Last Updated: May 15, 2025

Overview

Oregon is on the U.S. Pacific Coast between the more populous states of Washington and California, bordering Nevada to the south and Idaho to the east.^1,2 The Columbia River forms much of Oregon's northern border with Washington. The river cuts through both the Cascade Mountain Range and the Coastal Ranges, forming the Columbia Gorge, an area of high wind energy potential.^3,4 Large dams along the Columbia River produce most of the hydroelectric power in Oregon and throughout the Pacific Northwest. High annual rainfall in the western part of the state coupled with runoff from the snowpack in the state's mountains make it possible for Oregon to generate substantial amounts of hydropower.^5,6 Mild temperatures and abundant rainfall in western Oregon also contribute to rapid tree growth, which, along with agricultural residues, are ample sources of biomass for power generation.^7,8 The Cascade Mountains are volcanic in origin, and in addition to containing Crater Lake, the nation's deepest lake, have the state's greatest geothermal resources. East of the Cascades is the Columbia Plateau, which, like the Basin and Range area along Oregon's southern border with California, is more arid than the areas west of the mountains.^9,10,11 The high desert country and uplands of southern and eastern Oregon are potential sites for wind, solar, and geothermal energy development.^12,13,14 Oregon has only minor fossil energy reserves and no nuclear power plants.^15,16

Oregon's per capita energy use is less than nearly four-fifths of the states.¹⁷ The transportation sector accounts for about one-third of the state's total energy consumption and the industrial sector made up about one-fourth of Oregon's energy use.¹⁸ Although Oregon's agriculture, food processing, and forestry activities are energy-intensive, most of the state's GDP comes from non-energy-intensive service-providing businesses. Computers and electronic products accounted for more than two-fifths of Oregon's manufacturing GDP, and the industrial sector's per capita energy consumption was less than in almost two-thirds of the states.^19,20 The residential sector accounted for about one-fifth of the state's total energy consumption, and the commercial sector used about one-sixth.²¹ In part because most of Oregon's population centers are in mild climate zones in the Willamette Valley and along the Pacific Coast west of the Cascades, the state's residential sector energy use per capita was the third lowest in the nation, after California and Hawaii.^22,23,24

Electricity

Hydroelectric power typically provides more than half of Oregon's in-state total electricity net generation. However, because of abnormally dry weather and drought in recent years, hydroelectric power has not supplied more than 50% of Oregon's in-state electricity since 2022. In 2024, hydroelectric power accounted for about 41% of Oregon's total electricity generation.^25,26 With 63 hydropower plants, the state was the nation's fourth-largest hydroelectric power producer, after Washington, California, and New York in 2024.^27,28 Oregon's four largest electricity generating facilities by capacity—John Day, The Dalles, Bonneville, and McNary—are on the Columbia River and are all at federally owned and operated dams. Those power plants collectively account for about three-fifths of the generating capacity from the 10 largest power plants in the state. The Bonneville Power Administration, a federal power marketing administration within the Department of Energy, sells the power generated to public utilities, private utilities, and industry.^29,30 Many smaller hydroelectric plants along Oregon's rivers also supply the state with power.³¹

Natural gas fuels the second-largest share of Oregon's electricity generation. In 2024, natural gas-fired power plants provided 38% of the state's total net generation. Nonhydroelectric renewable resources—wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power—provide almost all the rest of Oregon's total generation, 21% in 2024. A decade ago, coal fueled 5% of Oregon's in-state net generation, but Oregon's last coal-fired power plant closed in 2020.^32,33 There are no commercial nuclear power plants in the state.³⁴

Oregon's total electricity sales per capita are near the U.S. average.³⁵ The residential sector, where over half of households heat with electricity, accounted for about one-third of Oregon's electricity sales in 2024. The commercial sector accounted for two-fifths and the industrial sector was about one-fourth. The transportation sector consumed a minor amount of electricity for light rail use.^36,37,38

