Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: November 21, 2024
Overview
Located on the nation's Gulf Coast and bordered on the west by the river that shares its name, Mississippi has substantial energy infrastructure. The state has many natural gas, crude oil, and refined product pipelines. Mississippi's larger ports—located on the Gulf of America and the Mississippi River—handle coal, crude oil, petroleum coke, and refined petroleum products.1,2 Although it is not as rich in crude oil and natural gas resources as some of its neighboring states, Mississippi has the 11th-largest U.S. petroleum refinery, along with a large natural gas processing plant and a liquefied natural gas terminal located along the state's Gulf of America coastline.3,4,5,6
Mississippi has a humid subtropical climate with long, hot summers, mild winters, and abundant rainfall. Its rich soils, especially between the Mississippi River and the Yazoo River, provide fertile farmland where soybeans, corn, and cotton are the most valuable crops. Although agriculture played a central role in Mississippi's economy in the past, manufacturing is now the leading contributor to the state's economy.7,8,9 The manufacturing of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment; petroleum and coal products; food, beverage, and tobacco products; machinery; and wood products are substantial contributors to the state's economy.10
Mississippi consumes almost four times more energy than it produces.
Mississippi has an energy-intensive economy and ranks sixth among the states in the amount of energy used to produce one dollar of GDP.11 The industrial sector consumes the most energy in Mississippi—nearly two-fifths of the state total—followed by the transportation sector at about one-third. The residential sector accounts for slightly less than one-fifth of state energy use, and the commercial sector accounts for one-seventh.12 The strong demand for electricity for cooling during summer and heating in winter, along with the state's energy-intensive industries, puts Mississippi near the top one-fourth of states in per capita total energy consumption.13,14 Overall, Mississippi consumes almost four times more energy than it produces.15
Petroleum
Mississippi produces about 0.3% of the nation's crude oil and holds about 0.2% of U.S. total proved oil reserves.16,17 Most of Mississippi's oil wells are located in the southern half of the state.18,19 Since 2015, Mississippi's oil production has steadily declined as its oil fields matured and drilling costs were high. In 2022, the state's annual oil production fell under 13 million barrels for the first time in more than 70 years. That trend continued in 2023 when Mississippi's oil output dropped to 12.6 million barrels, less than one-fifth of the state's peak output of 65 million barrels in 1970.20,21,22,23
Mississippi has three petroleum refineries with a combined processing capacity of 394,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, and together the facilities account for about 2% of the nation's total refining capacity.24 The Pascagoula refinery, which marked its 60th anniversary in 2023 and is the nation's 11th-largest refinery, is located on Mississippi's Gulf Coast and supplies motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and other petroleum products to markets in the southeastern United States and other countries.25,26,27 Another refinery, the Ergon facility in Vicksburg on the Mississippi River, is a leading global manufacturer of naphthenic process oils, which are used worldwide in many industrial applications such as printing inks, transformer oils, refrigeration oils, and adhesives.28 The state's smallest refinery, located in Sandersville, supplies mostly asphalt products.29,30 Mississippi receives additional petroleum products from Texas and Louisiana via two major interstate petroleum product pipelines—the Colonial Pipeline and the PPL Pipeline (formerly known as the Plantation Pipeline)—that move motor gasoline and other refined products through Mississippi to supply half a dozen other southern and eastern states.31,32,33
About one-tenth of Mississippi households use propane as their main heating fuel, double the national rate.
Petroleum accounts for slightly more than one-third of the total energy consumed in Mississippi.34 Most of the petroleum used in the state is consumed in the transportation sector, primarily as motor gasoline.35,36 Conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide, although almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with at least 10% ethanol.37,38 Mississippi ranks among the 5 states with the lowest average gasoline prices, but among the top 10 states with the highest gasoline expenditures per capita.39 About 1 in 10 households in Mississippi use propane as their primary home heating fuel, double the national rate.40
Natural gas
Mississippi has few natural gas reserves and accounts for about 0.1% of the nation's marketed natural gas production.41,42 The state's natural gas production has declined for eight of the past ten years, falling to less than half its 2013 output in 2023.43
Mississippi has about one-fourth of the nation’s underground salt cavern natural gas storage capacity.
