Last Updated: September 15, 2022

Overview

Located on the nation's Gulf Coast and bordered on the west by the river that shares its name, Mississippi has substantial energy infrastructure. The state has many natural gas, crude oil, and refined product pipelines. Mississippi's larger ports—located on the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River—handle coal, crude oil, petroleum coke, and refined petroleum products.¹ Although it is not as rich in crude oil and natural gas resources as some of its neighboring states, Mississippi has the nation's largest nuclear power reactor and 10th-largest petroleum refinery, along with a large natural gas processing plant and a liquefied natural gas terminal located along the state's Gulf of Mexico coastline.^2,3,4,5,6,7

Mississippi has a humid subtropical climate with long, hot summers, mild winters, and abundant rainfall. Its rich soils, especially between the Mississippi River and the Yazoo River, provide fertile farmland where soybeans, cotton, and corn are the most valuable crops. Although agriculture played a central role in Mississippi's economy in the past, manufacturing is now the leading contributor in the state's gross domestic product (GDP).^8,9,10 The manufacture of motor vehicles and other transportation equipment; chemicals; food, beverage, and tobacco products; paper products, as well as mining and crude oil and natural gas production, are substantial contributors to the state's economy.¹¹

Mississippi has an energy-intensive economy and ranks sixth among the states in the amount of energy used to produce one dollar of GDP.¹² The industrial sector consumes the most energy in Mississippi—nearly two-fifths of the state total—followed by the transportation sector at about one-third. The residential sector accounts for slightly less than one-fifth of state energy use and the commercial sector accounts for one-seventh. ¹³ The strong demand for electricity for cooling during summer and heating in winter, along with the state's energy-intensive industries, puts Mississippi among the top one-third of states in per capita energy consumption.^14,15 Overall, Mississippi consumes almost four times more energy than it produces.¹⁶

Petroleum

Mississippi produces about 0.3% of the nation's crude oil and holds about 0.3% of U.S. total proved oil reserves.^17,18 Most of Mississippi's oil fields are located in the southern half of the state.^19,20 Since 2015, Mississippi's oil production has steadily declined as its oil fields matured. In 2021, the state's annual oil production fell to its lowest level in more than 70 years.^21,22,23,24 Mississippi has three petroleum refineries with a combined processing capacity of about 394,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, and together the facilities account for about 2% of the nation's total refining capacity.²⁵ The Pascagoula refinery, one of the nation's largest, is located on Mississippi's Gulf coast and supplies motor gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and other petroleum products to markets in the southeastern United States.²⁶ Another refinery, the Ergon facility in Vicksburg on the Mississippi River, is a leading global manufacturer of naphthenic process oils, which are used worldwide in many industrial applications such as printing inks, transformer oils, refrigeration oils, and adhesives.²⁷ The state's smallest refinery, located in Sandersville, supplies mostly asphalt products.^28,29 Mississippi also receives additional petroleum products from Texas and Louisiana via two major interstate petroleum product pipelines—the Colonial Pipeline and PPL Pipeline (formerly known as the Plantation Pipeline)—that move motor gasoline and other refined products through Mississippi to supply half a dozen other southern and eastern states.^30,31,32

Petroleum accounts for slightly more than one-third of the total energy consumed in Mississippi.³³ Most of the petroleum used in the state is consumed in the transportation sector, primarily as motor gasoline.³⁴ Conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide, although almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with at least 10% ethanol.^35,36 Mississippi ranks among the 5 states with the lowest average gasoline prices, but among the top 10 states with the highest gasoline expenditures per capita.³⁷ About 11 in 100 households in Mississippi use propane as their primary home heating fuel, compared with 5 in 100 households nationwide.³⁸

Natural gas

Mississippi has small natural gas reserves and accounts for only about 0.1% of the nation's natural gas marketed production.^39,40 The state's natural gas production has declined over the last decade, falling to less than half its 2010 output in 2020.⁴¹