In every year since 2002, Oregonians used less electricity than the state's power plants generated. The excess power is sent to other states by way of the Western Interconnection—one of North America's principal power grids. The Western Interconnection reaches from western Canada down to Baja California in Mexico and stretches from the Pacific Ocean eastward across the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains.^39,40 Major transmission lines of the Western Interconnection link Oregon's electricity grid to California's grid, allowing for large interstate electricity transfers between the Pacific Northwest and the Southwest.⁴¹ Although originally designed to transmit inexpensive hydroelectricity south to California, the flow sometimes reverses to bring solar power to the Pacific Northwest.⁴²

Oregon partnered with Washington, California, and British Columbia, Canada, to create the West Coast Electric Highway corridor, a network of public charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) located every 25 to 50 miles along Interstate 5 and other major roads in the Pacific Northwest. It is part of the West Coast Green Highway system that spans more than 1,300 miles from British Columbia to Baja, Mexico.^43,44 As of February 2025, there were about 1,400 public EV charging locations across Oregon.⁴⁵

Renewable energy

In 2024, renewable energy resources, led by hydroelectric power, accounted for about 62% of Oregon's total in-state electricity net generation. Hydroelectric power accounted for two-thirds of the state's renewable generation.⁴⁶ Electricity generation from nonhydroelectric renewable sources has increased by almost 50% since 2014.⁴⁷ In 2024, wind power accounted for 15% of Oregon's total in-state electricity generation.⁴⁸ Most of the state's wind farms are along Oregon's northern border near the Columbia Gorge and in eastern Oregon's Blue Mountains.⁴⁹ By the end of 2024, Oregon had almost 4,000 megawatts of wind capacity.⁵⁰ A 200-megawatt wind farm in northern Oregon came online in 2022, and a 200-megawatt wind farm, which will be part of the larger Wheatridge Renewable Energy Facility, is in development and is scheduled to come online by mid-2025.^51,52,53

In 2024, solar energy, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) and utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) combined, supplied 4% of Oregon's total electricity generation.⁵⁴ The state's first utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities came online in late 2011.⁵⁵ Utility-scale solar generated almost four-fifths of the state's solar power in 2024.⁵⁶ Numerous additional larger solar PV projects are in development, and 216 megawatts of additional solar PV capacity is scheduled to come online in 2025.⁵⁷

Biomass generates 2% of Oregon's renewable-sourced electricity and about 1% of the state's total net generation in 2024.⁵⁸ Wood and wood waste fuel most of the state's biomass generation, but landfill gas, municipal solid waste, and other biomass-fueled facilities also contribute.^59,60 Forests cover almost half of the state, and many industrial facilities in western Oregon use woody biomass to generate electricity.^61,62 Biomass is also a thermal energy source, and some commercial facilities in the state, including schools and hospitals, use wood for space heating.⁶³ About 1 in 25 Oregon households heat with wood.⁶⁴ The state has five operating wood pellet manufacturing facilities with a combined production capacity of almost 280,000 tons per year, or about 2% of the nation's total. Wood pellets are used for space heating and for electricity generation.^65,66

Although geothermal energy accounts for less than 1% of Oregon's net generation, the state has some of the nation's best geothermal resources, and it is one of only seven states with utility-scale generation from geothermal energy.^67,68,69 The state's geothermal potential is ranked third in the nation, after Nevada and California. Oregon's Cascade Mountains are an active volcanic region and, along with other high-temperature geothermal areas in the state, have an estimated 2,200 megawatts of electricity generating potential.^70,71 Oregon has two geothermal power plants, but only one is operational. The state's larger geothermal power plant, built in 2012, is active and has about 18 megawatts of capacity.⁷² Oregon residents have used low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resources for more than a century in direct heat applications. Almost the entire state east of the Cascade Range has ample low- to mid-temperature geothermal resources, and Oregan has about 2,200 thermal wells and springs that furnish direct heat to buildings, communities, and other facilities in the state.^73,74

Oregon is working on tapping its marine and hydrokinetic—wave and tidal—energy resources. Oregon State University has two marine test sites off the coast of Newport, Oregon. The first, PacWave North, is a stand-alone test site for small-scale technologies. A second site, PacWave South, will be the first full-scale grid-connected, wave energy conversion technology test facility in the United States. The first wave energy developers are scheduled to be deployed in 2026.^75,76