Mississippi receives natural gas from the many interstate natural gas pipelines that cross the state.44 Natural gas supplies move into the state mainly by way of Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, and Tennessee. The state also receives some natural gas from offshore production platforms in federal waters in the Gulf of America. Nearly 90% of the natural gas that enters Mississippi by interstate pipelines continues on to other states, with more than four-fifths of that natural gas moving through Alabama and Louisiana.45 Some of that natural gas that enters Mississippi stays in the state in underground storage caverns. Mississippi is one of the few states with large underground salt caverns capable of storing natural gas and the state has about one-fourth of the nation's salt cavern storage capacity. Of the state's 11 underground natural gas storage sites, 5 are salt caverns and 6 are depleted oil and gas fields. They can hold a combined 330 billion cubic feet of natural gas, which is almost 4% of the nation's total natural gas underground storage capacity.46
One of the largest natural gas processing plants in the United States is in Mississippi. The plant, near Pascagoula on the Gulf Coast, separates natural gas liquids from natural gas and can process 750 million cubic feet of natural gas per day.47,48 Mississippi also has a liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal near Pascagoula that can regasify up to 1.5 billion cubic feet of LNG imports a day.49,50 With U.S. natural gas production rising to record levels almost every year since 2010, the terminal's owners received federal approval in 2019 to add export capability of up to 1.5 billion cubic feet of LNG per day from the site. However, the terminal's LNG export capacity has not yet been built.51,52,53,54 In May 2024, the terminal's owners received a five-year extension from federal regulators to complete the export terminal by 2029.55
In 2023, the electric power sector accounted for 70% of Mississippi's natural gas deliveries to consumers, and the sector's natural gas use reached a record high after increasing by 75% over the past decade. The industrial sector consumes the second-largest amount of natural gas and accounted for 23% of the state's natural gas use. The commercial and residential sectors each received 3% of the state's remaining natural gas deliveries. A small amount of natural gas is used in the state's transportation sector as vehicle fuel.56,57 About 3 out of 10 households in Mississippi rely on natural gas for home heating.58
Coal
All of the coal mined in Mississippi is lignite, which comes from one mine in Choctaw County.
Mississippi has about 1% of the nation's recoverable coal reserves at producing mines.59 All of the state's coal production comes from one mine that supplies lignite, which has a lower heating value and higher moisture content than other types of coal.60,61 The Red Hills surface coal mine, located in Choctaw County, Mississippi, sends all of its lignite output to fuel a nearby power plant.62 More than two-thirds of the coal consumed in Mississippi is mined in the state, and the rest comes primarily from Wyoming. Almost all the coal used in Mississippi is consumed by the state's two coal-fired power plants.63,64
Electricity
Mississippi has the largest nuclear power reactor by generating capacity in the United States.
Natural gas accounted for 76% of Mississippi's in-state net generation in 2023 and fueled 9 of the state's 10 largest power plants by both generating capacity and annual generation.65,66 Nuclear power was the second-largest provider of in-state electricity in 2023, accounting for 16% of Mississippi's generation. The 1,400-megawatt Grand Gulf Nuclear Power Station is the largest single-reactor nuclear power plant by net summer generating capacity in the nation and 11th largest in the world.67,68,69 Coal fueled about 6% of the state's net generation in 2023, down from 16% a decade earlier and the lowest amount of coal-fired generation in more than two decades. Biomass and solar energy provided most of the rest of the state's net generation.70
Mississippi generated a record amount of electricity in 2023. The state typically produces more electricity than it uses, and one-fourth of Mississippi's excess power was sent to other states over the regional grid.71,72 The residential sector is the largest power consumer in the state, accounting for about two-fifths of the state's total electricity use, followed by the industrial sector at about one-third, and the commercial sector at about three-tenths.73 Air-conditioning use during the state's hot summer months and the widespread use of electricity for home heating during the mild winter months drives electricity demand in Mississippi's residential sector. About 6 out of 10 state households use electricity for home heating.74,75,76 On a per capita basis, Mississippi ranks among the top 10 states in total electricity sales and among the top 5 states in residential sector electricity sales.77
Mississippi had about 160 public electric vehicle charging locations in late 2024. Most of these charging locations are in and around Mississippi's capital of Jackson, the state's major cities along its Gulf Coast, and in Southaven-a Mississippi suburb of Memphis.78,79 The state plans to invest almost $51 million over five years to build charging locations along its designated Alternative Fuel Corridors, spaced no more than 50 miles apart and within one mile off the exits of Mississippi's interstate routes.80,81
Renewable energy
Biomass and solar energy account for Mississippi’s electricity generation from renewables.
