Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: October 17, 2024
Overview
Kentucky, home to the nation's gold reserves at Fort Knox and the popular Kentucky Derby horse race at Churchill Downs in Louisville, became the first state west of the Appalachian Mountains in 1792.1 Bordered on the north by the Ohio River, Kentucky stretches from the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the flood plain of the Mississippi River in the west.2 In between, the rolling hills of the state's fertile Bluegrass region extend southward from the Ohio River to the Pennyroyal region, which is famous for its thousands of caverns and springs, including Mammoth Cave National Park.3,4 Major coal deposits are found both in the Central Appalachian Basin in the eastern part of the state and in the Illinois Basin in the northwest.5 Those basins also contain crude oil and natural gas reserves.6,7 Dams on the Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Laurel rivers provide Kentucky with hydroelectric power.8 Although two-thirds of Kentucky's agricultural economy is livestock, primarily thoroughbred horses and beef cattle, the state's ample rainfall, temperate climate, and fertile soils provide ideal conditions for growing several crops, including tobacco, soybeans, corn, and wheat.9,10,11 Corn and beverage waste from Kentucky distilleries provide feedstock for the state's fuel ethanol production.12,13
Kentucky has an energy-intensive economy, and ranks among the top 10 states in the amount of energy used per dollar of GDP.14 The industrial sector is the state's largest energy consumer, accounting for about 35% of total end-use energy consumption.15 The manufacture of food, beverage, and tobacco products; motor vehicles; primary and fabricated metal products; and chemicals are major contributors to the state's GDP, as are agriculture and forestry. Coal mining and petroleum refining are two of Kentucky's energy-intensive industries.16 The transportation sector represents about 30% of the state's energy consumption, followed by the residential sector at about 20%, and the commercial sector accounts for about 15% of state energy use.17
Coal
Kentucky is the sixth-largest coal producer among the states.
Kentucky ranks fifth in the nation in estimated recoverable coal reserves and sixth in coal production.18,19 Coal was mined in Kentucky as early as 1790. Since then, more than 10 billion tons of coal have been mined in the state.20,21 Three-fifths of Kentucky's coal mines are surface mines, but underground mines account for almost 80% of the state's coal production.22 The state's mines produce only bituminous coal, which is the most abundant type of coal found in the United States and is used for producing electricity, iron, and steel.23,24 For many years, Kentucky was the third-largest coal-producing state, after Wyoming and West Virginia, and typically accounted for about one-tenth of total U.S. coal production.25 However, Kentucky's coal production declined in response to lower prices as U.S. coal-fired electricity generating plants shut down and generation from renewables and natural gas increased.26,27,28 In 2020, Kentucky's coal production declined to its lowest level since 1915. Although the state's coal output increased in 2021 and 2022, it declined slightly in 2023 and accounted for just under 5% of total U.S. production.29,30,31,32 Still, one out of five U.S. operating coal mines are located in Kentucky, and it has more mines than in any other state except for West Virginia.33
Kentucky plays an important role in the benchmark prices for eastern U.S. coal, which are determined in the Central Appalachian (CAPP) coal delivery zone located near where the Big Sandy River flows into the Ohio River. Kentucky meets Ohio and West Virginia at the rivers' confluence, and coal is delivered to the CAPP from mines in those three states, as well as from Virginia and Tennessee. The coal arrives by rail or truck for transport on multi-car trains and barges to customers—including coal-fired electricity generating plants, industrial plants, commercial and institutional facilities, and coking plants—throughout the country.34,35
About 85% of Kentucky's mined coal stays in the United States, with nearly half of that coal remaining in Kentucky. The rest of the coal is sent to 20 other states, where it is burned primarily by power plants to generate electricity.36,37 Kentucky ranks among the top 10 states in coal consumption, and nearly all that coal is used for electricity generation. In 2022, about 45% of Kentucky's coal needs were met with the state's own coal, and the remaining coal consumed in Kentucky was brought in from other states, primarily Wyoming, Illinois, and West Virginia.38,39,40
Electricity
In 2023, coal generated 68% of Kentucky’s in-state electricity, a larger share than all but two other states.