Oregon's renewable energy portfolio standard requires that at least 50% of the electricity sold in Oregon come from renewable-sourced generation by 2040.⁷⁷ In 2021, Oregon's legislature passed the Clean Energy Targets bill, which set clean energy targets. The bill calls for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of 80% of baseline by 2030, 90% by 2035, and 100% by 2040. The baselines for utilities are calculated from the annual average emissions associated with electricity sold in Oregon in 2010, 2011 and 2012.⁷⁸

Oregon consumes biofuels, mainly for transportation purposes, but most of the biofuels used in the state are not made there.^79,80,81 Oregon has one fuel ethanol plant with a production capacity of 40 million gallons per year, but consumed about 160 million gallons in 2023.^82,83 State law requires that all motor gasoline sold in the state must be blended with at least 10% fuel ethanol and that all diesel fuel must be blended with at least 5% renewable diesel or biodiesel.⁸⁴ The state currently does not produce any renewable diesel, biodiesel, or other biofuels. The only biodiesel plant shut down in 2023.^85,86 Oregon is one of three states, along with California and Washington, that consumes significant amounts of renewable diesel. In 2023, about 170 million gallons of renewable diesel and 80 million gallons of biodiesel were consumed in the state.^87,88

Natural gas

Oregon has the only natural gas field in the Pacific Northwest—the Mist field in northwestern Oregon, discovered in 1979.^89,90 Mist Field production reached a high of 4.6 billion cubic feet of natural gas per year in the mid-1980s. Annual natural gas production from the field declined to 91 million cubic feet in 2023.⁹¹ The field no longer has any significant natural gas reserves or production, and it is used primarily for natural gas storage.^92,93,94 Mist Field contains several underground natural gas storage reservoirs.⁹⁵ Oregon's natural gas storage reservoirs have a combined capacity of about 36 billion cubic feet, which is less than 1% of the U.S. total.⁹⁶ Typically, natural gas is put into storage during warmer months, when prices and demand are low, and removed from storage reservoirs during colder months to meet peak customer heating demand. However, natural gas withdrawals occur at other times to meet the needs of electricity suppliers as they balance intermittent generation from renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar.^97,98

Natural gas supplies enter Oregon by way of interstate pipelines, primarily from western Canada through Washington and from domestically produced natural gas that arrives through Nevada. Most of the natural gas that enters Oregon continues on to California markets and smaller amounts to Washington and Idaho.^99,100,101 Several Oregon liquefied natural gas import/export terminal projects have been proposed since 2004, but none have been built.^102,103

Oregon's total and per capita natural gas consumption is less than two-thirds of the states.¹⁰⁴ The electric power sector receives 57% of the natural gas delivered to Oregon consumers. The industrial sector accounts for 18% of state consumption. The residential sector, where almost 4 out of 10 Oregon households use natural gas as their primary energy source for home heating, accounts for 15% of natural gas deliveries, and the commercial sector uses 10%. The transportation sector uses a very small amount of compressed natural gas as vehicle fuel.^105,106

Petroleum

Oregon does not have any crude oil reserves or production and its only crude oil refinery closed in 2008.^107,108,109 The Puget Sound refineries in the state of Washington provide about 90% of the refined petroleum products, such as motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil (diesel), and jet fuel, used in Oregon. Those petroleum products arrive in the state by way of the Olympic Pipeline and by barge at seven Portland-area terminals. The Kinder Morgan Pipeline starts where the Olympic Pipeline ends, at the Port of Portland, and supplies petroleum products south to a petroleum terminal in Eugene, as well as jet fuel to the Portland International Airport.¹¹⁰ Refineries in Utah also send refined petroleum products to Oregon, and some petroleum products arrive by tanker or rail from California and Canada.¹¹¹

In 2023, the transportation sector used about 87% of the petroleum consumed in Oregon, and almost three-fifths of that was as motor gasoline.^112,113 The industrial sector accounted for about 8% of state petroleum consumption and the commercial sector used about 4%. The residential sector, where only about 1 in 30 households use petroleum products—including fuel oil, kerosene, and propane—for home heating, accounted for 1%.^114,115

