Last Updated: October 16, 2025

Overview

Located in the center of the United States, Illinois is the most populous Midwestern state, and ranks sixth in the nation in population and fifth in GDP.^1,2,3 Most of the state's residents are concentrated in a few large urban areas, leaving much of the state rural.⁴ Chicago, located in northeastern Illinois on the shores of Lake Michigan, is home to one-fifth of the state's population and is the third-largest U.S. city.^5,6

Illinois plays a key role in the nation's economy because of its central location and extensive transportation network. The state has the nation's fourth-busiest commercial airport and the second-largest rail network with almost 7,000 route miles.^7,8 Illinois has the third-largest number of interstate highways, after Texas and California, at about 2,200 miles, and it also has about 1,100 miles of navigable waterways. The state's inland waterway system connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River and the Ohio River, linking the central United States to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of America.^9,10

Illinois is a key hub for crude oil and natural gas moving throughout the United States.¹¹ The state also has substantial coal reserves and some crude oil resources.^12,13 Illinois is a top five electricity generating state, producing the most nuclear power among the states and the fifth-most wind power.¹⁴ The state has over 26 million acres of farmland and ranks among the top five states in the market value of agricultural products sold.^15,16 Corn and soybeans, the state's most important crops, provide feed for livestock and supply source material for the state's numerous ethanol and biodiesel plants.^17,18,19,20

Illinois is the nation's sixth-largest energy-consuming and eleventh-largest energy-producing state. The state's industrial sector, which includes agriculture, accounts for over three-tenths of Illinois's total energy use.^21,22 Chemicals, food and beverages, machinery, fabricated metal products, and petroleum and coal products are the largest contributors to the state's manufacturing GDP. Other energy-intensive industries in Illinois include plastics manufacturing and computers and electronics manufacturing.²³ The transportation sector accounts for over one-fourth of the state's energy consumption, the residential sector uses nearly one-fourth, and the commercial sector accounts for one-fifth.²⁴ Despite the state's cold winters and its warm summers, Illinois's total energy consumption per capita ranks near the midpoint of the states.^25,26

Electricity

Illinois is the nation's fifth-largest electricity producer, and typically sends about one-fifth of the power it generates to other states over the regional grid.^27,28 The 38 million megawatthours sent from Illinois to other states in 2023 was more than any state other than Pennsylvania and Alabama.^29,30 Illinois generates more electricity from nuclear energy than any other state, accounting for one-eighth of the nation's total nuclear power generation.³¹ In 2024, the state's 6 nuclear power plants, with 11 total reactors, produced 53% of the state's electricity net generation.^32,33 Based on generating capacity, 5 of the 10 largest power plants in Illinois are nuclear powered, and all 6 of the nuclear power plants in Illinois rank among the 10 largest power plants in the state by annual electricity generation.³⁴ Several of the state's nuclear power stations were scheduled to close in 2021, but that same year the Illinois legislature passed a law requiring the state to transition to 50% clean energy by 2040 and 100% clean energy by 2050, while also offering state support to the nuclear plants via a carbon credit plan. In response, the utility that owned the plants set to be shuttered announced they would continue operating them.^35,36 Illinois has the only chemical facility in the United States that converts uranium yellow cake into uranium hexafluoride, a step in making fuel for use at nuclear power reactors.^37,38,39,40

Coal-fired power plants had been the second-largest electricity providers in Illinois from 2009 until 2022. However, coal's contribution to in-state generation declined significantly from 46% of electricity net generation in 2009 to 14% in 2024, as over 9,100 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity shut down during that period in response to stricter emissions regulations and economic pressures.^41,42,43,44 Natural-gas fired generation overtook coal as the second-largest source of power in Illinois starting in 2023. The state's natural gas-fired generation reached its highest level ever in 2024, when it provided 17% of Illinois's electricity generation, about five times more than a decade earlier. Wind-powered generation closely followed, accounting for 13% of in-state generation. Other renewables, led by solar power, biomass, and hydropower, accounted for almost all the rest of the state's net generation in 2024.⁴⁵

About 96% of Illinois households use electric air conditioning, but only one in five households in the state rely on electricity for home heating.^46,47 Electricity retail sales in Illinois do not vary greatly among end-use sectors, with the commercial, residential, and industrial sectors each accounting for about one-third of the state total. A small amount of electricity goes to the transportation sector for light rail systems.^48,49

In September 2025, Illinois had around 1,600 public electric vehicle charging locations.⁵⁰ The largest number of charging locations are around the Chicago area.⁵¹

Coal

Illinois has 15% of the nation's economically recoverable coal reserves, second only to Montana, and it is the nation's fourth-largest coal producer after Wyoming, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.^52,53 In 1673, Europeans first discovered coal in North America along the Illinois River, and coal underlies about two-thirds of the state. However, coal was not mined in the state until the 1800s.^54,55,56 Coal mines in Illinois provide 6% of U.S. total coal production.⁵⁷

