Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: October 17, 2024
Overview
Indiana, a Great Lakes state, extends 270 miles south from Lake Michigan to the Ohio River at its southern border. The state is almost twice as long as it is wide, but, with the exception of Hawaii, it is the smallest state west of the Appalachians.1 Sediments deposited over millions of years, when much of the state was covered by inland seas and later by lush swamps, became the geologic layers that contain Indiana's fossil fuel resources, predominantly coal but also crude oil and some natural gas.2,3,4,5 The slightly rolling terrain in the northern two-thirds of the state is the result of the 2,000-foot-thick glacier that covered much of the state during the most recent Ice Age. The retreat of the glaciers more than 10,000 years ago left behind the fertile topsoil that supports Indiana's agriculture.6,7 Ample rainfall and rich prairie soils allow Indiana farmers to produce the abundant corn and soybean crops that are the feedstock for the state's ethanol and biodiesel industries.8,9,10 Indiana's open prairie also has abundant wind energy resources, and there are many large wind farms in west-central Indiana.11,12
Although Indiana is not a large state, it has a varied climate. In the north, Indiana experiences lake-effect snows and winds off Lake Michigan. In the south, the hilly terrain creates localized weather variations. The interplay of polar air moving south from Canada and warm, moist air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico influence the weather statewide. Indiana's winters can be bitterly cold, spring weather often includes tornadoes, and some summer days are very hot with high humidity.13 In part because of those weather extremes, Indiana ranks 10th among the states in total energy use per capita.14 The industrial sector is the state's largest energy-consuming sector and accounted for almost half of the state's total energy use.15 In addition to manufacturing about 84% of the recreational vehicles sold in the nation, Indiana's industries include energy-intensive chemical and primary metal manufacturing, as well as petroleum refining.16,17 The transportation sector is the second-largest energy consumer in Indiana, followed closely by the residential sector. Those two sectors each account for about one-fifth of the state's energy use. The commercial sector accounts for about one-seventh.18 Overall, Indiana consumes about three times more energy than the state produces.19
Coal
Indiana has about 1.4% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves, and it is the seventh-largest coal-producing state.20 Indiana mines yield almost 24 million tons of coal, which is about 4% of the nation's total production.21 All of the state's coal mines are in southwestern Indiana within the coal-rich Illinois Basin.22 Indiana uses about four-fifths of its mined coal in-state and ships most of the rest to almost a dozen other states by rail, barge, and truck.23 Indiana also exports about 5% of its mined coal to other countries.24
In 2023, Indiana was the nation’s second-largest coal consumer, after Texas.
In 2023, Indiana was the nation's second-largest coal consumer, after Texas. Indiana consumed about 26 million tons of coal, and most of it was used for electric power generation.25 Even though Indiana is one of the nation's top coal producers, the coal mined in the state does not meet state demand.26,27 Almost all of the additional coal used in Indiana arrives by rail and barge from mines in Kentucky, West Virginia, Illinois, and Wyoming.28 In 2023, Indiana consumed about 21 million tons of coal for electricity generation. Only Texas and Missouri used more coal for power generation. The industrial sector, which includes coke plants and other industrial users, accounted for most of the rest of the coal consumed in the state. Indiana ranks second in the nation in industrial sector coal use, after Pennsylvania.29,30 The state is a leader in steel manufacturing, and some of the coal used in Indiana goes to coking plants that supply the state's steel industry.31,32,33 However, the Indiana industrial sector's coal consumption has declined since 2010, and in 2023 it was about two-thirds of what it was in 2013. The commercial sector uses a small amount of coal.34
Electricity
Coal fuels the largest share of Indiana's total in-state utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) electricity generation.35 In 2023, coal's share of Indiana's net generation was greater than in all but six other states.36 Eight of Indiana's 10 largest power plants by capacity and 7 of its 10 largest by annual generation are coal-fired.37 However, coal-fired electricity generation in the state declined from 84% of total generation in 2013 to 45% in 2023.38 About 5,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity in Indiana have retired since 2013, and another almost 3,900 megawatts of coal-fired capacity are scheduled for retirement by the end of 2028.39 At the same time, natural gas-fired generation has offset most of the decline in coal-fired generation. The share of the state's total net generation from natural gas increased from 8% in 2013 to 39% in 2023.40 Renewable resources, primarily wind, supplied 14% of the state's total electricity net generation in 2023. About 2% of Indiana's total net generation came from other gases used to fuel power generation at industrial facilities.41
In 2023, Indiana ranked sixth in the nation in industrial sector electricity consumption.