Coal

Coal was mined in southwest Oregon from the mid-19th century until the 1920s, and the state has few remaining coal reserves. There are no active commercial coal mines in Oregon today.^116,117,118 Limited amounts of coal, shipped by rail from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, fueled Oregon's only coal-fired power plant until October 2020, when the power plant closed.¹¹⁹ In 2023, about 41,000 tons of coal arrived mostly from Colorado and smaller amounts from Utah for use at industrial plants in Oregon.¹²⁰

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024, available in XLSX format.
² Travel Oregon, Where is Oregon, Anyway?, accessed April 21, 2025.
³ Geology.com, Oregon Map Collection, Oregon Rivers Map, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁴ Oregon Department of Energy, Oregon Department of Energy Oregon Renewable Energy Market and Industry Assessment Report (May 2021), p. 78, 92.
⁵ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁶ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy in Oregon, Hydropower, Hydropower in Oregon, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁷ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, Climate and the Economy, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁸ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy in Oregon, Bioenergy, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁹ U.S. Geological Survey, Why Study Cascade Volcanoes?, accessed April 24, 2025.
¹⁰ NETSTATE, Oregon, The Geography of Oregon, updated February 25, 2016.
¹¹ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy in Oregon, Geothermal Energy in Oregon, accessed April 24, 2025.
¹² U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Oregon, accessed April 21, 2025.
¹³ U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance (February 22, 2018).
¹⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program, Oregon, DOE/GO-102004-2036 (February 2005), p. 1.
¹⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Oregon Profile Data, Reserves, accessed April 21, 2025.
¹⁶ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Oregon, updated March 10, 2021.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
¹⁹ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tools, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SGDP2 GDP by industry in Current Dollars, Oregon, All statistics in table, 2023.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
²² U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: Oregon Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
²³ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, accessed April 21, 2025.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, "Drought conditions reduce hydropower generation, particularly in the Pacific Northwest," Today in Energy (November 7, 2024).
²⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Oregon, Annual, 2001-24.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025 Plant State: Oregon, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
²⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Geography (Check all), Conventional hydroelectric, Annual, 2001-24.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Oregon Electricity Profile 2023, Tables 2A, Table 2B.
³⁰ Bonneville Power Administration, BPA Facts, DOE/BP-5295 (September 2024).
³¹ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy in Oregon, Hydropower, Hydropower in Oregon, accessed February 17, 2023.
³² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Oregon, Annual, 2001-24.
³³ Oregon Department of Energy, 2024 Biennial Energy Report, Energy by the Numbers, p. 4.
³⁴ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Oregon, updated March 9, 2021.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
³⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Oregon, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Oregon, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Other, Annual, 2001-24.
³⁸ Travel Portland, MAX Light Rail, updated January 7, 2025.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Oregon Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10.
⁴⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Learn More About Interconnections, Western Interconnection, accessed April 12, 2025.
⁴¹ Bonneville Power Administration, Factsheet, Celilo Converter Station, DOE/BP-4757 (April 2016).
⁴² Harrison, John, Pacific Northwest-Southwest Intertie, Oregon Encyclopedia, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁴³ State of Oregon, Transportation Electrification, Oregon's West Coast Electric Highway, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁴⁴ West Coast Green Highway, About West Coast Green Highway, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Oregon, Annual, 2001-24.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Annual, 2001-24.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All Fuels, Wind, Small-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-24.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Oregon Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Oregon, Layer List: All power Plants, Wind Power Plants, accessed April 16, 2025.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 6.2.B.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of March 2025, Plant State: Oregon, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
⁵² Oregon Department of Energy, Wheatridge Renewable Energy East, accessed April 16, 2025.
⁵³ Portland General Electric Co., Wheatridge Renewable Energy Facility, accessed April 16, 2025.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Oregon, Annual, 2001-24.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025 Plant State: Oregon, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All fuels, Small-scale photovoltaic, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-24.
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of March 2025, Plante State: Oregon, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, Small-scale photovoltaic, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-24.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, Biomass, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Annual, 2001-24.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025, Plant State: Oregon, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Other Waste Biomass, Wood/Woodwaste Biomass.
