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Wisconsin   Wisconsin Profile

State Profile and Energy Estimates

Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)

Last Updated: September 19, 2024

Overview

Bordered by navigable waterways, Wisconsin lies between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan to the north and east and the Mississippi and Saint Croix rivers to the west. The glaciers that covered most of the state during the Ice Ages created rolling hills, thousands of lakes, and the marshy areas where the state's abundant cranberry crops are grown.1,2,3 Wisconsin does not have fossil fuel reserves, but it does have renewable resources.4 Dozens of dams throughout the state supply hydroelectric power, and several areas, including offshore in the Wisconsin portion of the Great Lakes, have significant wind energy resources. Although the state has limited solar potential, solar energy's contribution to Wisconsin's electricity generation is increasing.5,6,7,8 The state's fertile soil and strong agricultural economy make it a leader in the market value of agricultural products.9,10 Wisconsin's agricultural activities provide the state with valuable renewable energy resources as well. The state's corn crop provides the feedstock for nine fuel ethanol production facilities.11 Anaerobic digesters on farms around the state process manure from the state's many farm animals, including more than 1.2 million dairy cows, into methane gas that is used to fuel electricity generation and to provide heat.12,13 Wisconsin's 17 million acres of forestland hold additional biomass energy resources.14,15

Although Wisconsin does not have any fossil fuel resources, coal and petroleum products are shipped from the state's many ports, including from the Wisconsin side of the Port of Duluth-Superior, the largest port on the Great Lakes.16,17,18 Coal from Wyoming and Montana is transferred from railcars to ships for shipment east through the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Seaway.19,20 Coal and petroleum products are also shipped from other Wisconsin ports along Lake Michigan and the upper Mississippi River.21 Pipelines carrying crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas cross Wisconsin to markets in the state and elsewhere.22

Despite winters that are cold and snowy, with temperatures falling to -30°F in the northern part of the state, Wisconsin's energy consumption per capita is only slightly above the national average.23,24 An important dairy state, Wisconsin produces one-fourth of the cheese made in the nation, and beer is a valuable processed beverage product for the state.25,26 Wisconsin's major manufactured products include food and beverages; machinery; metal products; paper; chemicals; and plastics and rubbers products. Industry, including agriculture and food and beverage manufacturing, is Wisconsin's leading end-use energy consumer.27 The industrial sector accounts for three-tenths of the energy consumed in the state. The transportation sector uses one-fourth. The residential sector accounts for almost one-fourth of state energy use, and the commercial sector consumes about one-fifth.28 Overall, Wisconsin uses about six times more energy than it produces.29

Renewable energy

Wisconsin, one of the top 10 ethanol-producing states, can manufacture almost 680 million gallons of fuel ethanol per year.

Wisconsin's primary renewable energy resource is biofuels. The state is ranked ninth in the nation in fuel ethanol production.30 Wisconsin's 9 ethanol plants can produce almost 680 million gallons of fuel ethanol per year, about 2.5 times the amount consumed in the state.31,32 Wisconsin is also one of the nation's top 10 corn-producing states, and some of that corn is the feedstock for the state's fuel ethanol plants.33,34 Most of those plants are located in agriculturally rich southern and central Wisconsin.35 The state also is one of the nation's top 20 biodiesel producers.36 The production capacity of the state's one biodiesel plant is about 28 million gallons per year, which is slightly more than Wisconsin's annual consumption of biodiesel. In 2022, about 27 million gallons of biodiesel were consumed in the state.37,38

In 2023, renewable resources provided 9% of Wisconsin's in-state electricity net generation. Wind facilities were the largest contributors for the first time and provided about 30% of the state's renewable electricity generation, surpassing hydroelectric power, which accounted for about 27%.39 The state's best onshore wind energy resources are along ridges in eastern Wisconsin and in isolated areas in the northern section of the state's western uplands.40 Most of the state's wind farms are located in the eastern and southern parts of the state, including Wisconsin's newest wind farm, the 92-megawatt Red Barn Wind Park that came online in April 2023.41,42,43 Additional wind resource potential exists offshore in the Wisconsin portion of Lake Michigan.44

Biomass resources accounted for about one-fifth of Wisconsin's renewable electricity generation in 2023.45 Much of it is from the many waste-to-energy systems (anaerobic digesters) and landfill facilities in Wisconsin that capture biogas (methane) for use in power generation.46,47 Agricultural and forest waste also contribute to the state's net generation, as do wood and wood waste from paper and pulp mills.48 Most of the wood-fueled biomass power plants are in the more heavily forested northern part of Wisconsin.49,50 The state also has five manufacturing plants that produce wood pellets used for power generation and heating. Those plants have a combined annual capacity of about 230,000 tons of pellets.51 About 1 in 36 Wisconsin households heat with wood.52