Renewable resources generated almost 3% of Mississippi's utility-scale electricity in 2023. Biomass from wood and wood waste accounted for about two-thirds of the state's renewable electricity.82 With more than three-fifths of the state covered in forestland and about one-third of the state's land used for agriculture, Mississippi has abundant biomass resources, including: logging residue, municipal landfills, crop residues, poultry litter, and livestock manure.83,84,85 Some biomass resources also provide the feedstock for the state's two wood pellet manufacturing plants, whose combined production capacity is 690,000 tons of pellets per year, which is about 5% of the U.S. total.86
In 2023, solar energy provided about one-third of Mississippi's electricity generation from renewables. Utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar power generation, although small at almost 1% of the state's total generation, has increased rapidly in recent years. Mississippi's first utility-scale solar facility came online in late 2016, and the state's total annual solar generation was nearly six times greater by 2023.87 The state's largest solar generating facility is a 175-megawatt solar farm located about 30 miles northeast of Jackson that began operating in July 2024. It is one of 12 utility-scale solar facilities, with nearly 1,100 megawatts of combined generating capacity, coming online in Mississippi in 2024.88
Mississippi's best wind resources are found in the northwest corner of the state, where the state's first utility-scale wind farm came online in April 2024.89,90 The Delta wind farm has 41 turbines nearly 700 feet high with a total generating capacity of 185 megawatts. The wind farm provides electricity to nearby corporate facilities and can also provide power to up to 80,000 homes annually.91,92,93,94 In 2021, the U.S. Department of the Interior proposed leasing tracts in federal waters off the Mississippi coastline for commercial wind power development. However, the department determined there was not sufficient commercial interest in developing Mississippi's offshore wind resources, and instead leased areas to develop wind resources in the Gulf of America off Louisiana and Texas.95,96,97 While Mississippi has several dams with hydropower potential, they are all non-powered, and there is no utility-scale hydroelectric generation in the state. Mississippi, Delaware, and Rhode Island are the only states with no utility-scale hydroelectric facilities.98,99,100
Mississippi does not have a renewable portfolio standard requiring electricity suppliers to obtain specific amounts of their power from renewable energy sources.101 The state does offer limited net metering for small, customer-sited solar generation, like rooftop solar panels. In 2022, Mississippi's Public Utility Commission updated the state's net metering rules to require utilities to give $3,500 rebates to lower-income residents who install solar power systems. As of mid-2023, Mississippi's total installed small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar power generating capacity, mostly residential rooftop solar panels, was the fourth lowest among the states.102,103,104
Mississippi has two biodiesel production plants that have an annual combined output capacity of about 29 million gallons. The state consumes about 20 million gallons of biodiesel a year, which is about 1% of the U.S. total.105,106 Mississippi has no ethanol production plants, but the state consumes almost 175 million gallons of fuel ethanol annually, which accounts for about 1% of the U.S. total.107,108
Endnotes
1 Mississippi Department of Transportation, Mississippi Ports, accessed October 3, 2024.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Mississippi, Crude Oil Pipelines, Petroleum Product Pipelines, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Pipelines, Natural Gas Pipeline, accessed October 3, 2024.
3 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6, Table 11.
4 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Mississippi, Petroleum Refineries, Natural Gas Processing Plants, Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Import and Export Terminals, accessed October 3, 2024.
5 Kinder Morgan, Inc., Natural Gas Pipelines, Gulf LNG, accessed October 3, 2024.
6 U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Oil and petroleum products explained, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity, See full list of refineries, January 1, 2024.
7 Mississippi State University, Department of Geosciences, Office of the Mississippi State Climatologist, Mississippi Climate, accessed October 3, 2024.
8 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, Mississippi.
9 Sansing, David G. and John N. Burrus, Mississippi, Economy of Mississippi, Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed October 3, 2024.
10 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Mississippi, All statistics in table, 2023.
11 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
12 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
13 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Electricity Sales, Mississippi, Monthly, August 2022 through August 2024.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
16 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
17 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6.
18 Mississippi State Oil and Gas Board, Oil and Gas Map of Mississippi, accessed October 3, 2024.
19 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Mississippi, Oil Wells Generalized, accessed October 3, 2024.
20 U.S. EIA, Mississippi Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels), 1981-2023.
21 Mississippi Oil & Gas Board, Annual Production Charts, Oil Production, 1951-2023.
22 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Mississippi, 1960-2022.
23 Mississippi Encyclopedia, Oil and Gas Industry, accessed October 3, 2024.
24 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 2024), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2024; Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2024.
25 Chevron Corporation, Pascagoula, Who we are, History, accessed October 3, 2024.
26 U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Oil and petroleum products explained, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity, See full list of refineries, January 1, 2024.
27 Chevron Corporation, Pascagoula, Who we are, Our products, accessed October 3, 2024.
28 Ergon, Inc., Ergon Refining, accessed October 3, 2024.
29 Hunt Refining Company, Refining Operations, Sandersville Refinery, accessed October 3, 2024.
30 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 2024), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2024.
31 Colonial Pipeline Company, System Map, accessed October 4, 2024.
32 Kinder Morgan, Inc., Products Pipelines, Southeast Operations, Products (SE) Pipe Line Corporation, accessed October 4, 2024.
33 Kinder Morgan, Inc., Form 10-K, For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020, Products Pipeline, Southeast Refined Products, PPL Pipeline, p. 10.