Illinois exports about one-third of the coal mined in the state to other countries.^58,59 In 2023, 14 states received Illinois coal primarily to generate electricity, with Kentucky and Florida receiving the largest volumes.⁶⁰ Illinois only produces bituminous coal, which has a high sulfur content. Many electric utilities burn that coal in combination with lower sulfur coal from other regions to meet federal Clean Air Act emissions regulations.^61,62,63 Coal from Illinois is transported to other states mainly by ship and rail.⁶⁴ Illinois consumes about one-fourth of the coal mined in the state, most of which is used in the electric power sector.^65,66 Nearly all the coal that Illinois receives from other states comes by rail from Wyoming and is used for electric power generation.⁶⁷ Industrial and coking plants account for about 14% of the state's coal consumption.⁶⁸

Petroleum

Illinois is a major crude oil-refining state. Its 4 refineries can collectively process almost 1.1 million barrels of crude oil per calendar day into petroleum products, giving Illinois the largest refining capacity in the Midwest and the fourth largest in the nation after Texas, Louisiana, and California.^69,70 The largest refinery in the state is the Wood River refinery, located in southwest Illinois close at the confluence of the Mississippi River and Missouri River near St. Louis, Missouri. It can process 345,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.^71,72 Another refinery operates in southeastern Illinois, and two more operate in northeastern Illinois. The state's refineries process domestic crude oil, as well as Canadian and other foreign crude oils, into motor gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and other petroleum products.^73,74,75,76

The state's crude oil production and reserves are modest.^77,78 Most of the producing oil wells in Illinois are located in the Illinois Basin in the southern half of the state.^79,80 Oil exploration in Illinois began in the late 1800s, but commercial production did not occur until 1904. Crude oil production in Illinois peaked in 1940, reaching almost 150 million barrels. From 2022 to 2024, the state's oil production totaled just under 7 million barrels annually for the first time since the mid-1930s.^81,82 Most of the oil wells in the state are stripper wells that each produce on average less than 2 barrels of crude oil per day.⁸³

Numerous crude oil and petroleum product pipelines cross Illinois and the state is home to the Patoka Terminal crude oil storage hub, which has nearly 80 storage tanks that can hold more than 19 million barrels.^84,85 Illinois has crude oil ports in Chicago on Lake Michigan and in Peoria on the Illinois Waterway, which connects Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. Both ports also handle small amounts of petroleum product imports.^86,87,88

Illinois consumes the seventh most petroleum of any state. The transportation sector accounts for more than seven-tenths of Illinois's petroleum consumption, and over two-fifths of the state's petroleum use is motor gasoline.^89,90 Reformulated motor gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol, which reduces smog-forming emissions, is required to be sold in the areas in and around Chicago in northeastern Illinois and around the St. Louis, Missouri, suburbs in southwestern Illinois.^91,92 Almost 280 public fueling stations throughout the state sell E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. Only California, Minnesota, and Iowa have more E85 refueling stations.^93,94 In February 2024, federal regulators approved the sale of gasoline with up to 15% ethanol (E15) throughout the year in Illinois and seven other Midwest states, which took effect in April 2025. Previously, E15 gasoline was banned during the summertime due to concerns that it caused smog in hotter temperatures.^95,96 Illinois is a busy aviation hub and about one-eighth of petroleum used in the state is jet fuel, making it the fifth-largest consumer of jet fuel among the states.^97,98,99

Nearly one-fourth of the petroleum consumed in Illinois is used in the industrial sector, the state's second-largest petroleum-consuming sector.¹⁰⁰ The industrial sector uses about two-thirds of the hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs), including propane, ethane, and ethylene, consumed in Illinois.^101,102 Farmers use propane to dry the state's corn crop after harvest, and manufacturers use ethane and ethylene as feedstock for making plastics.^103,104,105 Overall, Illinois is the fourth-largest HGL-consuming state. HGLs accounts for about one-tenth of the state's petroleum consumption.¹⁰⁶ The residential and commercial sectors combined make up 5% of the state's petroleum use. About 5 in 100 Illinois households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for home heating.¹⁰⁷ The state's electric power sector used a small amount of petroleum.¹⁰⁸

Natural gas

Illinois has few natural gas reserves and little production. ^109,110 However, the state is a major natural gas crossroads, with many interstate natural gas pipelines and two natural gas market hubs.¹¹¹ Natural gas supplies enter Illinois primarily from Iowa, Indiana, Missouri, and Kentucky. Slightly more than half of the natural gas that enters Illinois continues on to the east through Indiana, to the north via Wisconsin, and to the south through Missouri.¹¹² Some of the natural gas that enters Illinois stays in the state's 28 underground natural gas storage fields. The fields have a total storage capacity of just over 1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, the second highest among the states behind only Michigan and equivalent to 11% of U.S. total natural gas underground storage capacity.¹¹³

