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South Dakota   South Dakota Profile

State Profile and Energy Estimates

Changes to the State Energy Data System (SEDS) Notice: In October 2023, we updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal). Visit our Changes to 1960—2022 conversion factor for renewable energy page to learn more.

Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)

Last Updated: July 20, 2023

Overview

South Dakota stretches from fertile lowlands in the eastern part of the state across rolling hills, canyons, and buttes to the state's famous Badlands and Black Hills in the west. The state's modest crude oil and natural gas reserves are concentrated in western South Dakota.1,2,3,4 However, substantial renewable resources are found statewide. The Missouri River, the longest river in North America, cuts across central South Dakota and, along with its many tributaries, provides the state with abundant hydroelectric resources.5 Four of the six major hydroelectric dams along the Missouri River are located in South Dakota.6 Winds that blow unobstructed across the state's broad plains and prairie provide a significant wind energy resource.7,8 Solar resources are found statewide but are greatest in southwestern South Dakota, and much of the western two-thirds of the state also has geothermal resources.9,10 Biomass, from the state's more than 43 million acres of farmland and from its western forests, provides additional renewable resources.11,12,13 Uranium, the source for nuclear reactor fuel, was found in western South Dakota in the early 1950s. Although it is not currently mined in the state, a uranium in-situ leach mining project is in development.14,15

South Dakota’s industrial sector accounts for more than two-fifths of the state’s total energy use.

The industrial sector, which accounts for more than two-fifths of state total energy use, is South Dakota's leading energy consumer, and agriculture is the state's primary industry.16,17 In addition to farming and food production, the state's manufactured products include machinery, chemicals, fabricated metal products, and transportation equipment.18 The Black Hills, along the state's western border, are a mineral-rich area with gold, silver, copper, and lead deposits. South Dakota's Homestake Mine had the largest single gold deposit ever found in the Western Hemisphere and produced more than 40 million ounces of gold during its 125-year history. In 2001, the mine closed, and it became an important deep underground scientific research site. South Dakota is still a leading gold producer. Other large-scale energy-intensive mining activities continue in the state, including the extraction of sand, gravel, crushed stone, clays, granite, limestone, and gypsum. Natural gas and crude oil production contribute to the state's energy-intensive mining activities as well.19,20,21

South Dakota's transportation sector accounts for one-fourth of state total energy consumption, and the residential and commercial sectors split the remaining one-third.22 In part because South Dakota has one of the smallest populations of any state, its total energy consumption is among the lowest in the nation.23,24 However, because of its energy-intensive industries and a climate typified by hot summers and exceptionally cold winters, South Dakota is among the top 10 energy-consuming states in the nation on a per capita basis.25,26

Electricity

In 2022, South Dakota’s electricity generation was three times greater than it was in 2007, primarily because of wind power.

South Dakota's total electricity net generation was three times greater in 2022 than it was in 2007, primarily because of increased generation from wind. In 2022, wind provided more than half the state's total electricity net generation, up from about one-fifth in 2019. In 2021, wind surpassed the state's previous leading electricity source, hydroelectric power, for the first time, when 6 of the 10 largest power plants in South Dakota by generation were wind powered.27 Hydropower had been the state's most important energy resource until that time. Three of South Dakota's four largest power plants by capacity and the two largest by generation are hydroelectric facilities located on the upper Missouri River and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.28 The northernmost is the Oahe Dam, which forms a 231-mile-long lake that is the fourth-largest man-made reservoir in the nation. It began generating hydroelectric power in 1962. Downstream is the Big Bend Dam, whose power plant went into operation in 1964. The Fort Randall Dam, just north of the Nebraska state line, is the oldest of the three and first produced power in March 1954. Water released from those and other upstream dams is stored in Lewis and Clark Lake behind South Dakota's fourth large federal dam, Gavins Point. That dam straddles the border between South Dakota and Nebraska; however, its power plant is on the Nebraska side. The Gavins Point Dam plays an important role in controlling the water flow on the 800 miles of open river between the South Dakota border and St. Louis, Missouri.29 The state's only other utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger capacity) hydroelectric power plant has 4 megawatts of generating capacity and has been in operation since 1912.30 South Dakota's remaining net generation comes almost entirely from coal and natural gas. Coal's contribution declined from more than half of the state's net generation in 2008 to about one-tenth in 2022. Natural gas' share of South Dakota's net generation was almost 6% in 2022. Petroleum, biomass, and solar energy also contributed small amounts.31 South Dakota does not have any nuclear power plants.32

