Last Updated: March 19, 2020

Overview

Situated at the mouth of the Mississippi River, Louisiana has abundant crude oil and natural gas reserves both onshore and offshore, buried beneath the thick sediments of the Mississippi Delta.^1,2 Freshwater and saltwater wetlands cover about one-third of Louisiana's area. The state rises gradually from the marshes, bayous, and estuaries along its extensive Gulf of Mexico coastline to the prairie in the state's north and west. On average, Louisiana is only 100 feet above sea level.^3,4

In addition to crude oil and natural gas, Louisiana's energy resources include minor deposits of coal and substantial biomass resources from agricultural byproducts, wood, and wood waste.^5,6,7 Louisiana's subtropical climate—with the highest annual rainfall of any state on the U.S. mainland—and rich soils create a diverse agricultural economy that includes sugarcane, rice, and livestock, as well as forest products from upland pine and hardwood forests.^8,9

Louisiana's total energy consumption and per capita energy consumption both rank among the top three states in the nation, largely because of the energy-intensive chemical, petroleum, and natural gas industries in the state's industrial sector.^10,11,12,13 Energy consumption in Louisiana's industrial sector is second only to that of Texas.¹⁴ Although demand for air conditioning in Louisiana is high during the hot, humid summer months, heating demand is limited in the mild winters, and the state's total and per capita energy consumption in the residential sector are both near the national median.^15,16,17,18

Natural gas

Louisiana is one of the top five states in both natural gas production and reserves. The state accounts for about 9% of U.S. marketed gas production and holds about 7% of the nation's natural gas proved reserves.^19,20 Among its many productive areas is the Haynesville Shale formation, located mainly in northwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas, which is one of seven key U.S. natural gas-producing regions.²¹ Recent increases in drilling activity and well production rates have raised monthly natural gas production in the Haynesville Shale to its highest level on record.²²

Louisiana is the third-largest natural gas-consuming state, after Texas and California, and it is the second-largest natural gas consumer on a per capita basis, after Alaska.^23,24 The industrial sector used three-fourths of the natural gas consumed in Louisiana in 2018. The electric power sector consumed another one-fifth. About one out of three Louisiana households rely on natural gas for home heating, but the share of gas consumed by the residential sector is small—about 2.5% of total gas consumption—because of the state's mild winters.^25,26

Louisiana receives natural gas from and delivers gas supplies to other states via a vast network of interstate pipelines.²⁷ In 2018, Louisiana's use of natural gas to maintain pressure in its many pipelines was the highest of any state in the nation.²⁸ Nearly one-half of the natural gas that enters Louisiana comes from Texas and close to one-fifth comes from Mississippi. Almost another one-fifth of the natural gas arrives onshore from federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico. Domestically, Louisiana plays an essential role in the movement of natural gas from the U.S. Gulf Coast region to markets throughout the country. The state has the most active natural gas market center in North America-the Henry Hub in Erath, Louisiana-where nine interstate and four intrastate pipelines interconnect to provide natural gas to major markets throughout the country. The Henry Hub is the benchmark price location for natural gas physical and futures trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange.²⁹ About 80% of the natural gas that leaves Louisiana goes to other states. The other 20% is exported to nearly 30 countries. South Korea, Mexico, and China received about one-half of those natural gas exports in 2018.³⁰

U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports are growing and Louisiana handles most of those shipments.^31,32 Louisiana has two LNG export terminals—Sabine Pass began operating in early 2016 and Cameron LNG came online in mid-2019.^33,34 Sabine Pass handled about 3.1 billion cubic feet a day in natural gas exports—or 63% of the U.S. total—in 2019, and Cameron LNG handled about 4% of U.S. shipments.³⁵ When fully operational with six liquefaction units, Sabine Pass will be able to process over 3.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day.³⁶ Cameron LNG had one liquefaction unit operating at the end of 2019, but if its planned five units become fully operational, the facility will have an LNG export capacity of 3.5 billion cubic feet per day.³⁷

Louisiana has 19 underground natural gas storage sites located in salt caverns and depleted fields, accounting for 8% of total U.S. underground storage capacity.^38,39 Those facilities allow Louisiana to store natural gas when national demand is low and to quickly ramp up delivery when markets across the country require larger volumes of gas. Historically, natural gas demand is highest in the winter, when it is needed for home heating. With the growing use of natural gas for U.S. electricity generation, Louisiana withdraws natural gas from storage during the summer months as well, when electricity demand rises for air conditioning.^40,41,42

