Last Updated: July 17, 2025

Overview

Wyoming is a major producer of coal, crude oil, and natural gas—the fossil fuels that were created from the remains of life in the ancient seas that covered the state many millions of years ago.^1,2,3 Wyoming has the smallest population of any state, with just under 600,000 people, and only Alaska has fewer residents per square mile.⁴ The state produces about 12 times more energy than it consumes, making it the fourth-biggest net energy supplier among the states after Texas, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania.⁵ Wyoming is the nation's largest coal-producing state. It also has more oil and natural gas producing leases on federal lands than any other state.^6,7

Wyoming's lowest elevation is more than half a mile above sea level, and its mountain peaks are more than two miles high. The state's mountains, which form part of the Continental Divide, channel weather—and often fierce winds—across wide plains. The high elevations give Wyoming a cool climate overall, but temperatures can be extreme. The state's record high is 116°F in Basin in north-central Wyoming in 1983, and the record low is -66°F in Yellowstone National Park in 1933.^8,9 National parks, including Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and national monuments like Devils Tower and Fossil Butte, as well as the Wind River and Bighorn mountain ranges, help make tourism one of Wyoming's major industries.^10,11

Coal mining and crude oil and natural gas extraction are major contributors to Wyoming's GDP and tax revenue.^12,13 Mineral royalties, severance payments, and related taxes typically provide a substantial portion of state revenues.¹⁴ Although less than one-tenth of the energy produced in Wyoming is consumed there, the state's small population and energy-intensive fossil fuel production help make Wyoming fourth in the nation in per capita energy consumption and the third-most energy-intensive state economy, after Louisiana and Alaska.^15,16,17 Wyoming's industrial sector accounts for 56% of the total energy consumed in the state. The transportation sector consumes 21%, the commercial sector accounts for 13%, and the residential sector makes up 10%.¹⁸

Coal

Wyoming holds one-third of U.S. recoverable coal reserves at producing mines.¹⁹ The state has led the nation in coal production since 1988 and accounts for almost two-fifths of all coal mined in the United States.^20,21,22 Wyoming's annual coal production declined in 2024 to the lowest level since 1992, as U.S. coal-fired power plants shut down and natural gas-fired and renewable-sourced electricity generation increased in the past decade.^{23,24,25,26,27}

Wyoming has 7 of the 10 largest coal mines in the nation.^28,29 Coal is mined primarily in the northeastern part of the state in the Powder River Basin.³⁰ Seams of the low-sulfur coal, some more than 100 feet thick, lie at shallow depths, allowing large-scale mechanized surface mining in the state. Nearly all the coal mined in Wyoming is subbituminous, which has a lower heating value than other types of coal and is used mainly at power plants. The state accounts for almost nine-tenths of all U.S. production of subbituminous coal.^31,32,33 Wyoming also produces a small amount of bituminous coal.³⁴ Coal mining began in the state in the mid-1860s when the Union Pacific Railroad arrived.³⁵ Today, most of the mined coal in Wyoming is loaded onto unit trains, which can stretch up to a mile-and-a-half long with about 130 coal cars.³⁶ Wyoming's coal is shipped to about half the states, with power plants in Texas, Missouri, Wyoming, and Illinois being the biggest users of Wyoming's coal.³⁷ Very little of the state's coal is exported to other countries.³⁸

Petroleum

Wyoming holds about 2% of U.S. proved crude oil reserves, and the state is the seventh-largest crude oil producer, accounting for 2% of the nation's total crude oil output. In 2024, Wyoming's crude oil production reached its highest level in 35 years.^39,40 Wyoming is crossed by pipelines bringing Canadian and Rocky Mountain crude oil to refineries in the Rocky Mountain and Midwest regions. Pipelines also ship refined petroleum products to markets in those regions.^41,42,43 The state has four operating petroleum refineries that can process 127,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, providing about one-fifth of the refining capacity in the Rocky Mountain region that also includes Colorado, Montana, and Utah.⁴⁴ Wyoming's refineries produce diesel fuel, jet fuel, motor gasoline, and other petroleum products from the state's crude oil and can also process Canadian heavy sour crude oils. Those refineries deliver most of their petroleum products to neighboring states.^45,46,47,48 In 2021, the owners of the Cheyenne refinery converted it to produce 6,000 barrels of renewable diesel per day from soybean oil and animal fats. The refinery also produces a small amount of renewable naphtha.⁴⁹

Crude oil and natural gas production is spread across Wyoming, and each fossil fuel is produced alone or together in 21 of the state's 23 counties.⁵⁰ However, about three-fifths of Wyoming's crude oil production comes from two counties, Converse and Campbell, located in the Powder River Basin in the northeastern corner of the state. ⁵¹ Southwestern Wyoming overlies part of the Green River oil shale, which is a formation rich in kerogen-an organic material found in some sedimentary rocks that can be converted into petroleum liquids when heated. Green River, by some estimates, could be a large source of petroleum if technology were developed to extract the petroleum economically.^52,53,54