In 2023, coal-fired power plants supplied 68% of Kentucky's electricity generation, the third-largest share among the states after West Virginia and Wyoming.41,42 Coal-fired power plants produced more than 90% of Kentucky's net generation a decade earlier. However, older coal-fired generating units have become more costly to operate, resulting in about 5,600 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity in the state shutting down since 2013.43,44,45,46 Kentucky remains among the top 5 states in the nation with the most coal-fired generating capacity, about 9,200 megawatts at the beginning of 2024.47
Natural gas provides an increasing amount of Kentucky's net generation. In 2023, natural gas-fired power plants generated 23% of the state's electricity, almost 15 times greater than the share from a decade earlier. The rest of Kentucky's electricity generation in 2023, less than one-tenth, came mostly from hydroelectric power plants, along with small contributions from biomass, solar energy, and petroleum-fired generation.48
In 2023, Kentucky had the 13th-lowest average electricity price of any state and the lowest price east of the Mississippi River.49 Slightly more than half of Kentucky households use electricity as their primary heating source.50
In mid-2024, Kentucky had about 330 public electric vehicle charging locations, most of which were located in the Louisville and Lexington metropolitan areas.51,52 The state plans to use $87 million in federal, non-federal, and private funds over five years from 2022 to 2026 to help pay for new charging locations spaced no more than 50 miles apart and within one mile of the exits along Kentucky's major Alternative Fuel Corridors, which include interstates I-64, I-65, and I-75.53
Petroleum
Kentucky accounts for less than 1% of U.S. proved crude oil reserves and production.54,55 Half the state's counties have producing oil wells, and the highest producing areas are located in eastern and western Kentucky.56,57 Kentucky's oil production of nearly 1.9 million barrels in 2023 was less than one-fourth of the state's record oil production of 7.9 million barrels in 1983. The state's annual oil production has been less than 3 million barrels every year, except for two, since 2000.58
Kentucky has one oil refinery that can process up to 300,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.
Kentucky has one operating crude oil refinery, located in the city of Catlettsburg in the northeastern part of the state. It is the 15th-largest U.S. refinery and can process 300,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day to manufacture motor gasoline, distillates, asphalt, heavy fuel oil, and propane. The Catlettsburg refinery accounts for about 1.6% of U.S. refining capacity.59,60,61 A smaller refinery located in the city of Somerset in southeastern Kentucky, which could process about 5,500 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, closed in 2020 for economic reasons. The refinery's owner converted the facility to process soybeans to produce biodiesel.62,63,64,65 Additional refined petroleum products arrive in the state via interstate pipelines and by river barges at Kentucky ports along the Ohio River.66,67,68
The transportation sector uses three out of every four barrels of petroleum consumed in Kentucky, and motor gasoline accounts for about two-fifths the state's total petroleum use.69,70 Conventional motor gasoline can be sold statewide, except for in all or part of three counties around Louisville that allow only reformulated gasoline blended with ethanol to reduce air pollution. In 2018, with the approval of the federal government, the Kentucky state government withdrew three of its counties that make up the southern suburbs of Cincinnati, Ohio, from the federal reformulated gasoline program.71,72,73 The industrial sector accounts for about one-fifth of the petroleum consumed in Kentucky. The rest of the small amount of petroleum used in the state is split almost equally between the residential sector and the commercial sector. About 7 out of 100 Kentucky households heat with propane, fuel oil, or kerosene.74,75
Natural gas
Kentucky holds about 0.2% of U.S. proved natural gas reserves, but organic-rich shales that underlie eastern Kentucky may hold substantial additional natural gas resources.76,77,78 The state accounts for about 0.2% of the nation's marketed natural gas production.79 Most of the state's natural gas is produced from wells located in eastern Kentucky.80 The state's annual natural gas production increased in the early 2000s, peaking in 2010 at about 135 billion cubic feet, but has declined one-third since then to about 90 billion cubic feet in 2023.81
Kentucky’s 22 underground storage facilities can hold almost 222 billion cubic feet of natural gas.