Petroleum

Louisiana ranks among the top 10 states in both crude oil reserves and crude oil production, accounting for about 1% of both U.S. total oil reserves and production.^43,44 However, the state's annual production of crude oil has fallen to less than half its 2000 level, and in 2019, output was the lowest in more than six decades, due to lower oil prices and less expensive production costs in other parts of the country.^45,46,47

Commercial crude oil production in Louisiana started early in the 20th century, soon after the 1901 discovery of the Spindletop oil field just over the border in Texas.⁴⁸ In 1947, the first offshore U.S. commercial crude oil well that was out of sight of land was completed 10 miles off the Louisiana coast. Although the water was only 18 feet deep, the well was a significant achievement in opening the Gulf of Mexico to crude oil production.⁴⁹ The Gulf has become one of the largest U.S. crude oil-producing regions and it holds substantial oil reserves.^50,51 Many of the nation's largest oil fields are found off the Louisiana coast in the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) waters, and a large share of federal OCS production in the Gulf of Mexico is piped onshore in Louisiana.^52,53

Louisiana's offshore petroleum industry experienced a serious setback in April 2010, when an explosion and fire sank the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform 40 miles off the Louisiana coast, killing 11 workers and resulting in the largest crude oil spill in U.S. history. In less than three months, an estimated 4.9 million barrels of crude oil were released into the Gulf of Mexico.⁵⁴ The spill resulted in a temporary moratorium on new deep water drilling in the Gulf. The drilling ban ended in October 2010 after new safety rules for offshore drilling and new requirements for oil spill response and containment were adopted. The federal agencies that oversee offshore drilling were also restructured.^55,56

Louisiana is among the top four states that receive U.S. waterborne foreign crude oil imports.⁵⁷ Crude oil arrives at several state ports, including the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP). The LOOP, which began receiving foreign crude oil in 1981, is the nation's first and only deep-water oil port. It provides offloading for some of the largest tankers in the world and can receive between one and two million barrels per day.^58,59 It is the single largest point of entry for waterborne crude oil shipped to the United States.⁶⁰ The LOOP's onshore facilities include the Clovelly Dome Storage Terminal, where nearly 60 million barrels of crude oil can be stored in eight underground salt caverns.⁶¹ Aboveground storage was recently expanded to hold about 12 million barrels.⁶² Through a network of crude oil pipelines, the LOOP is connected to more than half of the refining capacity in the United States.⁶³ With U.S. oil production increasing, the Clovelly Dome storage facilities are used for domestic as well as imported crude oil. The LOOP added loading capability for U.S. crude oil exports and sent out its first crude oil shipments in early 2018.^64,65,66

Louisiana is home to two of the four storage sites that make up the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which is capable of holding an emergency stockpile of more than 700 million barrels of crude oil. At the two Louisiana reserve sites-Bayou Choctaw and West Hackberry-crude oil is stored in 27 underground salt caverns with a combined authorized storage capacity of about 296 million barrels.⁶⁷

Louisiana's 17 oil refineries account for nearly one-fifth of the nation's refining capacity and are capable of processing about 3.3 million barrels of crude oil per calendar day.^68,69 Many of the state's refineries use advanced technology that enable refining processes to yield a larger quantity of lighter, higher-value petroleum products such as motor gasoline and jet fuel.⁷⁰ Louisiana refineries can process a wide variety of crude oil types from around the world, although the state's refineries use less foreign oil than in the past. Instead, the refineries use more oil produced from the Gulf of Mexico, where federal offshore production reached a record high in 2019 of nearly 1.9 million barrels per day.^71,72

Most of Louisiana's refined petroleum products are sent out of state.⁷³ The 3,100-mile Plantation Pipeline network, one of the nation's largest refined petroleum product pipelines, runs from near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, through several southern states and terminates in the suburbs of Washington, DC, distributing about 700,000 barrels per day of motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and biodiesel throughout much of the South.⁷⁴ The 5,500-mile Colonial Pipeline, which begins in Houston, Texas, also passes through Louisiana and carries about 2.5 million barrels per day of petroleum products to 11 other states before it ends in Linden, New Jersey.^75,76 Louisiana's refineries also supply the state's industrial sector, particularly the petrochemical industry.⁷⁷ Louisiana has one of the largest concentrations of petrochemical manufacturing facilities in the United States, which contributes to the state being among the top three states in total consumption and per capita consumption of petroleum.^78,79 About 2 out of 100 state households rely on propane, fuel oil or kerosene for home heating.⁸⁰