South Dakota population is less than in all but four other states, and it consumes less electricity than all but seven other states.33,34 However, South Dakota's per capita electricity consumption is greater than in 35 of the states.35 Electricity sales have steadily increased for more than two decades. In 2022, the residential sector accounted for 40% of the state's electricity sales, followed closely by the commercial sector at 37%. The rest was purchased by the industrial sector.36 Per capita electricity sales to South Dakota's residential sector are more than in almost three-fourths of the states, in part because one in three households uses electricity for home heating during the state's extremely cold winters.37,38,39

Renewable energy

In 2022, wind supplied 55% of the South Dakota’s total in-state net generation, a larger share than in all other states except Iowa.

Renewable resources supplied more than four-fifths (84%) of South Dakota's total in-state electricity generation in 2022, almost all of it from wind and hydroelectric power. After surpassing hydroelectric power's contribution to in-state electricity generation in 2021, wind provided nearly twice as much electricity as hydropower in 2022.40 The state has some of the best onshore wind resources in the nation, and in 2022, wind supplied 55% of South Dakota's total in-state net generation, a larger share than in all other states except Iowa.41,42 In early 2023, South Dakota had almost 2,800 megawatts of wind energy capacity at 23 active wind farms.43,44 A 200-megawatt wind farm is being built and is expected to be operational by the end of 2023.45 Hydropower accounted for 29% of the state's total electricity generation in 2022, down from 41% in 2020, in large part because of the increase in generation at the state's wind facilities.46

South Dakota's agricultural activities and forest waste provide the state with important renewable resources. South Dakota is one of the nation's top corn producers, and the abundant corn crop is used, in part, to supply the feedstock for the state's fuel ethanol production industry.47,48 South Dakota is among the top five fuel ethanol producers in the nation, accounting for about 9% of the U.S. total.49,50 The state's 16 fuel ethanol plants can produce about 34 million barrels per year. Only about 1.2 million barrels of fuel ethanol are consumed in the state.51,52 There are no biodiesel production plants in South Dakota.53

Almost half of South Dakota‘s agricultural economy comes from raising livestock, primarily cattle and hogs.54 There are several renewable natural gas (RNG) projects in South Dakota that use animal manure from some of the state's farms to produce biogas.55,56 The city of Sioux Falls also uses biogas created by anaerobic digestion at its water reclamation facility to generate enough electricity to meet about 40% of the facility's needs.57 In 2022, biomass was used to fuel about 0.1% of South Dakota's in-state electricity generation.58 Wood pellets, also known as densified biomass, are manufactured from forest and mill waste and can be used for electricity generation and space heating.59 One fuel ethanol plant in the state uses wood waste to generate power for the plant's own use.60 South Dakota has two wood pellet manufacturing plants that have a combined production capacity of about 70,000 tons per year.61

There are additional renewable resources in South Dakota. Moderate solar photovoltaic (PV) potential exists across most of the state, with the greatest solar resources in the southwest corner of South Dakota.62 However, the state has only small amounts of solar electricity generation, and half of it is from customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt capacity) installations, such as rooftop solar panels.63 South Dakota's only utility-scale (1-megawatt or larger) solar farm, a 1-megawatt facility, came online in 2016. An 80-megawatt solar farm is under construction in the southwest corner of the state and is scheduled to go online in late 2023.64 Geothermal energy is used in direct heat applications in South Dakota, such as district heating through distribution networks. It is also used to heat individual spas, swimming pools, residences, barns, and other buildings.65 However, there is no utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal energy in the state.66

