Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: November 19, 2025
Overview
Indiana, a Great Lakes state, extends 270 miles south from Lake Michigan to the Ohio River at its southern border. The state is almost twice as long as it is wide, but, with the exception of Hawaii, it is the smallest state west of the Appalachians.1 Sediments deposited over millions of years, when much of the state was covered by inland seas and later by lush swamps, became the geologic layers that contain Indiana's fossil fuel resources, predominantly coal but also crude oil and some natural gas.2,3,4,5 The slightly rolling terrain in the northern two-thirds of the state is the result of the 2,000-foot-thick glacier that covered much of the state during the most recent Ice Age. The retreat of the glacier more than 10,000 years ago left behind the fertile topsoil that supports Indiana's agriculture.6,7 Ample rainfall and rich prairie soils allow Indiana farmers to produce the abundant corn and soybean crops that are the feedstock for the state's ethanol and biodiesel industries.8,9,10 Indiana's open prairie also has abundant wind energy resources, and many large wind farms are located in west-central Indiana.11,12
Although Indiana is not a large state, it has a varied climate. In the north, Indiana experiences lake-effect snows and winds off Lake Michigan. In the south, the hilly terrain creates localized weather variations. The interplay of polar air moving south from Canada and warm, moist air moving north from the Gulf of America influence the weather statewide. Indiana's winters can be bitterly cold, spring weather often includes tornadoes, and some summer days are very hot with high humidity.13 In part because of those weather extremes, Indiana ranks 11th among the states in total energy use per capita.14 The industrial sector is the state's largest energy-consuming sector and accounts for almost half of the state's total energy use.15 In addition to manufacturing about 86% of the recreational vehicles sold in the nation, Indiana's industries include energy-intensive chemical and primary metal manufacturing, as well as petroleum refining.16,17 The transportation sector is the second-largest energy consumer in Indiana, accounting for slightly more than one-fifth of total energy use. The residential sector makes up just under one one-fifth of the state's energy consumption, and the commercial sector accounts for about one-eighth.18 Overall, Indiana consumes three times more energy than the state produces.19
Coal
Indiana has 1.4% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves, and it is the eighth-largest coal-producing state. Indiana mines yield almost 24 million tons of coal, which is 4% of the nation's total production.20,21 All of the state's coal mines are in southwestern Indiana within the coal-rich Illinois Basin.22 Indiana uses about four-fifths of its mined coal in-state and ships most of the rest to a dozen other states by rail, barge, and truck.23 Indiana also exports about 9% of its coal to other countries.24
In 2024, Indiana was the nation’s second-largest coal consumer, after Texas.
In 2024, Indiana was the nation's second-largest coal consumer, after Texas. Indiana consumed about 26 million tons of coal, and most of it was used for electric power generation.25 Even though Indiana is one of the nation's top coal producers, the coal that is mined in the state does not meet state demand.26,27 Almost all of the additional coal used in Indiana arrives by rail and barge from mines in West Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, and Wyoming.28 In 2024, Indiana consumed about 21 million tons of coal for electricity generation. Only Texas, Missouri, and Kentucky used more coal for generating electricity.29 The industrial sector, which includes coke plants and other industrial users, accounted for most of the rest of the coal consumed in the state. Indiana ranks third in the nation in industrial sector coal use, after Pennsylvania and North Dakota.30,31 The state is a leader in steel manufacturing, and some of the coal used in Indiana goes to coking plants that supply the state's steel industry.32,33,34 However, Indiana's industrial sector coal consumption has declined in recent years, and in 2024 it was about three-fourths of what it was in 2014. The commercial sector uses a small amount of coal.35
Electricity
Coal fuels the largest share of Indiana's total in-state electricity generation.36 In 2024, Indiana's coal-fired generation was greater than in all but three other states (Texas, Kentucky, and West Virginia).37 Seven of Indiana's 10 largest power plants by capacity and 5 of its 10 largest by annual generation are coal-fired.38 However, coal-fired electricity generation in the state declined from 85% of total generation in 2014 to 42% in 2024.39 About 5,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity in Indiana have retired since 2014, and almost another 3,900 megawatts of coal-fired capacity are scheduled for retirement by the end of 2028.40 At the same time, natural gas-fired generation has offset most of the decline in coal-fired generation. The share of the state's total net generation from natural gas increased from 8% in 2014 to 41% in 2024.41 Renewable resources, primarily wind, supplied 15% of the state's total electricity net generation in 2024. About 2% of Indiana's total net generation came from other gases used to fuel power generation at industrial facilities.42
In 2024, Indiana ranked sixth in the nation in industrial sector electricity consumption.
