 23, 2024.
102 Pipeline 101, Where are Gas Pipelines Located?, accessed August 23, 2024.
103 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Tennessee, Annual, 2017-23.
104 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, Total Storage Capacity, 2017-23.
105 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Tennessee, Annual, 2018-23.
106 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Tennessee.
107 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2021, and Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
108 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, January-March 2024, (April 2022), Table 2, Coal production by state.
109 U.S. EIA, Weekly Coal Production, Historical data files, 2020-24.
110 Tennessee Encyclopedia, Mining, accessed August 23, 2024
111 Mining Artifacts, Tennessee Mines, accessed August 23, 2024.
112 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
113 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Tennessee, 1960-2022.
114 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Tennessee, accessed August 23, 2024.
115 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
116 Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Tennessee's Mineral Industry, updated January 2020.
117 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022, and Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
118 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2022 (October 2, 2023), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by destination State, consumer, and destination and method of transportation, Tennessee, Table DS-37, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.