Mississippi receives natural gas from the many interstate natural gas pipelines that cross the state.⁴² Natural gas supplies move into the state primarily by way of Louisiana, Tennessee, Arkansas, Alabama, and from offshore production platforms in federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico. Nearly 90% of the natural gas that enters Mississippi by interstate pipelines continues on to other states, with more than four-fifths of that natural gas moving through Alabama and Louisiana.⁴³ Mississippi is one of the few states with large underground salt caverns capable of storing natural gas and the state has about one-fourth of the nation's salt cavern storage capacity. The state has 11 underground natural gas storage fields; 5 are salt caverns and 6 are depleted oil and gas fields. They can hold a combined 331 billion cubic feet of natural gas, which is almost 4% of the nation's total underground storage capacity.⁴⁴

One of the largest natural gas processing plants in the United States is in Mississippi. The plant, near Pascagoula on the Gulf Coast, separates natural gas liquids from the natural gas and can process up to 1 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day.^45,46 Mississippi also has a liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal near Pascagoula that can regasify up to 1.5 billion cubic feet of LNG imports a day.^47,48 With U.S. natural gas production rising to record levels almost every year since 2010, the terminal's owners received federal approval in 2019 to add export capability of up to 1.5 billion cubic feet of LNG per day from the site.^49,50,51,52

The electric power sector accounts for slightly more than two-thirds of Mississippi's natural gas consumption, and the sector's natural gas use has increased by nearly 50% over the past decade. The industrial sector consumes the second-largest amount of natural gas and accounts for about one-fourth of the state's natural gas use. The residential and commercial sectors each account for about 3% of the state's remaining natural gas consumption.^53,54 About 3 out of 10 households in Mississippi rely on natural gas for home heating.⁵⁵

Coal

Mississippi has about 1% of the nation's recoverable coal reserves at producing mines.⁵⁶ All of the state's coal production comes from one mine that supplies lignite, which has a lower heating value and higher moisture content than other types of coal.^57,58,59 The Red Hills surface coal mine, located in Choctaw County, Mississippi, sends all of its lignite output to a nearby power plant.⁶⁰ A second coal mine that was to provide lignite to a new advanced integrated coal gasification combined-cycle power plant in Kemper County ceased operations in 2018 after the power plant's owners stopped using coal gasification for power generation at the facility. The 582-megawatt plant now uses natural gas.^61,62,63,64 About two-thirds of the coal consumed in Mississippi is mined in the state, and the rest comes primarily from Wyoming. Almost all the coal used in Mississippi is consumed by the state's electric power sector.⁶⁵

Electricity

Natural gas accounted for 72% of Mississippi's in-state net generation in 2021 and fueled 9 of the state's 10 largest power plants.^66,67 Nuclear power is the second-largest provider of in-state electricity and generated a record amount of electricity in 2021, accounting for 17% of Mississippi's generation. The Grand Gulf Nuclear Power Station is the largest single-reactor nuclear power plant by generating capacity in the nation and fifth largest in the world.^68,69,70 Coal fueled 8% of the state's net generation in 2021, down from about 19% a decade earlier. Biomass and solar energy primarily provide the rest of the state's net generation.^71,72,73

Mississippi generated a record amount of electricity in 2021. The state typically produces about one-fourth more electricity than it uses, and the surplus power is sent to other states over the regional grid.^74,75,76 The residential sector is the largest power consumer in the state, accounting for two-fifths of the state's total electricity use, followed by the industrial sector at about one-third, and the commercial sector at slightly more than one-fourth .⁷⁷ Air-conditioning use during the state's hot summer months and the widespread use of electricity for home heating during the mild winter months drives demand for electricity from Mississippi's residential sector. About 6 out of 10 of the state's households use electricity for home heating.^78,79,80 Mississippi ranks among the top five states in residential sector electricity sales on a per capita basis.⁸¹