In 2024, Indiana ranked 12th in the nation in total electricity sales, but the state was sixth in electricity sales to the industrial sector, which accounted for 43% of Indiana's electricity consumption.43,44,45 The residential sector, where about one-third of state households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating, accounted for 33% of state power use.46,47 The commercial sector accounted for 24%.48 In part because of the retirement of several large coal-fired power plants, since 2012 Indiana consumers used more electricity than in-state generators could provide. In 2024, 13% of Indiana's electricity supply came from other states.49
Indiana had nearly 700 public electric vehicle charging locations in September 2025. Most of these charging locations are in and around the state's large cities of Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, and Gary.50,51
Renewable energy
In 2024, renewable resources generated 15% of Indiana's total in-state electricity. Wind energy contributed the largest share at 72% of the state's renewable generation and 11% of total generation.52 Indiana's largest utility-scale wind project came online in 2009 and has almost 600 megawatts of capacity.53 Today, wind turbines can be seen across central Indiana, and the state had about 3,650 megawatts of wind capacity as of mid-2025.54,55
Indiana also generates electricity with solar, hydroelectric, and biomass facilities. Solar energy from all sources supplied 24% of the state's renewable generation and nearly 4% of the state's total electricity net generation in 2024.56 Southwestern Indiana has the state's best solar energy resources, but solar arrays are found statewide.57,58 Utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar power facilities provide nearly 90% of the electricity generated in Indiana from solar resources. The rest comes from small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) customer-sited installations like rooftop solar panels.59 Hydropower and biomass provided the rest of the state's renewable-sourced net generation. In part because of its relatively level terrain, Indiana has only six utility-scale hydroelectric facilities. A 54-megawatt hydroelectric plant with three turbines on the Ohio River at Indiana's southeastern boundary is the state's largest.60,61 Most of Indiana's biomass power plants are fueled with landfill gas, but other biomass resources, including animal waste and municipal solid waste, are used to generate electricity.62,63,64 Indiana has two wood pellet plants that use woody biomass to manufacture up to 7,000 tons of pellets each year, which can be used for generating electricity and space heating.65
Indiana is the sixth-largest fuel ethanol producer in the nation.
Part of Indiana's abundant corn crop provides the feedstock for biofuels production.66,67 The state has 15 fuel ethanol plants with a combined production capacity of nearly 1.5 billion gallons per year.68 Indiana is the sixth-largest producer of fuel ethanol in the nation. In 2023, the state produced almost 1.3 billion gallons of fuel ethanol, which accounted for about 8% of U.S. total production.69 In 2023, Indiana consumed almost 309 million gallons of fuel ethanol, about one-fourth as much as the state produced.70 Indiana is also the nation's fifth-largest producer of biodiesel. The state's one biodiesel plant has a combined production capacity of 99 million gallons per year.71,72 In 2023, Indiana produced about 88 million gallons of biodiesel, accounting for about 5% of the nation's total output.73 The state consumed about 44 million gallons of biodiesel.74
Indiana's legislature created a voluntary clean energy portfolio standard in 2011. If an electric utility elects to participate, it agrees to acquire 10% of the electricity it sells from clean energy sources by 2025. In return, the utility receives financial incentives.75 Indiana utilities must offer net metering to all customer-sited renewable generating facilities with less than 1 megawatt of capacity unless net metering exceeds 1.5% of a utility's most recent peak summer load.76,77
Petroleum
Indiana's proved crude oil reserves and production are small.78,79 The state's first crude oil production well was drilled in east-central Indiana in 1886. However, reserves were depleted, and production declined sharply in the early 20th century. As a result, the center of the state's crude oil production shifted to the Illinois Basin in southwestern Indiana. The state's crude oil output peaked at almost 13 million barrels per year in 1956.80,81 In 2024, the state's annual crude oil production dropped to 1.6 million barrels, accounting for about 0.03% of the nation's total crude oil output.82
The Whiting refinery in Indiana is the eighth-largest crude oil refinery in the nation.