Coal

Louisiana's recoverable coal reserves are small, and account for just 0.1% of the U.S. total.⁸¹ The state's coal production is also small and consists of only low-grade lignite from two surface mines that contribute 0.2% of total U.S. coal output.⁸² Louisiana plays a much bigger role in transporting U.S. coal, as New Orleans is the nation's third-largest coal exporting port. Through most of 2019, about one-eighth of U.S. coal exports were shipped through New Orleans.⁸³ Coal for export arrives from out of state. Louisiana's two coal mines supply the nearby 650-megawatt Dolet Hills power plant with coal delivered by truck from one mine and by a 7-mile-long conveyor belt from the other mine.⁸⁴ Most of the coal consumed in Louisiana is used for power generation, and about 85% of that coal comes from out of state. Almost all the out-of-state coal delivered to Louisiana's coal-fired power plants is shipped by rail from Wyoming. A small amount of the coal consumed in Louisiana also comes by barge down the Mississippi River from Illinois and Indiana.⁸⁵

Electricity

In 2019, the primary fuel used for generation of electricity in Louisiana was natural gas, which provided about 70% of the state's electricity net generation, nearly twice the national rate.⁸⁶ Half of the 10 largest power plants in Louisiana, based on net generation, are fueled by natural gas.⁸⁷ Coal was Louisiana's second-leading source for electricity generation for decades, but now fuels about 7% of generation, which is less than the state's two single-reactor nuclear power plants. Both nuclear power plants are located along the Mississippi River and contributed about 14% of the state's electricity net generation in 2019^88,89 The two nuclear plants are also the first- and third-largest generating facilities in the state.⁹⁰ Biomass, other industrial gases, hydropower, and small-scale solar provide nearly all the rest of Louisiana's electricity generation.⁹¹

Louisiana does not generate enough electricity to meet in-state consumer demand and receives about 15% of its needed power supplies from other states by way of the interstate grid.⁹² Louisiana ranks third among the states in total electricity consumption on a per capita basis.⁹³ In 2019, the industrial sector consumed the most electricity in the state, accounting for about 38% of the state total, followed by the residential sector at 35% and the commercial sector at 27%.⁹⁴ Louisiana has the second-highest per capita residential sector electricity consumption in the nation.⁹⁵ More than 6 in 10 state households rely on electricity for home heating and almost all households have air conditioning.^96,97

Renewable energy

In 2019, Louisiana obtained almost 4% of its total electricity net generation from renewable sources. Biomass resources are abundant in Louisiana, and electricity generated from wood and wood waste accounted for about three-fifths of the state's renewable generation.⁹⁸ The state's wood waste and sugarcane residues also provide ample feedstock for the state's two wood pellet manufacturing plants, which have a combined production capacity of nearly 1 million metric tons per year. Most of those wood pellets are exported to other countries, where they are burned at power plants to generate electricity.^99,100

Hydroelectric power accounted for almost one-third of Louisiana's in-state renewable electricity.¹⁰¹ The state's one hydropower plant—the 192-megawatt Sidney A. Murray Jr. Hydroelectric Station—is also the world's largest prefabricated power plant. Located on the Mississippi River, the plant began operating in 1990 with eight turbines. The plant structure was prefabricated in New Orleans and floated about 200 miles north to its final location.^102,103

Louisiana had a small amount of solar power in 2019—almost all of which came from small-scale, customer-sited rooftop solar photovoltaic panels—and it provided about 7% of the state's total renewable generation.^104,105 As of March 2020, the state had one utility-scale (larger than 1 megawatt) solar power facility. Located in east New Orleans, the solar farm came online in mid-2016 and has 1.1 megawatts of generating capacity from more than 4,000 solar panels.^106,107 Three new utility-scale solar power projects with a combined generating capacity of 120 megawatts are planned to be operating by the second quarter of 2021.¹⁰⁸ Louisiana has little wind power resource potential and no utility-scale wind power generating facilities.^109,110

The Louisiana Public Service Commission initiated a renewable energy pilot program in 2010 to determine whether a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), which would require a certain amount of electricity come from renewables, was suitable for the state. In 2013, the commission concluded that Louisiana did not need a mandatory RPS.¹¹¹ However, Louisiana has other policies designed to encourage the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency, including voluntary electric utility efficiency programs, energy standards for public buildings, and net metering.¹¹² Small-scale distributed generation installations of up to 25 kilowatts for residential systems and up to 300 kilowatts for commercial and agricultural systems that use solar PV, wind, biomass, and other renewable technologies are eligible for utility net metering. Total consumer net metering capacity connected to the grid is limited to 0.5% of each utility's monthly retail peak power demand load, and several large electric utilities in the state have already reached their net metering cap.¹¹³ Beginning in 2020, Louisiana's Public Service Commission cut the rate by two-thirds that utilities have to pay new customers for the excess electricity they put on the grid that is generated by their rooftop solar panels.¹¹⁴

Endnotes

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¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Louisiana, Annual, 2001-19.
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