Illinois is the eighth-largest natural gas-consuming state in the nation.¹¹⁴ The residential sector accounts for over one-third of the natural gas consumed in the state, the largest share of any sector.¹¹⁵ Almost three-quarters of Illinois households use natural gas for heating.¹¹⁶ The industrial sector is the second-largest natural gas-consuming sector in Illinois, making up one-fourth of the state's total. The state's commercial sector and electric power sector each account for about one-fifth of natural gas use.¹¹⁷

Renewable energy

In 2024, renewable resources generated 16% of Illinois's total in-state electricity generation, almost triple the amount generated a decade earlier. Wind is the primary renewable resource used for electric power generation in the state. In 2024, wind power provided 83% of the state's renewable generation and Illinois ranked fifth in the nation in utility-scale (1 megawatt or greater) wind power generation with over 24 million megawatthours.^118,119 About 1,400 megawatts of additional wind power capacity are scheduled to come online by 2027.¹²⁰ Illinois's best wind energy resources are found in the northern one-third of the state.¹²¹

In 2024, Illinois's total solar power generation from both utility-scale facilities (1 megawatt or larger in capacity) and small-scale, customer-sited solar panel systems (less than 1 megawatt each) accounted for 16% of the state's renewable electricity. The largest solar power facility in Illinois, the almost 600-megawatt Double Back Diamond solar farm, located near Springfield, came online in late 2024. Almost three-fifths of the state's solar generation in 2024 came from utility-scale facilities and the rest was small-scale generation.^122,123 Biomass and hydropower together generated 1% of Illinois's renewable-sourced electricity. Waste and methane gas from municipal landfills fuel all the state's biomass electricity generation at 12 facilities with 55 megawatts of combined generating capacity.^124,125 Illinois has many rivers, but the state's relatively level terrain limits hydroelectric potential. The state's eight hydroelectric facilities have a total of 33 megawatts of generating capacity.^126,127

Illinois is a leading producer of both ethanol and biodiesel, with an annual production capacity of 1.9 billion gallons of ethanol and 209 million gallons of biodiesel. A fertile prairie state, Illinois is a major corn and soybean producer. The state's 14 ethanol plants use corn as feedstock, and the state's 4 biodiesel plants use multiple feedstocks, including soy and corn oils.^{128,129,130,131} Illinois's annual ethanol production of 1.6 billion gallons is the third-highest in the nation, after Iowa and Nebraska, and is almost four times larger than the state's annual ethanol consumption of 435 million gallons.^132,133 Illinois produces 170 million gallons of biodiesel, the third-highest after Iowa and Missouri. The state is the third-largest consumer of biodiesel at 132 million gallons.^134,135

Illinois has a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) that requires all investor-owned electric utilities and alternative retail electricity suppliers to obtain increasing proportions of the power they sell from renewably-sourced generation. In 2021, the RPS target was increased to require that 50% of electricity retail sales come from renewable sources by 2040, replacing the earlier target of 25% by 2026.^136,137 The RPS is part of Illinois' goal for its economy to have net zero carbon emissions by 2050.¹³⁸

Endnotes

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² U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024.
³ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Midwest Census Region, accessed August 28, 2025.
⁴ U.S. Census, 2020 Census: Illinois Profile, accessed September 19, 2025.
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⁶ City of Chicago, Facts & Statistics, accessed August 28, 2025.
⁷ Federal Aviation Administration, Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. Airports, updated September 15, 2025.
⁸ Association of American Railroads, Freight Rail in Illinois, accessed September 19, 2025.
⁹ Illinois Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Report Card for Illinois Infrastructure 2022, p. 41, 43.
¹⁰ U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA Route Log and Finder list, Table 3: Interstate Routes, updated February 18, 2025.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, Illinois Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Illinois, Layer List: Petroleum Product Pipelines, Petroleum Product Terminals, accessed August 29, 2025.
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¹⁴ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Tables 1.3.B., 1.9.B., 1.14.B., 1.17.B.
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²⁹ U.S. EIA, Illinois Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10, available in XLSX format.
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⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
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¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
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¹¹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 6.2.B.
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¹²³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Energy Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Illinois, Annual, 2001-24.
¹²⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2025, Plant State: Illinois, Technology: Landfill Gas, Other Waste Biomass.
¹²⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Energy Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Illinois, Annual, 2001-24.
¹²⁶ American Society of Civil Engineering, 2022 Report Card for Illinois Infrastructure, accessed September 3, 2025, p. 30.
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2025, Plant State: Illinois, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
¹²⁸ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹²⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹³⁰ U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2024 State Agricultural Overview, Illinois.
¹³¹ Illinois Department of Agriculture, Facts About Illinois Agriculture, accessed September 3, 2025.
¹³² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2023.
¹³³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F31, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2023.
¹³⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2023.
¹³⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
¹³⁶ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Renewable Portfolio Standard, Illinois, updated July 24, 2025.
¹³⁷ U.S. EIA, "Five states updated or adopted new clean energy standards in 2021," Today in Energy (February 1, 2022).
¹³⁸ Illinois Department of Natural Resources, IDNR Climate Action Plan, accessed September 3, 2025.