Wyoming has the fifth-lowest total petroleum consumption among the states. However, because of its small population, high vehicle miles traveled, and large energy-intensive fossil fuel extraction industries, Wyoming has the fourth-highest per capita petroleum consumption, after Louisiana, Alaska, and Texas.⁵⁵ The transportation sector consumes almost two-thirds of the petroleum used in Wyoming. The industrial sector accounts for most of the rest at about three-tenths, and a small amount of petroleum is used in the state's residential and commercial sectors.⁵⁶ Wyoming drivers have the highest per capita annual gasoline expenditures, which reflect less access to alternative forms of transportation in the state and the high vehicle miles traveled.⁵⁷ Wyoming does not require ethanol to be blended into its gasoline, although most gasoline sold throughout the state and the rest of the United States contains at least 10% ethanol.^58,59

Natural gas

Wyoming ranks among the top 10 states in both total proved natural gas reserves and marketed natural gas production.^60,61 Most of the state's natural gas production is on federal lands leased by energy companies.^62,63,64 Production takes place throughout the state, but nearly half of Wyoming's natural gas comes from fields in Sublette County in the Green River Basin, located in the state's southwest corner.^65,66,67 Wyoming has 16 of the nation's 100 largest natural gas fields, including the Pinedale and Jonah fields that rank among the top 10.⁶⁸ Although natural gas exploration has expanded across the state, including into the Powder River Basin, Wyoming's marketed gas production has decreased by more than half from its 2009 peak and has declined almost every year since then. In 2024, the state's marketed natural gas output fell below 1 trillion cubic feet for the second year in a row after exceeding that mark every year from 2000 to 2022, due mainly to fewer new wells drilled.^69,70,71

Wyoming is the fifth-largest producer of natural gas from coal beds, behind Colorado, New Mexico, Virginia, and Oklahoma, but the state's production has steadily declined since its peak in 2009.⁷² Coalbed methane accounts for about 5% of the state's natural gas production.⁷³

Most natural gas produced in Wyoming leaves the state through interstate pipelines that cross into Utah, Nebraska, Colorado, and Montana, on its way to both Midwest and West Coast markets.^74,75 Several interstate pipelines meet at Opal, Wyoming, a major interstate natural gas trading hub.^76,77 Some of the natural gas that remains in the state is placed in underground storage. Wyoming has eight natural gas underground storage sites that can hold a combined 156 billion cubic feet of gas, which is almost 2% of U.S. total storage capacity.^78,79

Wyoming's end-use sector natural gas consumption is equal to about one-eighth of the state's natural gas production.^80,81 About two-fifths of the state's natural gas consumption occurs in the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas. For natural gas delivered to customers in 2024, the state's industrial sector accounted for 48% of natural gas consumption. The electric power sector, where a record amount of natural gas was delivered, made up 33% of Wyoming's natural gas consumption. The state's commercial and residential sector together accounted for 19%. A minor amount of natural gas was consumed as vehicle fuel.⁸² Natural gas is Wyoming's most widely used home heating fuel, found in 6 out of 10 households.⁸³

Electricity

In 2024, coal-fired power plants produced 60% of Wyoming's total electricity net generation, down from 87% a decade earlier, but still the third-highest share of electricity from coal in any state after West Virginia and Kentucky. Wind power has more than doubled since 2019 and accounted for 23% of the state's generation in 2024, which was the 10th-highest share of wind power among the states. Natural gas-fired generation reached a record high in 2024 and provided 13% of the state's electricity. Hydroelectric facilities, solar power, and generators fueled by other gases accounted for most of the rest of Wyoming's in-state electricity supply.^84,85

Wyoming's small population contributes to it being among the 10 states with the lowest total electricity demand, but it has the second-highest per capita electricity use after North Dakota.⁸⁶ Wyoming sends almost three-fifths of the electricity it generates out of state.⁸⁷ Several major interstate transmission line projects are in development to carry more electricity supplies from Wyoming to western population centers.⁸⁸ Within Wyoming, the industrial sector was the largest electricity consumer in 2024, and accounted for 52% of the electricity used in the state. The commercial sector was second and made up 31% of electricity consumption, and the residential sector accounted for 17% of power demand.⁸⁹ Almost one out of four Wyoming households relies on electricity as the primary heating source.⁹⁰ In 2024, Wyoming had the fifth-lowest average electricity price.⁹¹