Consumption of natural gas in Kentucky is nearly four times greater than the state's production, and several interstate natural gas pipelines bring natural gas supplies to Kentucky consumers.82,83,84 For more than two decades, most of the natural gas that entered Kentucky arrived by pipeline from the U.S. Gulf Coast. However, starting in 2015 Kentucky began to receive more natural gas produced in the Utica and Marcellus shale formations in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. In 2023, about three-fourths of the natural gas transported by pipeline to Kentucky came from Ohio and West Virginia. About 89% of the natural gas that entered Kentucky was sent on to other states, primarily Tennessee and Indiana.85 Some natural gas stays in Kentucky in underground storage. The state has 22 underground natural gas storage facilities that can hold nearly 222 billion cubic feet of gas—about 2% of U.S. total storage capacity.86,87
In 2023, Kentucky's industrial sector consumed record volumes of natural gas and accounted for 41% of the natural gas used in the state. The electric power sector makes up 35% of natural gas use, with natural gas consumption by the sector about seven times greater than in 2013. The residential sector, where about one-third of Kentucky households use natural gas for home heating, received about 13% of the natural gas delivered to end users in the state. The commercial sector accounted for about 11% of state natural gas consumption. A minor amount of natural gas is used in the transportation sector.88,89 Kentucky ranks at the midpoint of the states in per capita total natural gas consumption.90
Renewable energy
Renewable resources are a relatively small part of Kentucky's energy mix. Hydropower accounts for nearly all of the state's renewable electricity generation. In 2023, 11 hydroelectric dams produced about 7% of the state's total electricity net generation.91,92 Almost one-twelfth of the renewable generation in Kentucky, or about 0.7% of the state's total generation, came from biomass.93 Most of the biomass-fueled electricity generating facilities in Kentucky use landfill gas. However, the largest biomass facility—with 49 megawatts of capacity and accounting for slightly more than two-thirds of the state's total biomass generation capacity—uses wood waste.94 The state's biomass resources include its forests, which provide feedstock for two wood pellet manufacturing plants that have a combined production capacity of 80,000 tons a year.95 About 2% of Kentucky households heat with wood.96
Kentucky has both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt), customer-sited solar power generation facilities, which together accounted for 0.5% of the state's total electricity generation in 2023.97 The state's largest utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) generating facility is a 55-megawatt solar farm that came online in mid-2024 about 40 miles east of Bowling Green. A 160-megawatt solar farm near the state's border with Indiana is scheduled to come online at the end of 2024.98 Kentucky has few wind resources suitable for utility-scale power projects, and there are no commercial wind power facilities in the state.99,100
Kentucky has two fuel ethanol production plants with a combined capacity of about 55 million gallons per year.101 A plant owned by a farmers' cooperative produces most of the ethanol, using corn as its primary feedstock.102 The smaller ethanol plant is a recycling operation in a former bourbon distillery in Louisville that produces ethanol from waste from non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages; sugars; industrial alcohols; health and beauty alcohols (mouthwash and perfumes); and pharmaceutical manufacturing by-products.103 The state's annual ethanol consumption of 218 million gallons is six times greater than the 36 million gallons produced in the state. Kentucky has two biodiesel production plants, which combined make about 47 million gallons per year, 75% more the state's annual biodiesel consumption of about 27 million barrels.104,105,106,107
Kentucky does not have a renewable portfolio standard or goal to require a certain amount of the state's electricity to be generated by renewable sources.108 However, state law provides for net metering of small-scale renewable generation from solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and biogas facilities of 45 kilowatts or less. Each investor-owned utility and rural electric cooperative's obligation to connect eligible small-scale generators is limited to 1% of the power provider's peak single-hour electricity load during the previous year.109
Endnotes
1 U.S. News & World Report, Kentucky, accessed September 4, 2024.
2 World Atlas, Kentucky, Kentucky Geography, accessed September 4, 2024.
3 Kentucky Geological Survey, Physiographic Map of Kentucky and The Mississippian Plateau or Pennyroyal Region, accessed September 4, 2024.