⁶¹ Oregon Department of Forestry, About Oregon's Forests, accessed April 17, 2025.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for wood and wood-derived fuels, Oregon, all sectors, 2024.
⁶³ Oregon Department of Energy, 2024 Biennial Energy Report, Energy by the Numbers, p. 21.
⁶⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Oregon, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, January 2025.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today In Energy (December 14, 2016).
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All Fuels, Geothermal, Annual, 2001-24.
⁶⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geothermal Resources of the United States, updated February 22, 2018.
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.16.B.
⁷⁰ U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Why Study Cascade Volcanoes?, accessed April 17, 2025.
⁷¹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program, Oregon, DOE/GO-102004-2036 (February 2005), p. 1.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025.
⁷³ U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geothermal Resources of the United States, updated February 22, 2018.
⁷⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program, Oregon, DOE/GO-102004-2036 (February 2005), p. 1.
⁷⁵ PacWave, Testing Wave Energy For The Future, accessed April 16, 2025.
⁷⁶ PacWave, Construction Updates, accessed April 16, 2025.
⁷⁷ Oregon Department of Energy, Renewable Portfolio Standard, accessed April 17, 2025.
⁷⁸ Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Oregon Clean Energy Targets, accessed April 17, 2025.
⁷⁹ Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Oregon Clean Fuels Program, accessed May 6, 2025.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, Biofuels explained, updated February 28, 2024.
⁸¹ Boutwell, Megan, "Greening Oregon's Diesel Pool: Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Supply," Stillwater Associates Insights, February 22, 2023.
⁸² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F31, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity Archives, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2023.
⁸⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Biodiesel Laws and Incentives in Oregon, Renewable Fuels Mandate, accessed May 2, 2025.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity Archives, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2023, and U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2024.
⁸⁶ Effinger, Anthony, "Just as Portland Limits Diesel Sales, a Finnish Oil Company Swoops in and Grabs Alternative Fuel," Willamette Week (December 14, 2022).
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Renewable Diesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁸⁹ Oregon Department of Energy, 2024 Biennial Energy Report, Energy by the Numbers, p. 35.
⁹⁰ Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Mineral Land Regulation & Reclamation, Program Overview, Oil & Gas Program, updated April 21, 2022.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Oregon Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 1979-2023.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Annual, 2016-21.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, Oregon Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Monthly, 1979-January 2025.
⁹⁴ Oregon Department of Energy, 2024 Biennial Energy Report, Energy by the Numbers, p. 20.
⁹⁵ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy Facilities & Safety, Facilities, Mist Underground Natural Gas Storage Facility, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2023.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural gas explained, Delivery and storage, updated October 28, 2024.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, "U.S. natural gas-fired electricity generation set new daily records in summer 2024," Today in Energy (October 8, 2024).
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Oregon, 2023.
¹⁰⁰ Williams Company, Northwest Pipeline, accessed April 21, 2025.
¹⁰¹ Northwest Gas Association, Natural Gas Facts, p.3, accessed April 24, 2025.
¹⁰² Cavcic, Melisa, "Controversial US energy project back in LNG game: Will it ‘rise from the ashes' rekindle court battle?," Offshore Energy (March 10, 2025).
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, "North America's LNG export capacity is on track to more than double by 2028," Today in Energy (December 30, 2024).
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimate, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use, Oregon, Annual, 2024.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Oregon, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of December 31, 2021.
¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2024.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. EIA, Oregon Number of Operable Refineries as of January 1, 1982-2024.
¹¹⁰ Oregon Department of Energy, Fuel Supply & Distribution System, accessed April 23, 2025.
¹¹¹ Oregon Department of Energy, 2020 Biennial Energy Report (November 2020), Chapter: Energy 101, p. 35-36, 43, 47.
¹¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
¹¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C8, Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
¹¹⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Oregon, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
¹¹⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
¹¹⁷ Duncan, Donald C., Geology and Coal Deposits in Part of the Coos Bay Coal Field, Oregon, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Bulletin 982-B (Washington, 1953), p. 53.
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¹¹⁹ Oregon Department of Energy, 2024 Biennial Energy Report, Energy by the Numbers, p. 4.
¹²⁰ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), By Coal Destination State, Oregon Table DS-32, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2023.