In 2023, Indiana ranked 14th in the nation in total electricity sales, but the state was sixth in electricity sales to the industrial sector, which accounted for 43% of Indiana's electricity consumption.42,43 The residential sector, where 3 in 10 households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating, accounted for 33% of state power use.44,45 The commercial sector consumed 24%.46 In part because of the retirement of several large coal-fired power plants, since 2012 Indiana consumers used more electricity than in-state generators could provide. In 2022, 13% of Indiana's electricity supply came from other states.47
Indiana had about 600 public electric vehicle charging locations in mid-2024. Most of these charging locations are in and around Indiana's large cities of Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, and Gary.48,49 The state plans to invest almost $100 million to build charging locations throughout the state along its designated Alternative Fuel Corridors, spaced no more than 50 miles apart and within one mile off the exits of Indiana's interstate routes.50,51
Renewable energy
In 2023, renewable resources generated 14% of Indiana's total in-state electricity. Wind energy contributed the largest share at about 10% of the state's total generation.52 Indiana's largest utility-scale wind project came online in several phases with almost 600 megawatts of capacity.53 Today, wind turbines can be seen across central Indiana, and the state had about 3,400 megawatts of wind capacity as of mid-2024.54,55
Indiana also generates electricity with solar, hydroelectric, and biomass facilities. Southwestern Indiana has the state's best solar energy resources, but solar arrays are found statewide.56 Utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar power facilities provide over four-fifths of the electricity generated from solar resources in Indiana. The rest comes from small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) customer-sited installations like rooftop solar panels. Solar energy from all sources supplied about 2.5% of the state's total electricity net generation in 2023.57 Hydropower and biomass provided the rest of the state's renewable-sourced net generation. In part because of its relatively level terrain, Indiana has only six utility-scale hydroelectric facilities. A 54-megawatt hydroelectric plant on the Ohio River at Indiana's southeastern boundary is the state's largest.58,59,60 Most of Indiana's biomass power plants are fueled with landfill gas, but other biomass resources, including animal waste and municipal solid waste, are used to generate electricity.61,62,63 Indiana has two wood pellet plants that use woody biomass to manufacture up to 7,000 tons of pellets each year, which can be used for electricity generation and space heating.64
In 2022, Indiana was the sixth-largest fuel ethanol producer in the nation.
Part of Indiana's abundant corn crop provides the feedstock for biofuels production.65,66 The state has 14 fuel ethanol plants with a combined production capacity of nearly 1.4 billion gallons per year.67 Indiana is the sixth-largest producer of fuel ethanol in the nation. In 2022, the state produced about 1.2 billion gallons of fuel ethanol, which accounted for about 8% of U.S. total production.68 In 2022, Indiana consumed almost 305 million gallons of fuel ethanol, about one-fourth as much as the state produced.69 Indiana is also the nation's fifth-largest producer of biodiesel. The state's two biodiesel plants have a combined production capacity of 102 million gallons per year.70,71 In 2022, Indiana produced about 87 million gallons of biodiesel, accounting for about 5% of the nation's total output.72 The state consumed about 39 million gallons of biodiesel.73
Although Indiana's legislature created a voluntary clean energy portfolio standard in 2011, no Indiana utility has chosen to participate. If an electric utility elects to participate, it agrees to acquire 10% of the electricity it sells from clean energy sources by 2025. In return, the utility receives financial incentives.74,75 However, Indiana utilities must offer net metering to all customer-sited renewable generating facilities with less than 1 megawatt of capacity unless net metering exceeds 1% of a utility's most recent peak summer load.76
Petroleum
Indiana's proved crude oil reserves and production are small.77,78 Crude oil deposits were discovered in east-central Indiana in 1886. However, reserves were depleted, and production declined sharply in the early 20th century. As a result, the center of the state's crude oil production shifted to the Illinois Basin in southwestern Indiana. The state's crude oil output peaked at almost 13 million barrels per year in 1956.79,80 In 2023, the state's annual crude oil production dropped to 1.5 million barrels, accounting for about 0.03% of the nation's total crude oil output.81
The Whiting refinery in Indiana is the eighth-largest crude oil refinery in the nation.