4 Kentucky Geological Survey, The Bluegrass Region, accessed September 4, 2024.
5 U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Coalfields of the Conterminous United States, accessed September 4, 2024.
6 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Kentucky, U.S. Coal Fields, Tight Oil and Shale Gas Plays, accessed September 4, 2024.
7 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6 and Table 8.
8 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Kentucky, Hydroelectric Power Plants, accessed September 4, 2024.
9 Kentucky Geological Survey, The Bluegrass Region, accessed September 4, 2024.
10 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Studies, State Climate Summaries 2022, Kentucky, accessed September 4, 2024.
11 NETSTATE, Kentucky, Kentucky Economy, updated December 19, 2017.
12 Kentucky Clean Fuels Coalition, Who is Producing Ethanol in Kentucky, accessed September 4, 2024.
13 Parallel Products, Beverage Destruction and Recycling, accessed September 4, 2024.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
16 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in Current Dollars, Kentucky, All statistics in table, 2022.
17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
18 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
19 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2023 (April 2024), Table 2, Coal production by state, Year to date, 2023.
20 Kentucky Geological Survey, Kentucky Coal Production, Search the Kentucky Geological Survey's coal production database, accessed September 5, 2024.
21 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), Total, Annual, Kentucky, 2001-22.
22 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
23 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
24 U.S. EIA, Coal Explained, Types of coal, Bituminous, updated October 24, 2023.
25 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), Total, Annual, U.S., Wyoming, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kentucky, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, East South Central, and South Atlantic, 2001-22.
26 U.S. EIA, "U.S. coal-fired electricity generation decreased in 2022 and 2023," Today in Energy (May 10, 2024).
27 U.S. EIA, "U.S. coal shipments declined by 8% in 2023 as coal consumption fell sharply," Today in Energy (July 16, 2024).
28 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: United States, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
29 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), Total, Annual, United States, Kentucky, 2001-22.
30 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data Systems, State Energy Production Estimates 1960 Through 2022, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Kentucky, 1960-2022, p. 50.
31 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2023 (April 2024), Table 2, Coal production by state, Year to date, 2023.
32 Kentucky Geological Survey, Search the Coal Production Database, All Kentucky, Sum results by year, 1790-2017.
33 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
34 U.S. EIA, "Trading Point: Central Appalachian (CAPP) Is the Nation's Benchmark Price for Eastern Coal," Today in Energy (September 19, 2012).
35 Statista, United States Central Appalachian coal spot price from 1990 to 2023, accessed September 5, 2024.
36 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by origin State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Kentucky, Table OS-7, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2022.
37 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic and Foreign Distribution of U.S. Coal by State of Origin, 2022.
38 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2022.
39 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
40 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Kentucky, Table DS-15, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
41 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Kentucky, Annual, 2001-23.
42 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 1.4.B.
43 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Kentucky, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
44 U.S. EIA, "U.S. coal-fired electricity generation decreased in 2022 and 2023," Today in Energy (May 10, 2024).
45 U.S. EIA, "Coal and natural gas plants will account for 98% of U.S. capacity retirements in 2023," Today in Energy (February 7, 2023).
46 "TVA's Paradise Fossil Power Plant closes after 50 years," WFIE (February 2, 2020).
47 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 6.2.C.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Kentucky, Annual, 2001-23.
49 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 5.6.B.
50 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Kentucky.
