Last Updated: January 16, 2025

Overview

Maryland wraps around the Chesapeake Bay and extends west into the Appalachian region, where the state's only fossil fuel reserves—coal and natural gas—are found.¹ Baltimore, the state's largest city and one of the 20 largest ports in the nation, handles both coal and petroleum products.^2,3 Maryland's renewable energy resources—solar, hydro, wind, and biomass—are distributed widely throughout the state.⁴ Maryland is the seventh most densely populated state in the nation with 636 people per square mile. The state's population is concentrated in the center of the state in an area that stretches from the northeastern Baltimore suburbs southwest to the suburbs of Washington, DC.^5,6 Maryland's western mountains and low-lying southern and eastern plains are largely rural and lightly populated.⁷ East of the Chesapeake Bay, in an area known as the Eastern Shore, the land is flat with many wetlands, and the nearby Atlantic Ocean adds humidity and moderates the weather year-round. On the western side of the Bay, the land rises from the coastal plain through rolling foothills to the mountain ranges of the Appalachians in the western part of the state.⁸ Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year and across the state, but, as the land rises to the west, temperatures generally decline and annual snowfall levels increase during the winter.⁹ Some of the state's coastal areas average less than 4 inches of snow annually, while parts of the western mountains receive more than 100 inches.¹⁰

Maryland consumes almost six times more energy than it produces.¹¹ In 2022, the transportation sector accounted for 33% of the state's energy consumption, followed closely by the residential sector at 31% and the commercial sector at 29%. The industrial sector accounted for 7% of the energy used in the state.¹² Maryland ranks among the 10 states with both the lowest total per capita energy consumption and the lowest energy use to produce one dollar of GDP.^13,14 Major contributors to the state's GDP include: government spending; finance, insurance, and real estate; professional and business services; education and healthcare; and construction.¹⁵

Petroleum

Maryland has no economically recoverable crude oil reserves, production, or petroleum refineries.^16,17,18 Some petroleum products arrive in Maryland by pipeline from other states and by ship from abroad. The Colonial Pipeline runs through Maryland on its way from the Gulf Coast to the New York City metropolitan area and delivers refined products to terminals in the state, including gasoline, diesel fuel, home heating oil, and jet fuel.¹⁹ Baltimore's deep-water port receives tankers carrying petroleum products from other countries.^20,21

Maryland's total per capita petroleum consumption is the second lowest among the states, after New York.²² Over 8 out of every 10 barrels of petroleum used in Maryland are consumed by the transportation sector, mainly as gasoline and diesel fuel.^23,24 The state requires the use of reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol to reduce smog-forming pollutants across the densely populated Baltimore-Washington corridor in the center of the state. Counties in the mountain west and much of the rural Eastern Shore are not required to use reformulated motor gasoline, although two counties on Maryland's Eastern Shore have opted to require the fuel.^25,26 The industrial sector accounts for about 6% of the state's petroleum consumption, and the residential and commercial sectors each use about 5%. About 1 in 10 Maryland households use heating oil, propane, or kerosene for home heating.²⁷ A small amount of petroleum is used to generate electricity.²⁸

Natural gas

Maryland has few economically recoverable natural gas reserves, and the state produces very little natural gas.^29,30 Maryland has a few low-production wells in the far western part of the state that collectively produced 3 million cubic feet of natural gas in 2023.^31,32 The state's two westernmost counties—Garrett and Allegany—overlie part of the natural gas-rich Marcellus Shale and have some recoverable natural gas reserves.³³ However, in 2017, Maryland enacted a ban on the use of hydraulic fracturing in natural gas and crude oil production.³⁴

Maryland's natural gas needs are met by supplies that enter the state by way of several interstate pipelines. Major pipelines transport natural gas to the state from the nation's Gulf Coast and Southwest via Virginia. Increasing amounts of natural gas enter Maryland from the north through Pennsylvania, as that state's shale gas production continues to grow. Maryland's Eastern Shore also receives natural gas from Pennsylvania by pipeline through Delaware.^35,36 About four-fifths of the natural gas that enters Maryland continues on to Virginia, the District of Columbia, or is liquefied for export to other countries.³⁷