Renewable energy

Renewable resources generated nearly 3% of Mississippi's utility-scale electricity in 2021. Biomass from wood and wood waste accounted for about 75% of the state's renewable electricity.⁸² With almost two-thirds of the state forested and more than one-fourth of the state's land used for agriculture, Mississippi has abundant biomass resources, including: logging residue, municipal landfills, crop residues, poultry litter, and livestock manure.⁸³ Some biomass resources also provide the feedstock for the state's two wood pellet manufacturing plants, whose combined production capacity is 653,000 tons of pellets per year, which is about 5% of the U.S. total.⁸⁴

In 2021, solar energy provided about one-fourth of Mississippi's electricity generation from renewables. Utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar power generation, although small at just 0.6% of the state's total generation, has increased rapidly in recent years. Mississippi's first utility-scale solar facilities came online in 2017, and the state's annual solar generation was five times greater by 2021. The state's largest solar generating facility is a 53-megawatt solar farm, located near Meridian in east-central Mississippi near the border with Alabama. A 100-megwatt solar farm in the northwest corner of the state and 200-megawatt solar farm in the northeast corner are scheduled to come online during the second half of 2022.^85,86,87

Mississippi's best wind resources are found in the northwest corner of the state, but there are no utility-scale wind power facilities operating in the state.^88,89 In June 2021, Mississippi regulators approved construction of the state's first utility-scale wind farm. The wind farm will have up to 44 turbines with a total generating capacity of 200 megawatts. The project's backers plan to have the wind farm online in 2024.^90,91,92 Also in June 2021, the U.S. Department of the Interior sought to see if there was interest among energy companies in leasing tracts in federal waters off the Mississippi coastline for commercial wind power development. However, the department determined there was not sufficient commercial interest in developing Mississippi's offshore wind resources, and instead moved forward with developing wind resources off the Louisiana and Texas coastlines.^93,94,95 While Mississippi has several dams, they are all non-powered, and there is no utility-scale hydroelectric generation in the state.^96,97

Mississippi does not have a renewable portfolio standard requiring electricity suppliers to obtain specific amounts of their power from renewable energy sources.⁹⁸ The state does offer limited net metering for small, customer-sited solar generation, like rooftop solar panels. In July 2022, Mississippi's Public Utility Commission updated the state's net metering rules to require utilities to give $3,500 rebates to lower-income residents who install solar power systems. About 550 households in Mississippi have installed small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar power generating systems, the fourth lowest of any state.^99,100

Mississippi has two biodiesel production plants that have an annual combined output capacity of about 29 million gallons. The state consumes about 34 million gallons of biodiesel a year, which is about 2% of the U.S. total.^101,102 Mississippi has no ethanol production plants, but the state consumes almost 148 million gallons of fuel ethanol annually, which accounts for about 1% of the U.S. total.^103,104