In 2008, South Dakota's legislature established a voluntary renewable portfolio objective. Renewable and recycled energy resources, and later energy conservation, were to provide 10% of all electricity retail sales in the state by 2015. Many, but not all, of South Dakota's electricity providers met that goal. Those who did not noted barriers that limited their ability to do so, including lack of transmission capacity for renewable projects, intermittent nature of renewable power, competition from other fuels, and distance from renewable resources.67,68 South Dakota does have other state and utility policies, financial incentives, and technical resources that encourage energy efficiency and renewable electricity generation. The state also has interconnection standards for systems as large as 10-megawatts but does not have net metering rules, and interconnection costs are usually paid by the generating system owner.69,70

Petroleum

South Dakota has no significant proved crude oil reserves and no oil refineries, but it does have a small amount of crude oil production.71,72,73 Although the Williston Basin extends into South Dakota from the north, its oil-rich Bakken Shale does not.74 Almost all of the state's crude oil production is concentrated in the northwestern corner of the state, where Harding County produces most of South Dakota's crude oil and natural gas.75 Since the 1980s, the state's annual crude oil production has ranged between about 1 million and 2 million barrels per year. It declined from a peak of nearly 1.9 million barrels in 2013 to less than 1 million barrels in 2022, the lowest level since at least 1981.76 Crude oil production in South Dakota accounts for about 0.02% of the nation's total.77 Two crude oil pipelines that cross eastern South Dakota transport oil to refineries and terminals in other states.78 The route of a proposed third crude oil pipeline, the Keystone XL, was designed to provide a shortcut to transport oil produced from the Canadian tar sands and from the U.S. Bakken shale to a pipeline interconnect in Nebraska. The planned route ran diagonally across South Dakota. However, in 2021, the Biden administration revoked the 2019 presidential permit for construction of that pipeline.79,80 Other petroleum product pipelines bring refined products to South Dakota consumers through neighboring states.81

South Dakota uses less total petroleum than all but three other states and the District of Columbia. However, because of the state's small population, it uses more petroleum per capita than all but eight other states.82 The transportation sector accounts for more than three-fourths of the state's petroleum consumption, most of it as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.83,84 In part because of its relatively low population density and lack of access to alternative forms of public transportation, the state has a high number of vehicle miles traveled per capita.85 As a result, it is one of only a handful of states with significantly higher motor gasoline expenditures per capita than the U.S. average—it ranked fourth-highest in 2021.86 South Dakota does not have any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air quality non-attainment areas, and conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide.87 However, like most states, almost all gasoline sold in South Dakota is blended with at least 10% ethanol.88 There also are about 80 fueling stations in South Dakota that sell E85, a motor gasoline blend that is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.89 The industrial sector and the residential sector consume almost all the rest of the petroleum used in the state. In 2021, the industrial sector accounted for about 16% of state consumption. The residential sector, where about one in six South Dakota households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating, accounted for 5% of the state's petroleum use. The commercial sector used about 2%. The electric power sector uses a minimal amount of petroleum, primarily as a backup fuel when additional power is needed.90,91

Natural gas

South Dakota does not have any significant proved natural gas reserves, and with fewer than 100 producing wells natural gas production in the state is modest.92,93,94 Natural gas is produced from both natural gas and crude oil wells in Harding County in the northwest corner of South Dakota.95 Gross withdrawals of natural gas in the state increased steadily from 1980 until 2013 when they reached an annual high of more than 16 billion cubic feet. They remained near that level through 2015, but then rapidly decreased as the number of producing wells declined.96 Since 2016, South Dakota has produced less than 500 million cubic feet of natural gas per year and accounts for much less than 0.01% of U.S. natural gas gross withdrawals.97,98