Indiana has two petroleum refineries that together can process about 470,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, almost 3% of U.S. total refining capacity.83 The Whiting refinery, located in northwestern Indiana near Chicago, is the eighth-largest U.S. refinery and can process about 435,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. That refinery produces large quantities of motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel, as well as about 7% of the nation's asphalt.84,85 A second, small refinery, located in Mount Vernon at the southern tip of Indiana, processes about 35,000 barrels a day of locally produced crude oil into petroleum products.86
The transportation sector uses more than three-fourths of the petroleum consumed in Indiana. Almost half of that is in the form of motor gasoline and three-tenths is distillate fuel oil, mostly diesel fuel.87,88 Motor gasoline without ethanol can be sold in most of Indiana, but reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol is required in the state's northwestern corner near Chicago. Additionally, motor gasoline formulated to reduce ground-level ozone is required during the summer months in southeastern Indiana counties across the river from Louisville, Kentucky.89,90 The industrial sector is the state's second-largest petroleum consumer and accounts for about 18% of the petroleum used in the state. The commercial and residential sectors together account for about 5% of state petroleum consumption.91 About 7 out of 100 Indiana's homes heat with petroleum products, mainly propane.92 The electric power sector accounts for a minor amount of the state's petroleum use to generate electricity.93
Natural gas
Indiana does not have significant natural gas reserves, but the state does produce some natural gas.94,95 The number of wells completed using hydraulic fracturing increased the state's natural gas production, which peaked at 9.1 billion cubic feet in 2011. However, the state's annual output declined every year except one since then, totaling only about 3.8 billion cubic feet in 2023, or about 0.01% of the U.S. total.96,97 Many of the state's natural gas fields are in east-central Indiana, where natural gas was first discovered in the mid-1870s.98,99
Many interstate natural gas pipeline systems cross Indiana, bringing natural gas into the state primarily through Ohio and Illinois.100,101 In 2023, Indiana consumed or stored about three-tenths of the natural gas that entered the state. Most of the rest continued on to Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan.102 Some of the natural gas that entered Indiana was placed in underground natural gas storage reservoirs for later use. Indiana has 23 natural gas underground storage fields whose combined total storage capacity of nearly 114 billion cubic feet is about 1% of the nation's total.103,104
Indiana is one of the nation’s top 10 natural gas-consuming states.
Indiana is the 10th-largest natural gas-consuming state, and it ranks 13th in per capita natural gas use.105 The industrial sector is the state's largest natural gas user, accounting for 45% of the natural gas delivered to Indiana consumers in 2024. As generation from the state's natural gas-fired power plants increased in recent years, consumption of natural gas by the state's electric power sector has risen.106,107 In 2024, natural gas use for electricity generation in the state reached a record high and accounted for 33% of natural gas deliveries. More than three times as much natural gas was used for power generation in 2024 than a decade earlier. The electric power sector's natural gas consumption has exceeded that of the state's residential sector since 2016.108,109 In 2024, the residential sector, where almost three-fifths of state households use natural gas for space heating, received about 14% of the natural gas delivered to Indiana consumers. The commercial sector accounted for about 9% of the state's natural gas use, and a small amount of natural gas was delivered to the transportation sector as vehicle fuel.110,111
Endnotes
1 NETSTATE, Indiana, The Geography of Indiana, accessed October 1, 2025.
2 Indiana Karst Conservancy, Stratigraphy of Southern Indiana, accessed October 1, 2025.
3 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
4 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2019-24.
5 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
6 NETSTATE, Indiana, The Geography of Indiana, accessed October 1, 2025.
7 City-Data, Indiana, Topography, accessed October 1, 2025.
8 Scheeringa, Ken, Indiana: "Don't like the weather? Just wait a few minutes and it will change," Indiana's Climate, The CoCoRaHS ‘State Climates' Series, accessed October 1, 2025.
9 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2024 State Agriculture Overview, Indiana.
10 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2023.
11 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Maps & Data, Indiana Land-Based Wind Speed at 100 meters (December 11, 2020).
12 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map Layer List: Wind Power Plants, accessed October 1, 2025.
13 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Indiana, Narrative.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2023.
16 RV Industry Association, 2024 RV Industry Profile, accessed October 1, 2025.
17 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP by industry in current dollars, Indiana, All statistics in the table, 2024.
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2023.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
20 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
21 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
22 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Indiana, Layer List: Wind Power Plants, accessed October 15, 2025.
23 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by: Origin State, Consumer, Destination and Method of Transportation, Indiana, Table OS-5, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2023.
24 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by: Domestic and Foreign Distribution of U.S. Coal by Origin State, 2023.
25 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), All states, Electric power (total), Commercial and institutional, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2024.
26 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
27 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2023 and 2022.