Indiana has two petroleum refineries that together can process about 470,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, or almost 3% of the U.S. total.82 The Whiting refinery, located in northwestern Indiana, is the eighth-largest U.S. refinery and can process about 435,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. That refinery produces large quantities of motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel, as well as about 7% of the nation's asphalt.83,84 A second, small refinery, located in Mount Vernon at the southern tip of Indiana, processes crude oil from southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and western Kentucky. Its refined products include motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and lubricants that are delivered to customers in the region.85
The transportation sector uses about three-fourths of the petroleum consumed in Indiana. Almost half of that is in the form of motor gasoline and three-tenths is distillate fuel oil, mostly diesel fuel.86,87 Motor gasoline without ethanol can be sold in most of Indiana, but reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol is required in the state's northwestern corner near Chicago. Additionally, motor gasoline formulated to reduce the emissions that contribute to ground-level ozone is required during the summer months in southeastern Indiana counties across the river from Louisville, Kentucky.88,89 The industrial sector is the state's second-largest petroleum consumer and accounts for about 17% of the petroleum used in the state. The commercial and residential sectors consume nearly all the rest in almost equal amounts of 2.6% each.90 About 7 out of 100 Indiana's homes heat with petroleum products, mainly propane.91 The electric power sector accounts for about 0.2% of the state's petroleum consumption.92
Natural gas
Indiana does not have significant natural gas reserves, but the state does produce some natural gas.93 The number of wells completed using hydraulic fracturing increased the state's natural gas production, which peaked at 9.1 billion cubic feet in 2011. However, the state's annual output declined every year, except one, since then and was only about 3.8 billion cubic feet in 2023, which was about 0.01% of the U.S. total.94,95 Many of the state's natural gas fields are in east-central Indiana, where natural gas was first discovered in the mid-1870s, and the availability of advanced drilling technologies has renewed interest in a shallow natural gas play in the New Albany Shale in southwestern Indiana. Shallow coalbed methane resources also are found in southwestern Indiana.96
Many interstate natural gas pipeline systems cross Indiana, bringing natural gas into the state primarily through Ohio and Illinois.97,98 In 2023, Indiana consumed or stored about one-third of the natural gas that entered the state. Most of the rest continued on to Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, and Kentucky.99 Some of the natural gas that entered Indiana was placed in underground natural gas storage reservoirs for later use. The state has 23 natural gas underground storage fields whose combined total storage capacity of nearly 114 billion cubic feet is about 1% of the nation's total.100,101
Indiana is one of the nation’s top 10 natural gas-consuming states.
Indiana is one of the top 10 natural gas-consuming states, and it ranks 14th in per capita natural gas use.102 The industrial sector is the state's largest natural gas user, accounting for 46% of the natural gas delivered to Indiana consumers in 2023. As generation from the state's natural gas-fired power plants increased in recent years, consumption of natural gas by the state's electric power sector has risen.103,104 In 2023, natural gas use for electricity generation reached a record high and accounted for 30% of state consumption. About three times more natural gas was used for power generation in 2023 than a decade earlier. The Indiana electric power sector's natural gas consumption has exceeded that of the state's residential sector since 2016.105,106 In 2023, the residential sector, where almost three-fifths of state households use natural gas for space heating, received about 14% of the natural gas delivered to Indiana consumers. The commercial sector accounted for about 10% of the state's natural gas, and a small amount of natural gas was delivered to the transportation sector.107,108
Endnotes
1 NETSTATE, Indiana, The Geography of Indiana, accessed September 19, 2024.
2 Gray, Henry H., Nautiloids: Shelled Marauders of Indiana's Ordovician Seas, Indiana Geological and Water Survey, accessed September 19, 2024.
3 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
4 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2018-23.
5 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
6 NETSTATE, Indiana, The Geography of Indiana, accessed September 19, 2024.
7 City-Data, Indiana, Topography, accessed September 19, 2024.
8 Scheeringa, Ken, Indiana: "Don't like the weather? Just wait a few minutes and it will change," Indiana's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, accessed September 19, 2024.
9 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, Indiana.
10 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
11 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Maps & Data, Indiana Land-Based Wind Speed at 100 meters (December 11, 2020).
12 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Wind Power Plants, accessed September 19, 2024.