In part because of its small population, South Dakota uses little natural gas. However, more natural gas is consumed in the state than is produced there.99,100 The industrial sector is South Dakota's largest natural gas-consuming sector. In 2022, it accounted for 57% of the natural gas delivered to the state's consumers. Although almost half of South Dakota households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating, the residential sector accounted for only about 17% of the natural gas delivered to state consumers.101 The commercial sector used 15% and the electric power sector used about 11%.102

South Dakota does not have any intrastate pipelines other than local distribution systems owned by natural gas utilities. A handful of major interstate pipelines bring natural gas into the state.103,104 Almost all the natural gas that enters the state comes from North Dakota. South Dakota does not have any underground natural gas storage fields, and nine-tenths of the natural gas that enters South Dakota leaves the state. Almost all of it continues on to Minnesota.105,106

Coal

South Dakota does not have any coal mines and the state's estimated recoverable coal reserves are small, less than 300 million tons.107 Coal arrives from Wyoming by rail and truck to meet the state's limited needs.108 In 2021, about 83% of the 1.3 million tons of coal consumed in South Dakota was used for electricity generation at the state's only coal-fired power plant.109 The rest of the coal was delivered to industrial facilities in the state.110

Energy on tribal lands

Native Americans account for almost one-tenth of South Dakota's population, and tribes or individual tribal members hold almost one-tenth of the state's land. South Dakota has the fifth-largest amount of acreage in tribal hands in the nation.111 The tribes on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, Rosebud, and Standing Rock reservations are among the largest tribal landholders in the lower 48 states.112 South Dakota is home to nine federally recognized tribes on nine reservations. Two of the reservations straddle the North Dakota-South Dakota border.113

South Dakota's tribal lands have some of the best onshore wind resources in the nation. Four of the nation's top five reservations with the greatest wind-powered electricity generation potential are in South Dakota.114 In 2003, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe installed a 750-kilowatt wind turbine. It was the first tribe-owned and -operated commercial wind turbine that large in the Lower 48 states.115 In 2013, six South Dakota Sioux tribes announced plans to collaborate in the development of an interconnected grid of wind farms that would have more than 1,000 megawatts of generating capacity.116 To expedite development of the wind project, including transmission lines, the six tribes formed a Multi-Tribal Power Authority. The wind farm locations were selected because they are near existing transmission lines.117 Phase one of the development, with its first two interconnected wind power projects, has a planned combined capacity of 570 megawatts from the two sites. The 450-megawatt site on the Cheyenne River Reservation in north-central South Dakota and the 120-megawatt site on the southwestern Pine Ridge Reservation were initially expected to come online in 2021 but have experienced delays.118 The 120-megawatt site is now expected to come online in late 2024 and the 450-megawatt site is expected to be completed in 2026.119,120

South Dakota tribes also have biomass and solar resources. The Sisseton Tribe of northeastern South Dakota is one of the five tribes in the nation with the greatest potential for biomass-fueled electricity generation. The Pine Ridge reservation of southwestern South Dakota and northern Nebraska has some of the largest potential for concentrated solar power generating potential in the nation. The Standing Rock reservation that straddles the North and South Dakota border is one of the five reservations with the greatest utility-scale solar PV power potential in the nation.121 A planned solar farm on 810 acres leased from tribal members of the Pine Ridge reservation could provide up to 140 megawatts of power to the regional electric grid. It would be the state's largest solar farm to date.122 Other smaller solar projects are in development on South Dakota tribal lands. In 2018, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe Tribal Utilities Commission received a U.S Department of Energy (DOE) grant to deploy 250 kilowatts of solar PV in Rosebud, and, in 2019, DOE awarded the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe a grant to expedite the installation of a total of 318 kilowatts of solar PV in Flandreau. In 2020, Oglala Sioux (Lakota) Housing received a grant to install about 55 kilowatts of solar PV capacity on the Pine Ridge Reservation.123 Individual tribal members on several reservations in South Dakota have installed small-scale, customer-sited solar PV systems.124,125