34 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
35 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Table Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
36 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
37 Southern States Energy Board, Gardner, K. W., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
38 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
39 U.S. EIA, Table E20, Motor Gasoline Price and Expenditure Estimates, Ranked by State, 2022.
40 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, United States, Mississippi.
41 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 11.
42 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual, 2018-23.
43 U.S. EIA, Mississippi Natural Gas Marketed Production, Annual, 1967-2023.
44 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Mississippi, Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed October 4, 2024.
45 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Mississippi, Annual, 2018-23.
46 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Annual (September 30, 2024), Table 13, Underground natural gas storage capacity by state, December 31, 2023.
47 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, Natural Gas Processing Plants, updated June 6, 2024.
48 Enterprise Products Partners L.P., Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, Natural Gas Processing Facilities Table, Pascagoula, p. 6.
49 Kinder Morgan, Inc., Gulf LNG - Existing Import Terminal, accessed October 4, 2024.
50 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, United States LNG Import Terminals Existing (updated October 10, 2024).
51 "DOE approves LNG exports from Gulf LNG project in Mississippi," WorkBoat (August 1, 2019).
52 Kinder Morgan, Gulf LNG Liquefaction Project, accessed October 4, 2024.
53 Weber, Harry, "Kinder Morgan content with keeping liquefaction footprint small for now," S&P Global Platts (January 29, 2020).
54 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, United States LNG Export Terminals Approved, Not Yet Built, updated October 15, 2024.
55 "Gulf LNG gets more time to build liquefied natural gas export plant in Mississippi," Clarion Ledger (May 23, 2024).
56 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Mississippi, Annual, 2018-23.
57 U.S. EIA, Mississippi Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers (Million Cubic Feet), Annual, 1997-2023.
58 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Mississippi.
59 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
60 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
61 U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Coal Explained, Types of Coal, Lignite, updated October 24, 2023.
62 PureEnergy, Choctaw Generation LP, Red Hills Power Plant, accessed October 4, 2024.
63 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Mississippi, Table DS-20, 2023.
64 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
65 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
66 U.S. EIA, Mississippi Electricity Profile 2023, Tables 2A, 2B.
67 Entergy Corporation, Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, accessed October 16, 2024.
68 U.S. EIA, Nuclear Reactor, State, and Net Capacity (September 2023).
69 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
70 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
71 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
72 U.S. EIA, Mississippi Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10.
73 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Annual, Mississippi 2001-23.
74 Mississippi State University, Department of Geosciences, Office of the Mississippi State Climatologist, Mississippi Climate, accessed October 16, 2024.
75 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Housing characteristics, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
76 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Mississippi.
77 U.S. EIA, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
78 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (October 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only, Public & private ports.
79 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Mississippi, accessed October 30, 2024.
80 Mississippi Department of Transportation, Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Infrastructure, accessed October 30, 2024.
81 Mississippi Department of Transportation, Mississippi Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Deployment Plan (2023), p. 24, 25, 58.
82 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
83 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Benefits of Biofuel Production and Use in Mississippi, September 2015.
84 Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Mississippi Timber, accessed October 17, 2024.
85 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mississippi Census Land Area, 2022.
86 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (October 31, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, August 2024.
87 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
88 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic; Inventory of Planned Generators as of September 2024, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
89 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Mississippi, Maps & Data, accessed October 17, 2024.
90 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
91 Jeter, Lynne, "Delta wind farm provides Amazon carbon-free energy," Magnolia Tribune (August 7, 2024).
92 AES Corporation, Delta Wind, accessed October 18, 2024.
93 Proctor, Darrell, "Amazon, AES Partner on First Utility-Scale Wind Farm in Mississippi," Power Magazine (July 7, 2023).
94 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
95 U.S. Department of the Interior, "Interior Department to Explore Offshore Wind Potential in the Gulf of Mexico," Press Release (June 8, 2021).
96 U.S. Department of the Interior, "BOEM Designates Two Wind Energy Areas in Gulf of Mexico Press Release," Press Release (October 31, 2022).
97 U.S. Department of the Interior, "Biden-Harris Administration Holds First-Ever Gulf of Mexico Offshore Wind Energy Auction," Press Release (August 29, 2023).
98 National Hydropower Association, Mississippi, Non-Powered Dams, accessed October 18, 2024.
99 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-23.
100 U.S. EIA, Hydropower Explained, Where hydropower is generated, updated June 21, 2024.
101 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Renewable & Clean Energy Standards, updated December 2023.
102 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Mississippi, Net Metering, updated April 12, 2024.
103 Penrod, Emma, "New Mississippi rule requires utilities to pay low-income customers up front for solar installations," Utility Dive (July 14, 2022).
104 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2024), Table 6.2.B.
105 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
106 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
107 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
108 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.