Wyoming currently does not have any nuclear power generation, but a next-generation nuclear power reactor is planned at a retiring coal-fired power plant in Kemmerer, located in the southwest corner of the state. The 345-megawatt reactor would be cooled with liquid sodium instead of water. Construction of the reactor began in the summer of 2024 and it is expected to be completed in 2030.^92,93,94,95 Wyoming has the largest U.S. reserves of uranium ore, which provides the fuel used by nuclear power plants.^96,97 In recent years, Wyoming's uranium production has come from several operating in-situ recovery plants that extract uranium from underground by dissolving the ore with a solution and pumping it to the surface where the uranium is recovered.^98,99,100 However, with uranium prices higher and a U.S. ban in May 2024 on Russian uranium imports, conventional uranium mining has restarted in Wyoming and other states.^{101,102,103,104,105,106}

Renewable energy

In 2024, renewable energy sources were used to generate 26% of the electricity in Wyoming, with wind power accounting for nearly nine-tenths of the state's renewable electricity.¹⁰⁷ At the end of 2024, the amount of wind powered-generating capacity installed in Wyoming totaled about 3,700 megawatts. Another 980 megawatts of wind power capacity is scheduled to come online in 2025.¹⁰⁸ Several more large wind power projects are in development or under construction, including the 3,550-megawatt Chokecherry-Sierra Madre project with about 600 turbines in south-central Wyoming that will be completed in several phases from late 2029 through 2031.^109,110,111 Several large transmission projects are planned in Wyoming to transport the state's wind-generated electricity to other states, including California, that have significant renewable energy requirements.^{112,113,114,115}

Hydroelectric power accounted for about 8% of Wyoming's renewable generation in 2024.¹¹⁶ The state has 16 hydropower dams. Most of Wyoming's hydroelectric generating units are relatively small, more than 60 years old, and owned by the federal government.¹¹⁷

Wyoming has significant solar resources. The state's first utility-scale solar power generating facility, the 92-megawatt Sweetwater solar farm, came online at the end of 2018. It was the state's only utility-scale solar power facility until the 150-megawatt South Cheyenne solar farm began operating in April 2024.^118,119 Those two large solar power farms and many customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar panel systems on residential rooftops together provided about 4% of the state's renewable generation in 2024.¹²⁰

Wyoming's geothermal resources are used for direct heating applications, mainly in Yellowstone National Park and Hot Springs State Park. Geothermal energy is also used to heat buildings, water, and some roadways in the state.^121,122 Wyoming does not have adequate geothermal resources for commercial electricity generation, but the state does have buildings heated by geothermal heat pumps.^123,124

Wyoming does not have a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) or other requirement or goal to have a certain amount of the state's electricity generated from renewable energy sources.¹²⁵ However, the state has net metering for residential, commercial, and industrial customers with renewable energy generating systems smaller than 25 kilowatts. Eligible renewable generating systems include solar panels, wind turbines, biomass-fueled generators, and small hydroelectric generators.¹²⁶

Energy on tribal lands

Wyoming's Wind River Reservation, home to both the Northern Arapaho and the Eastern Shoshone tribes, is the seventh-largest Native American reservation in the United States at more than 2.2 million acres (about 3,500 square miles). It is Wyoming's only reservation and occupies most of the Wind River Basin in the west-central area of the state.^127,128,129

The Wind River Reservation has produced crude oil and natural gas for well over a century.¹³⁰ The state's first oil well was drilled in the Wind River Basin in 1884, south of the reservation's boundary.¹³¹ About 25 years later, oil was discovered within the reservation, and crude oil and natural gas production on tribal lands followed.¹³² Most current crude oil production occurs in the western half of the reservation, while most natural gas production occurs in the eastern half.^133,134 In 2012, the Wyoming tribes and the federal government reached a settlement to resolve underpayment of royalties owed on crude oil and natural gas production from reservation land. The settlement included a $157 million payment to the tribes.^135,136 In January 2023, the two tribes reclaimed control of the Steamboat Butte oil field near the reservation's border after not renewing the lease of the field to a private company.¹³⁷ The tribes took similar action to reclaim control of the Circle Ridge oil and natural gas field in June 2021, after the expiration of a 20-year lease with a different private energy company. The tribes reached a settlement with the energy company at the end of 2023 over the value of the equipment left behind.^138,139

There are two utility-scale electricity generating facilities on the reservation. Both are hydroelectric dams; one has a generation capacity of 17 megawatts and the other is 1.6 megawatts. They are owned and operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.^140,141 In September 2024, the Eastern Shoshone Tribe was awarded a nearly $8 million grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior to develop two microgrids that will provide renewable-generated electricity to tribal residents.^142,143 In April 2024, the Northern Arapaho Tribe was one of the recipients of a $30 million grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to provide solar power to low-income, tribal, and disadvantaged communities across Wyoming.^144,145

The Wind River Reservation has significant wind energy resources for potential electricity generation, especially along the mountain ridges that border the reservation.^146,147 The Wind River reservation is also one of the top 15 reservations in the nation with the best potential to generate electricity from solar energy resources.¹⁴⁸

Endnotes

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