A small amount of natural gas used to enter the state at the liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal at Cove Point, Maryland, on the Chesapeake Bay's western shore. Cove Point is one of a dozen LNG import facilities in the United States.^38,39 The terminal is connected by pipeline to several major interstate natural gas pipeline systems.⁴⁰ Maryland's LNG imports from other countries decreased substantially during the past decade in response to increased U.S. natural gas production. The terminal has not received any LNG imports since 2020.^41,42 With U.S. natural gas production rising, Cove Point became the second LNG export terminal operating in the United States in early 2018, and by late 2024 it was one of eight in the country.^43,44

Maryland ranks among the 10 states with the lowest per capita natural gas use.⁴⁵ The electric power sector became Maryland's top natural gas-consuming sector for the first time in 2018. In 2023, the sector consumed a record amount of natural gas and accounted for 42% of the state's natural gas use. Natural gas-fired electricity generation in the state has more than tripled since 2015.^46,47 The residential sector made up 26% of Maryland's natural gas consumption in 2023, where about 4 out of 10 Maryland households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating.⁴⁸ The commercial sector consumed nearly 26% and the industrial sector consumed about 6%. A minor amount of natural gas is used in the state's transportation sector.⁴⁹

Coal

Maryland holds about 0.1% of the nation's estimated recoverable coal reserves and accounts for about 0.2% of U.S. coal production.⁵⁰ The state has 1 underground and 11 surface coal mines, all of them located in the Appalachian Basin in the state's western counties.^51,52 Slightly more than half of Maryland's mined coal stays within the state and most of it is consumed at power plants. About 30% of Maryland's coal is sent to West Virginia, where it is also used at electric power plants. About 15% of Maryland's coal goes to Pennsylvania for use in steelmaking.^53,54

Overall, coal-fired power plants use about three-fourths of the coal consumed in Maryland, and industrial plants use the rest. Pennsylvania provides about 59% of the coal consumed in Maryland, and almost all the rest comes from Maryland's coal mines. All of Pennsylvania's coal arrives in Maryland by rail and truck, and Maryland coal is delivered within the state by truck. A minor amount of coal shipments from West Virginia and Kentucky arrive to Maryland by rail, truck, and barge.⁵⁵

Coal is the leading export commodity by tonnage at the Port of Baltimore, the nation's second-largest coal export center after Norfolk, Virginia. In 2023, about 28% of the nation's coal exports left through Baltimore.^56,57 Steam coal, which is burned to generate electricity, accounted for about two-thirds of Baltimore's coal exports, and metallurgical coal, which is used in steelmaking, made up the rest.⁵⁸ The Port of Baltimore historically received a small amount of imported coal each year, but it has handled no coal imports since 2020.⁵⁹

Electricity

In 2023, natural gas generated more of Maryland's total in-state electricity than nuclear energy for the first time. Natural gas accounted for about 41% of in-state electricity generation. Natural gas-fired generation has more than tripled in Maryland since 2015, as about 2,640 megawatts of new natural gas-fired generating capacity came online.^60,61 Maryland's only nuclear power plant—the two-reactor Calvert Cliffs power plant located on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay—accounted for 40% of the state's generation in 2023.^62,63

In 2023, the amount of electricity generated in Maryland by coal was less than by solar power and hydropower for the first time. Coal-fired generating plants historically supplied more than half the state's net generation, but coal's share has been below 50% since 2012 and was at almost 5% in 2023.⁶⁴ As of September 2024, Maryland's last coal-fired power plant has two generating units with a combined generating capacity of 1,273 megawatts. That power plant is scheduled to be retired in mid-2025.^65,66 Solar power accounted for 6% of the Maryland net generation in 2023, and hydroelectric power provided 5%. Most of the rest of state's generation was powered by wind energy and biomass fuel.⁶⁷