13 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Indiana, Narrative.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
16 RV Industry Association, 2023 RV Industry Profile, accessed September 19, 2024.
17 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in Current Dollars, Indiana, All statistics in the table, 2022.
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
20 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
21 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
22 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Wind Power Plants, accessed September 20, 2024.
23 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal, by Coal Origin State, Table OS-6, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2022, Indiana.
24 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), U.S. Domestic and Foreign Coal Distribution by State of Origin, 2022.
25 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), All states, Electric power (total), Commercial and institutional, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2023.
26 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
27 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
28 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal, By Coal Destination State, Indiana, Table DS-12, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
29 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), All states, Electric power (total), Commercial and institutional, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2023.
30 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), All states, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2023.
31 U.S. Geological Survey, Annual Publications, Iron and Steel, 2024.
32 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal, By Coal Destination State, Indiana, Table DS-12, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
33 "How does coke and coal play into steel making?," Federal Steel Supply Inc. (June 22, 2016).
34 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), Indiana, Electric power, Commercial and institutional, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2000-23.
35 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
36 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 1.4.B.
37 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Indiana Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
38 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
39 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, and Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2024.
40 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
41 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
42 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, All states, All sectors, Annual, 2023.
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, All states, Industrial sector, Annual, 2023.
44 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, House Heating Fuel, Table 25040, Home Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Indiana.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Indiana, Annual, 2023.
46 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Indiana, Annual, 2023.
47 U.S. EIA, Indiana Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
48 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (September 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only, Pubic & private ports.
49 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Indiana, accessed September 20, 2024.
50 Indiana Department of Transportation, Indiana EV, Charging the Crossroads, accessed September 20, 2024.
51 Indiana Department of Transportation, Indiana EV, Awarded Sites, accessed September 20, 2024.
52 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
53 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024.
54 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Wind Power Plants, accessed September 23, 2024.
55 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (September 2024), Table 6.2.B.
56 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Solar Power Plants, accessed September 23, 2024.
57 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
58 NETSTATE, Indiana, The Geography of Indiana, The Land, accessed September 23, 2024.
59 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Hydroelectric Power Plants, accessed September 23, 2024.
60 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024.
61 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024.
62 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Biomass Power Plants, accessed September 23, 2024.
63 Bio Town Ag, Our Operation, accessed September 23, 2024.
64 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (October 1, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, July 2024.
65 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, Indiana.
66 Ethanol Producer Magazine, Ethanol Plant List, accessed September 23, 2024.
67 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
68 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
69 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
70 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
71 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
72 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
74 Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission, 2021 Annual Report, p. 36-37.
75 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Indiana, Clean Energy Portfolio Standard, updated November 7, 2023.
76 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Indiana, Net Metering, updated March 7, 2024.
77 U.S. EIA, Indiana Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Annual, 1977-2019.
78 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2018-23.
79 Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana Geology, A Brief Overview of the History of the Petroleum Industry In Indiana, Trenton Field, accessed September 24, 2024.
80 U.S. EIA, Indiana Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual, 1981-2023.
81 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2018-23.
82 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Indiana, and United States, 2019-2024.
83 U.S. EIA, Oil and Petroleum Products Explained, Refining Crude Oil, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity, as of January 1, 2024.
84 BP plc, Indiana, BP's Economic Investment, updated September 2024.
85 CountryMark Cooperative Holding Corporation, About Us, Refinery, accessed September 24, 2024.
86 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
87 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
88 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, State Fuels, updated August 13, 2024.
89 Southern States Energy Board, Gardner, K. W., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
90 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
91 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, House Heating Fuel, Table 25040, Home Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Indiana.
92 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
93 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of December 31, Dry Natural Gas, Annual, 2016-21.
94 U.S. EIA, Indiana Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2023.
95 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, U.S. and Indiana, 2018-23.
96 Indiana Geological and Water Survey, A Brief Overview of the History of the Petroleum Industry in Indiana, accessed September 25, 2024.
97 U.S. EIA, International & Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
98 U.S. EIA Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed September 25, 2024.
99 U.S. EIA, International & Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
100 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, Annual, 2018-23.
101 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
102 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
103 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
104 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
105 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
106 U.S. EIA, Indiana Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, 1997-2023.
107 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, House Heating Fuel, Table 25040, Home Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Indiana.
108 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.