Endnotes

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² U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, 2015-20.
³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, 2015-20.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Mississippi Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Nuclear Power Plant, Petroleum Refinery, Natural Gas Processing Plant, accessed August 18, 2022.
⁵ Kinder Morgan, Natural Gas Pipelines, Gulf LNG, accessed August 18, 2022.
⁶ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Oil and petroleum products explained, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity, January 1, 2022.
⁷ U.S. EIA, Nuclear Reactor, State, and Net Capacity (September 2021).
⁸ Mississippi State University, Department of Geosciences, Office of the Mississippi State Climatologist, Mississippi Climate, accessed August 18, 2022.
⁹ U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2021 State Agriculture Overview, Mississippi.
¹⁰ Wallenfeldt, Jeff, David G. Sansing, and John N. Burrus, Mississippi, State, United States, Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 22, 2022.
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¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Electricity Sales, Mississippi Monthly, January 2001 through May 2022.
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¹⁷ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, Thousand Barrels, 2016-21.
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²² Mississippi Oil & Gas Board, Annual Production Charts, Oil Production, 1951-2021.
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²⁸ Hunt Refining Company, Refining Operations, Sandersville Refinery, accessed August 18, 2022.
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³¹ Kinder Morgan, Products Pipelines, Southeast Operations, Products (SE) Pipe Line Corporation, accessed August 18, 2022.
³² Kinder Morgan, Form 10-K, For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020, Products Pipeline, Southeast Refined Products, PPL Pipeline, p. 10.
³³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2020.
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³⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2019 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, United States, Mississippi.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, Annual, 2015-20.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual, 2016-21.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Mississippi Natural Gas Marketed Production, Annual, 1967-2020.
⁴² Mississippi State Oil and Gas Board, Oil and Gas Map of Mississippi, accessed August 18, 2022.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Mississippi, 2015-20.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2020 (September 30, 2021), Table 14, Underground natural gas storage capacity by state, December 31, 2020.
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⁴⁹ "DOE approves LNG exports from Gulf LNG project in Mississippi," WorkBoat (August 1, 2019).
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⁵¹ Weber, Harry, "Kinder Morgan content with keeping liquefaction footprint small for now," S&P Global Platts (January 29, 2020).
⁵² Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, North American LNG Export Terminals Approved, Not Yet Built, updated August 16, 2022.
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⁵⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2019 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Mississippi.
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⁶³ Brock, Jim, "Kemper Coal Operation to Cut 75 Jobs," The Meridian Star (August 9, 2017).
⁶⁴ NACCO Industries, Inc., Form 8-K filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (February 8, 2018).
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2020 (October 4, 2021), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Mississippi, Table DS-19, 2020.
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⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Nuclear Reactor, State, and Net Capacity (September 2021).
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⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-21.
⁷² Southern Company, "Southern Company and Mississippi Power Announce Suspension of Gasification Operations at Kemper," Press Release (June 28, 2017).
⁷³ Amy, Jeff, "Utility faces federal investigation over failed $7.5 billion Kemper power plant," Associated Press (May 1, 2019).
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-21.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Mississippi Electricity Profile 2020, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2020.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, Mississippi Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Electric Transmission Line>=345 kV, accessed August 19, 2022.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Annual, Mississippi 2001-21.
⁷⁸ Mississippi State University, Department of Geosciences, Office of the Mississippi State Climatologist, Mississippi Climate, accessed August 19, 2022.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Air conditioning, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
⁸⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2019 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, United States, Mississippi.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
⁸² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-21.
⁸³ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Benefits of Biofuel Production and Use in Mississippi, September 2015.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (August 17, 2022), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2022.
⁸⁵ Mississippi Power, About Energy, Solar Power, accessed August 19, 2022.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-21.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2022, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic; Inventory of Planned Generators as of July 2022, Plant State: Mississippi, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁸⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Mississippi, Maps & Data, accessed August 20, 2022.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-21.
⁹⁰ Mississippi Public Service Commission, "Mississippi Public Service Commission Approves State's First Wind Turbine Facility," Press Release (June 9, 2021).
⁹¹ Vestas, "Vestas sells Delta wind projects in the USA," Delta wind project in the USA," Press Release (June 30, 2022).
⁹² AES Corporation, Delta Wind Farm, accessed August 20, 2022.
⁹³ Regulations.gov, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, "Request for Interest: Commercial Leasing for Wind Power Development on the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf" (June 11, 2021).
⁹⁴ Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Federal Offshore Lands, accessed August 20, 2022.
⁹⁵ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Department of the Interior Announces Next Steps for Offshore Wind Energy in Gulf of Mexico," Press Release (July 20, 2022).
⁹⁶ National Hydropower Association, Mississippi, accessed August 20, 2022.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net Generation for All Sectors, Annual, Mississippi, 2001-21.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Renewable Energy Explained, Portfolio Standards, updated June 29, 2021.
⁹⁹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Mississippi, Net Metering, updated September 21, 2021.
¹⁰⁰ Penrod, Emma, "New Mississippi rule requires utilities to pay low-income customers up front for solar installations," Utility Dive (July 14, 2022).
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, (August 8, 2022), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLS format.
¹⁰² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2020.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 8, 2022), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLS.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2020.