Maryland uses less electricity per capita than about three-fourths of the states, but it generates about 60% of the power that it consumes, and the extra electricity needed is delivered to the state over the regional grid.^68,69,70 The commercial sector accounted for about 47% of Maryland's electricity use in 2023, followed closely by the residential sector at 46%. About 4 in 10 Maryland households use electricity as their primary heating source.^71,72 The industrial sector accounted for 6% of the state's electricity consumption, and the transportation sector, consisting of railways and subway and light-rail systems in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC, and in Baltimore, made up nearly 1%.⁷³ Maryland had about 123,000 registered electric vehicles and about 1,650 public electric vehicle charging locations by December 2024.^74,75 The state provides financial incentives for consumers to purchase electric vehicles and for the installation of charging stations.⁷⁶

Renewable energy

Renewable energy, including both small-scale generating installations (less than 1 megawatt) and utility-scale generating facilities (1 megawatt or larger), provided 13% of Maryland's total in-state electricity in 2023. Solar power accounted for almost half of the state's renewable electricity generation.⁷⁷ Solar powered-generation was more than five times greater in 2023 compared with 2015. About three-fifths of the state's solar generation came from small-scale, customer-sited solar photovoltaics (PV), such as rooftop solar panels, and the rest of the generation was at larger utility-scale solar farms.⁷⁸ By the end of 2024, Maryland had about 1,750 megawatts of total solar generating capacity installed.⁷⁹ The state's largest solar facility—located on the Eastern Shore—came online in late 2022 with a generating capacity of 80 megawatts.⁸⁰

Hydropower provided almost two-fifths of the state's renewable electricity generation in 2023.⁸¹ The Conowingo hydroelectric generating station, located in northern Maryland on the Susquehanna River, was the second-largest hydroelectric power plant ever built, after the Niagara Falls generating station, when it began operating nearly a century ago. The 11 turbines at the station have a combined generating capacity of 572 megawatts.^82,83 Conowingo provides almost all of Maryland's generation from hydroelectricity and it is one of the state's top 10 power plants based on both generating capacity and actual annual generation. The state's only other utility-scale hydroelectric power plant is an 18-megawatt facility located in the mountains of far western Maryland.^84,85

Wind energy accounted for about one-tenth of Maryland's renewable electricity generation in 2023.⁸⁶ The state's best onshore wind resources are in its western mountains and along its southern Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean shorelines.⁸⁷ The state's only operating utility-scale wind farms are along Maryland's western Appalachian Mountain crests, where 190 megawatts of generating capacity is installed.⁸⁸ Maryland's greatest wind energy potential is offshore.⁸⁹

Several major wind projects are in development off Maryland's Atlantic coastline.⁹⁰ The Momentum Wind Project, with 55 turbines and about 800 megawatts of capacity, is planned 15 miles off the Maryland coast and is expected to be operational in 2026.^91,92 Plans for the MarWin wind project, located about 18 miles offshore in federal waters, include 22 turbines that reach a blade tip height of about 900 feet, which is taller than the Washington Monument. Collectively, the turbines would generate about 250 megawatts of electricity, and the project is scheduled to come online in 2026.^93,94,95 Maryland's Public Service Commission had reached an agreement to purchase about 1,000 megawatts of wind power from the planned Skipjack wind project, located about 20 miles offshore from the Maryland-Delaware state line. However, the project's operator withdrew from that deal with the state in January 2024 because of rising costs. All of Skipjack's generated electricity was to be sent to Maryland. The company behind the MarWin and Momentum wind projects has asked Maryland for approval to add an extra 600 megawatts of offshore wind power capacity to replace some of the wind power capacity lost from the Skipjack project.^96,97,98,99

Biomass fueled about 6% of Maryland's renewable electricity in 2023, including at facilities that use landfill gas, municipal solid waste, and wood and wood waste.¹⁰⁰ Maryland has many small landfill gas-to-energy facilities in cities around the state. Maryland's two largest biomass-fueled electricity-generating plants use municipal solid waste and account for about four-fifths of the state's total biomass generating capacity: a 61-megawatt facility in Baltimore and a 54-megawatt facility in Montgomery County in the suburbs of Washington, DC.¹⁰¹