28 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by: Destination State, Consumer, Destination and Method of Transportation, Indiana, Table DS-12, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2023.
29 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), All states, Electric power (total), Annual, 2024.
30 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), Indiana, Electric power (total), Commercial and institutional, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2024.
31 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), All states, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2024.
32 U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, Iron and Steel, p. 94.
33 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by: Destination State, Consumer, Destination and Method of Transportation, Indiana, Table DS-12, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2023.
34 "How does coke and coal play into steel making?," Federal Steel Supply Inc. (June 22, 2016).
35 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total Consumption (Short tons), Indiana, Electric power, Commercial and institutional, Coke plants, Other industrial, Annual, 2000-24.
36 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
37 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Coal, All States, Annual, 2001-24.
38 U.S. EIA, Indiana Electricity Profile 2024, Table 2A, Table 2B, available in XLSX format.
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
40 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2025 and Inventory of Retired Generators as of September 2025, Plant State: Indiana, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
41 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
42 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), All states, All sectors, Annual, 2024.
44 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), All states, Industrial sector, Annual, 2024.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Indiana, Annual, 20234.
46 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, Indiana, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
47 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2024.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2024.
49 U.S. EIA, Indiana Electricity Profile 2024, Table 10, available in XLSX format.
50 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (October 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
51 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Indiana, accessed October 20, 2025.
52 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
53 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2025, Plant State: Indiana, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
54 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Indiana, Layer List: Wind Power Plants, accessed October 21, 2025.
55 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2025), Table 6.2.B.
56 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
57 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geospatial Data Science, Solar Resource Maps and Data, Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance map (February 22, 2018).
58 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Indiana, Layer List: State Mask Indiana, Solar Power Plants, accessed October 21, 2025.
59 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Indiana, Annual, 2001-24.
60 NETSTATE, Indiana, The Geography of Indiana, The Land, accessed October 21, 2025.
61 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2025, Plant State: Indiana, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
62 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2025, Plant State: Indiana, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Other Waste Biomass.
63 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Indiana, Layer List: Biomass Power Plants, accessed October 21, 2025.
64 Bio Town Ag, Our Operation, accessed October 21, 2025.
65 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (September 18, 2025), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2025.
66 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2024 State Agriculture Overview, Indiana.
67 Ethanol Producer Magazine, Ethanol Plant List, accessed October 21, 2025.
68 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
69 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2023.
70 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F31, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2023.
71 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2023.
72 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2023.
74 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
75 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Indiana, Clean Energy Portfolio Standard, updated November 18, 2024.
76 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Indiana, Net Metering, updated February 28, 2025.
77 Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission, 2025 Annual Report, p. 53.
78 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
79 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production (Thousand Barrels), Annual, 2019-24.
80 Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Energy Resources Overview, Oil and Gas, accessed October 22, 2025.
81 U.S. EIA, Indiana Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels), Annual, 1981-2024.
82 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production (Thousand Barrels), Annual, 2019-24.
83 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Indiana, and United States, 2020-2025.
84 U.S. EIA, Oil and Petroleum Products Explained, Refining Crude Oil, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity, as of January 1, 2024.
85 BP plc, Whiting refinery, accessed October 22, 2025.
86 CountryMark, Refinery, accessed October 22, 2025.
87 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
88 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2023.
89 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, State Fuels, updated January 15, 2025.
90 Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
91 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
92 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, Indiana, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
93 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
94 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 8, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
95 U.S. EIA, Indiana Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals (Million Cubic Feet), 1967-2023.
96 U.S. EIA, Indiana Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals (Million Cubic Feet), 1967-2023.
97 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, U.S. and Indiana, 2023.
98 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Indiana, Layer List: Natural Gas Wells, accessed October 23, 2025.
99 Chandler, Craig, The Indiana Gas Boom, Storymaps (April 27, 2021).
100 U.S. EIA, International & Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
101 U.S. EIA, Indiana Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Indiana, Layer List: Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed October 23, 2025.
102 U.S. EIA, International & Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
103 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
104 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Indiana, Annual, 2018-23.
105 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
106 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (Million Cubic Feet), Indiana, Annual, 2019-24.
107 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Indiana, Annual, 2001-23.
108 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (Million Cubic Feet), Indiana, Annual, 2019-24.
109 U.S. EIA, Indiana Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers (Million Cubic Feet), 1997-2024.
110 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, Indiana, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
111 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (Million Cubic Feet), Indiana, Annual, 2019-24.