Endnotes

1 NETSTATE, South Dakota, The Geography of South Dakota, updated February 25, 2016.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2017-22.
3 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2017-22.
4 South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, South Dakota Oil and Gas Well, Test Hole, and Permit Locations, accessed June 15, 2023.
5 U.S. Geological Survey, Rivers of the World: World's Longest Rivers (June 11, 2018).
6 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Missouri Basin and Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas Gulf Regions, Lewis and Clark: Big Dam Era, updated September 29, 2017.
7 NETSTATE, South Dakota, The Geography of South Dakota, updated February 25, 2016.
8 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, South Dakota 80-Meter Wind Resource Map, accessed June 15, 2023.
9 Roberts, Billy J., Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, National Solar Radiation Database Physical Solar Model, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
10 Roberts, Billy J., Geothermal Resource of the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
11 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2022 State Agriculture Overview, South Dakota, Farm Operations.
12 Roberts, Billy J., Crop Residue in the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (January 15, 2014).
13 Meneguzzo, Dacia M., and Charles S. Paulson, Forests of South Dakota, 2018, Resource Update FS-199, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station (2019), p. 2-3.
14 Encore Energy, South Dakota, Dewey Burdock Uranium Project, accessed June 16, 2023.
15 U.S. EIA, Domestic Uranium Production Report, Quarterly, Table 4, U.S. uranium in-situ-leach plants by owner, location, capacity, and operating status, Operating status at the end of 1st Quarter 2023.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
17 Heemstra, Jody, "Agriculture: A $32 billion contributor to South Dakota's economy," DRGRadio.com (August 30, 2021).
18 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by state, GDP in current dollars, South Dakota, All statistics in table, 2021-22.
19 U.S. Department of Energy, Brookhaven National Laboratory, "Homestake Strikes Gold Again," Press Release (July 12, 2007).
20 NETSTATE, South Dakota, South Dakota Economy, updated December 19, 2017.
21 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2017-22.
22 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
23 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022.
24 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2021.
25 Todey, Dennis, South Dakota, "The Land of Infinite Variety," CoCoRaHs ‘State Climates' Series, accessed June 16, 2023.
26 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Rankings: Total Energy Consumed per Capita, 2020.
27 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual 2001-22.
28 U.S. EIA, South Dakota Electricity Profile 2021, Tables 2A, 2B.
29 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Missouri Basin and Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas Gulf Regions, Lewis and Clark: Big Dam Era, updated September 29, 2017.
30 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of April 2023.
31 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual 2001-22.
32 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, South Dakota, updated June 17, 2022.
33 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022.
34 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F20, Electricity Consumption Estimates, 2021.
35 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
36 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, South Dakota, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Annual, 2001-22.
37 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
38 Todey, Dennis, South Dakota, "The Land of Infinite Variety," CoCoRaHs ‘State Climates' Series, accessed June 16, 2023.
39 U.S. Census Bureau, South Dakota, House Heating Fuel, American Community Survey, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B25040.
40 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
41 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy and Renewable Energy, United States—Land-Based and Offshore Annual Average Wind Speed at 100 m (December 13, 2013).
42 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B.
43 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2023), Table 6.2.B.
44 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of April 2023, South Dakota, Onshore Wind Turbine.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of April 2023, South Dakota, Onshore Wind Turbine.
46 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
47 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Crop Production, 2022 Summary (January 2023), p. 10.
48 "U.S. Ethanol Plant, RINs, Operational," Ethanol Producer Magazine (April 26, 2023).
49 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2021.
50 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2021.
51 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2021.
52 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, Nameplate Capacities of Fuel Ethanol Plants, January 2022, Excel file.
53 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2021.
54 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2017 Census of Agriculture, State Profile, South Dakota, p. 2.
55 "New dairy methane project launched in South Dakota," Solid Waste & Recycling (February 14, 2020).
56 UGI Corporation, UGI Announces Investment in Additional Renewable Natural Gas Projects in South Dakota, Press Release (January 4, 2023).