51 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (August 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS.
52 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Kentucky, accessed September 16, 2024.
53 Kentucky EV Charging Program, accessed September 16, 2024.
54 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
55 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, Annual, 2016-21.
56 Kentucky Geological Survey, Oil and Natural Gas in Kentucky (June 2019), Leading Producing Zones, p. 1.
57 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Kentucky, Oil Wells Generalized, accessed September 16, 2024.
58 U.S. EIA, Kentucky Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual, Thousand Barrels, 1981-2023.
59 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 2024), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2024 and Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State and Individual Refinery as of January 1, 2024.
60 U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity as of January 1, 2024, See full list of refineries, Kentucky.
61 Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Catlettsburg Refinery, accessed September 17, 2024.
62 Mardis, Bill, "Continental Refinery will not resume production," Commonwealth Journal (July 8, 2020).
63 Continental Refining Company, "Continental Refining breaks ground on soybean biodiesel refinery in Somerset," Press Release (December 21, 2021).
64 Continental Refining Company, "Continental Refining updates its progress in $31.5M transformation to BioFuels," Press Release (September 20, 2022).
65 "CRC Begins Biofuel Production at Kentucky Plant," Biodiesel Magazine (January 24, 2023).
66 Kentucky Department of Transportation, Public Riverports, accessed September 16, 2024.
67 U.S. Department of Energy, State of Kentucky Energy Sector Risk Profile, p. 4, accessed September 16, 2024.
68 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Kentucky, Petroleum Product Pipelines, Petroleum Product Terminals, Petroleum Ports, Waterways for Petroleum Movement, accessed September 16, 2024.
69 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
70 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
71 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Reformulated Gasoline, "Opt-In" Areas, accessed September 16, 2024.
72 Southern States Energy Board, Gardner, K. W., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
73 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Removal of the RFG Program from the Northern Kentucky Area of the Cincinnati-Hamilton Ozone Maintenance Area, updated February 1, 2024.
74 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
75 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Kentucky.
76 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Wet Natural Gas, Annual, 2016-21.
77 "KGS to Study Deep Unconventional Oil and Gas Potential with U.S. Department of Energy Grant," University of Kentucky News (December 19, 2019).
78 "Kentucky Launches New Study of Rogersville Shale Potential," Marcellus Drilling News (January 2, 2020).
79 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2018-23.
80 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Kentucky, Gas Wells Generalized, accessed September 17, 2024.
81 U.S. EIA, Kentucky Natural Gas Marketed Production, Annual, 1967-2023.
82 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2018-23.
83 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Kentucky, Annual, 2018-23.
84 U.S. Department of Energy, State of Kentucky Energy Sector Risk Profile, p. 6, accessed September 17, 2024.
85 U.S. EIA, International & Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Kentucky, Annual, 1989-2023.
86 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, Annual, 2018-23.
87 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
88 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Kentucky, Annual, 2018-23.
89 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Kentucky.
90 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
91 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Kentucky, Annual, 2001-23.
92 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data, 2023 Form EIA-860 Data - Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only), Plant State: Kentucky, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
93 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Kentucky, Annual, 2001-23.
94 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Kentucky, Technology: Wood/Wood Waste Biomass, Landfill Gas.
95 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, (October 1, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, July 2024.
96 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Kentucky.
97 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Kentucky, Annual, 2001-23.
98 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Kentucky, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic and Inventory of Planned Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Kentucky, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
99 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Kentucky, Maps & Data, accessed September 18, 2024.
100 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Kentucky, Technology: Select All.
101 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 14, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
102 Commonwealth Agri-Energy, About Us, accessed September 18, 2024.
103 Parallel Products Inc., Louisville, KY, accessed September 18, 2024.
104 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
105 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2022.
106 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
107 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
108 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Renewable & Clean Energy Standards (December 2023).
109 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Kentucky Net Metering, updated August 27, 2024.