Wisconsin's solar resources contributed about one-fourth of the state's renewable energy generation in 2023, an increase from about one-tenth in 2021. Utility-scale solar (1 megawatt or larger) installations supplied four times more than the state's small-scale (less than 1 megawatt), customer-sited solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.53 By mid-2024, about 220 megawatts of new utility-scale solar PV facilities had come online in Wisconsin, bringing the total to 82 facilities, with a combined capacity of about 1,860 megawatts.54,55 More than 760 megawatts of additional utility-scale solar PV capacity are in development, which are expected to come online by the end of 2025.56

The Wisconsin state energy policy has a number of goals, including increased energy efficiency, greater use of renewable energy, and reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions through increased forestation.57 In 1999, Wisconsin became the first state to enact a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) without restructuring its electric utility industry. Later modifications to the RPS required that 10% of electricity retail sales statewide come from renewable resources by the end of 2015. Wisconsin utilities met their 2015 target two years early in 2013. After 2015, the RPS required that each electricity provider maintain, at a minimum, their 2015 percentage.58,59 Wisconsin's renewable energy goal also required that all new generating capacity be powered by renewable energy resources to the extent that it is cost-effective and technically feasible.60 In 2019, an executive order established the State Office of Sustainability and Clean Energy and set a goal that all electricity consumed in the state come from 100% carbon-free sources by 2050.61

Electricity

Natural gas and coal generated about three-quarters of Wisconsin's in-state electricity generation in 2023. Five of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity are natural gas-fired, and four are coal-fired. Coal had supplied the largest share of in-state electricity generation on an annual basis until 2022, when natural gas surpassed it for the first time.62,63 In 2023, natural gas fueled 43% of the state's total net generation, up from 9% in 2010. Coal contributed 32% of Wisconsin's total electricity net generation, down from 51% in 2018.64

Wisconsin’s Point Beach Unit 1 is among the nation’s oldest operating nuclear reactors.

Nuclear power and renewable energy supply almost all of the state's remaining net generation.65 Until 2013 two nuclear power plants—Point Beach and Kewaunee—supplied about one-fifth of Wisconsin's electricity generation.66 In 2013, the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant was decommissioned and since then the two operating nuclear reactors—among the nation's oldest—at the Point Beach plant have typically supplied about 15% of the state's net generation annually.67,68,69,70 Point Beach is the state's third-largest power plant by capacity and the largest by actual generation.71 In 2023, wind supplied about 3% of Wisconsin's total net generation, hydroelectric power 2%, and utility-scale solar and biomass each fueled less than 2%.72

Per capita electricity retail sales in Wisconsin are less than in 27 states and the District of Columbia and only slightly above the national average. Despite the cold winters, residential electricity sales per capita are lower than in about two-thirds of the states, in part because only about one in six Wisconsin households rely on electricity to heat their homes.73,74 Wisconsin's electricity sales to the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are almost equal.75 Overall, Wisconsin consumers use more electricity than the state's power plants generate. To meet consumer demand, Wisconsin receives additional power generated in nearby states that is sent over the regional electric grid.76

In July 2024, Wisconsin had 625 public electric vehicle charging locations.77 The charging locations are mostly located in and around Milwaukee and Wisconsin's capital, Madison.78 The Wisconsin Department of Transportation developed the Wisconsin Electric Vehicle Infrastructure plan in 2021 and in May 2024 awarded the first round of funding to 53 site locations throughout the state to build out its charging infrastructure.79

Petroleum

Wisconsin has no crude oil production or reserves.80 However, high-quality sand mined in southwestern Wisconsin is used in other states to enhance crude oil and natural gas recovery by propping fractures open in low permeability rock formations during a process known as hydraulic fracturing.81 Refined petroleum products are delivered to Wisconsin markets from refineries in the Chicago and Minneapolis metropolitan areas. The state has one small refinery, located in Superior in northwestern Wisconsin, which processes light and heavy crude oil into motor gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt, and heavy fuel oils.82,83 Refinery operations were interrupted by an explosion and fire in April 2018. However, the refinery was rebuilt, and crude oil began arriving in March 2023.84 The crude oil delivered to the Superior refinery comes from Canada and North Dakota via a pipeline system that also transports crude oil south across the state to Chicago area refineries, as well as across northern Wisconsin to Michigan's Upper Peninsula and then south and across a border to a Canadian refinery.85,86

Wisconsin has about 6% of the nation’s public-access fueling stations that sell E85, a blend of 15% motor gasoline and 85% ethanol.