Maryland updated its renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in May 2019, when the state legislature required that 50% of electricity retail sales come from renewable sources by 2030. As part of the updated RPS, 14.5% of a supplier's electricity retail sales must come from solar power by 2030. The RPS also requires that the state procure at least 1,200 megawatts of offshore wind generating capacity by 2030.^{102,103,104,105} Maryland's legislature enacted a separate law in 2022 to further reduce the state's greenhouse gas emissions to 60% below the 2006 levels by 2031 and to reach a net-zero emissions level by 2045. Maryland met an already existing target to cut greenhouse gas emissions 25% below the 2006 baseline by 2020, exceeding it with a 30% reduction. The new law also incentivizes energy conservation measures for buildings and requires the state government to buy zero-emission vehicles.^106,107

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Maryland, US Coal Fields, Tight Oil and Shale Plays, accessed December 4, 2024.
² U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Table 1-57, Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons, accessed December 4, 2024.
³ Maryland.gov, Maryland at a Glance, Waterways, Port of Baltimore, Terminals, Cargo, accessed December 4, 2024.
⁴ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools, Maps, Biomass, Geothermal, Marine & Hydrokinetic, Solar, Wind, accessed December 4, 2024.
⁵ Maryland Department of Planning, State Data Center, Maryland Population Density by Census Tract, 2020.
⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Historical Population Density Data (1910-2020), updated April 26, 2021.
⁷ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Maryland, Three rural definitions based on Census Places, accessed December 4, 2024.
⁸ World Atlas, Maryland, Maryland Geography, accessed December 4, 2024.
⁹ Maryland State Archives, Maryland at a Glance, Weather, accessed December 4, 2024.
¹⁰ Current Results, Average Annual Snowfall in Maryland, accessed December 4, 2024.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁵ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP by industry in current dollars, Maryland, All statistics in table, 2023.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6.
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¹⁹ Colonial Pipeline, System Map and Frequently Asked Questions, Who is Colonial Pipeline?, accessed December 5, 2024.
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²¹ BWC Terminals, Baltimore, MD, accessed December 5, 2024.
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²⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Reformulated Gasoline, updated August 22, 2024.
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²⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 8.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2018-23.
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³⁴ Henry, Devin, "Maryland Governor Signs Fracking Ban into law," The Hill (April 4, 2017).
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⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, Previous Reports, 4th Quarter, (2020-2023), Table 20, Coal imports by Customs District.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), annual, 2001-23.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: Maryland, Technology: Natural Gas Fired Combustion Turbine; Natural Gas Internal Combustion Engine; Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), annual, 2001-23.
⁶³ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Maryland, updated March 9, 2021.
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⁶⁶ Talen Energy, Our Portfolio, Brandon Shores Plant PJM-BGE, accessed December 10, 2024.
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⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Maryland Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2023.
⁷⁰ PJM, About PJM, Territory Served, accessed December 10, 2024.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), annual 2001-23.
⁷² U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Maryland.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), annual 2001-23.
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⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (December 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only, Public & private ports.
⁷⁶ Maryland EV, Maryland State Incentives, accessed December 10, 2024.
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⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), annual, 2001-23.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (December 2024), Table 6.2.B.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: Maryland, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), annual, 2001-23.
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⁸³ "A Hydro Plant That Rivals Niagara Falls," Popular Science Monthly (May 1930), p. 49.
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⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860 M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: Maryland, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), annual, 2001-23.
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⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860 M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: Maryland, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
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¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Maryland, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), annual, 2001-23.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860 M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: Maryland, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass, Other Waste Biomass.
¹⁰² NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Maryland, Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard, updated November 8, 2023.
¹⁰³ Dance, Scott, "Maryland bill mandating 50% renewable energy by 2030 to become law, but without Gov. Larry Hogan's signature," The Baltimore Sun (May 22, 2019).
¹⁰⁴ Maryland Public Service Commission, Maryland Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), accessed December 11, 2024.
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