57 City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, SiouxperGrow (Biosolids) Program, accessed June 20, 2023.
58 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, All fuels, Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
59 U.S. EIA, Glossary, Densified Biomass Fuel, accessed June 20, 2023.
60 POET, Chancellor, SD, accessed June 20, 2023.
61 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, March 2023.
62 Roberts, Billy J., Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, National Solar Radiation Database Physical Solar Model, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
63 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, South Dakota, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-22.
64 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of April 2023 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of April 2023, South Dakota, Solar Photovoltaic.
65 Chiasson, Andrew, "The Economic, Environmental, and Social Benefits of Geothermal Use in the Dakotas," Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 31 No. 1 (May 2012), p. 1-4.
66 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Geothermal, Annual, 2001-22.
67 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, South Dakota Renewable, Recycled and Conserved Energy Objective, updated November 18, 2022.
68 South Dakota Public Utilities Commission, South Dakota's Renewable, Recycled and Conserved Energy Objective, Report for Calendar Year 2016 (December 29, 2017), Findings.
69 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, South Dakota Programs, accessed June 21, 2023.
70 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, South Dakota Interconnection Standards, updated October 27, 2016.
71 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021.
72 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, Annual as of January 1, 2023.
73 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual Thousands of Barrels, 2017-22.
74 U.S. Department of Energy, Fossil Energy Office of Oil and Natural Gas, South Dakota Natural Gas Flaring and Venting Regulations, South Dakota Producing Plays and Basins, updated May 2019.
75 South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Oil and Gas in South Dakota, Production and Injection Data, 2020 Oil and Gas Statistics.
76 U.S. EIA, South Dakota Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual (1981-2022).
77 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2017-22.
78 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, South Dakota, Crude Oil Pipelines Map Layer, accessed June 21, 2023.
79 The White House, "Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis," Sec. 6. Revoking the March 2019 Permit of the Keystone XL Pipeline, Press Release (January 20, 2021).
80 Ballotpedia, "Keystone XL Pipeline," accessed June 21, 2023.
81 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, South Dakota, Petroleum Product Pipelines Map Layer, accessed June 21, 2023.
82 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
83 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
84 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2021.
85 U.S. EIA, State-level average annual gasoline expenditures per capita ranged from $400 to $1,400, Today in Energy (August 14, 2019).
86 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table E20, Motor Gasoline Price and Expenditure Estimates, Ranked by State, 2021.
87 Lawson, B. K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements as of January 2018, ExxonMobil, accessed June 21, 2023.
88 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
89 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling, Station Locator, Advanced Filters, South Dakota, Public access, Ethanol (85), accessed June 21, 2023.
90 U.S. Census Bureau, South Dakota, House Heating Fuel, American Community Survey, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B25040.
91 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
92 U.S. EIA, Dry Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021.
93 U.S. EIA, South Dakota Natural Gas Number of Gas and Gas Condensate Wells, Annual, 1989-2020.
94 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, South Dakota, Annual, 2016-21.
95 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, South Dakota, Natural Gas Wells, accessed June 22, 2023.
96 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Number of Producing Gas Wells, 2015-20.
97 U.S. EIA, South Dakota Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2021.
98 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2017-22.
99 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, 2021.
100 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2021.
101 U.S. Census Bureau, South Dakota, House Heating Fuel, American Community Survey, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B25040.
102 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, South Dakota, Annual, 2022.
103 South Dakota Public Utilities Commission, South Dakota Utility Providers, accessed June 23, 2023.
104 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, South Dakota, Natural Gas Pipeline Map Layer, accessed June 22, 2023.
105 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, South Dakota, 2016-21.
106 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2016-21.
107 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, and 2020, and Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
108 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), By Coal Destination State, South Dakota Table DS-36, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2021.
109 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of April 2023.
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