The transportation sector uses most of the petroleum consumed in Wisconsin. Almost three-fifths of the state's petroleum consumption is motor gasoline and about one-fourth is distillate fuel oil.87,88,89 Although conventional gasoline can be sold in most of the state, a cleaner-burning reformulated motor gasoline blend of 10% ethanol and 90% conventional motor gasoline is required in a six-county area surrounding Milwaukee, in southeastern Wisconsin.90 As in most states, retail gasoline stations throughout Wisconsin sell gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.91 Other ethanol-motor gasoline blends are available statewide. Wisconsin has 263 public-access fueling stations that sell E85, a blend of 15% motor gasoline with 85% ethanol. The state has 6% of the nation's public-access E85 fueling stations.92 In February 2024, federal regulators approved the sale of gasoline with up 15% ethanol (E15) throughout the year in Wisconsin and seven other Midwest states starting in 2025. Previously, E15 gasoline was banned during the summertime due to concerns that it caused smog in hotter temperatures.93

In 2023, the transportation sector accounted for about 77% of Wisconsin's petroleum consumption, and the industrial sector consumed about 12%. The residential sector, where about one in seven Wisconsin households heat with petroleum products—mostly propane—used 8%. The commercial sector accounted for 3% of the state's petroleum consumption, and the electric power sector used less than 1%.94,95

Natural gas

Wisconsin does not have any economically recoverable natural gas reserves or production, despite being within the boundary of the natural gas-rich Michigan Basin.96,97 Wisconsin's needs are primarily met by natural gas transported by interstate pipelines from Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Kansas, and Alberta, Canada.98 Pipeline natural gas enters Wisconsin by way of Minnesota, Illinois, and Michigan. In 2022, 58% of the natural gas delivered to Wisconsin was used in state. Most of the natural gas that was not consumed in the state was sent on to Michigan, with smaller amounts going to Minnesota.99 Wisconsin has no underground natural gas storage fields.100

About two-thirds of Wisconsin households use natural gas for home heating.

Natural gas use by Wisconsin's electric power sector is increasing, and in 2023 it was almost five times greater than in 2010.101 The electric power sector is Wisconsin's largest natural gas consumer and has been since 2020. In 2023, that sector used a record amount of natural gas and accounted for about 35% of natural gas delivered to consumers in the state. The industrial sector used 24%. The residential sector, where about two-thirds of state households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating, accounted for 22% of the natural gas delivered to Wisconsin consumers. The commercial sector consumed 19%. The transportation sector used a very small amount.102,103,104

Coal

Wisconsin has no coal mines and no coal reserves.105 Wisconsin consumed almost 13 million tons of coal in 2022, and almost all of it arrived by rail from Wyoming and was used to generate electricity.106 Electric power generators in Wisconsin also received some coal from Pennsylvania and Montana. A small amount of coal from numerous states went to industrial and commercial users in the state. Although most of Wisconsin's coal supply arrives by rail, minor amounts arrive on Great Lakes ships and by river barge.107 Several of the state's ports along the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes handle shipments of coal from other states, most notably at the Superior terminal on the Great Lakes, where large amounts of western coal arrive by rail and are transferred onto ships.108 Wisconsin's coal consumption is declining; about two-fifths of the state's 4,700 megawatts of coal-fired electricity generation capacity is scheduled for retirement by 2026.109,110

Endnotes

1 Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Major Landforms of Wisconsin, accessed August 20, 2024.
2 Ice Age Trail Alliance, Ice Age Trail Landscape and Geology, accessed August 20, 2024.
3 State of Wisconsin, Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics, updated May 7, 2024.
4 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Wisconsin, Profile Data, Reserves, accessed August 20, 2024.
5 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Hydroelectric Generation, accessed August 20, 2024.
6 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Hydroelectric Power Plant and Wind Power Plant Map Layers, accessed August 20, 2024.
7 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geospatial Data Science, Solar Resource Maps and Data, U.S. Annual Solar, accessed August 20, 2024.
8 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, All solar, Small-scale photovoltaic, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2013-23.
9 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, Wisconsin.
10 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, FAQs, Which are the top 10 agricultural producing States?, accessed August 20, 2024.
11 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant county by state, 2024.
12 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, Wisconsin.
13 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Biogas and Feedstock Survey Final Report (May 2021), p. 2.
14 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry Resources, Forestry, accessed August 20, 2024.
15 University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Renewable Energy Education, Biomass Feedstocks, accessed August 20, 2024.
16 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Data, Reserves, accessed August 20, 2024.
17 Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Economic Development, Economic Impact of
Wisconsin's Commercial Ports (April 2024), p. 1-4.
18 Duluth Seaway Port Authority, Mid-America's Gateway to the World, accessed August 20, 2024.
19 DTE Energy, Midwest Energy Resources Company, Fueling Success for Everyone, accessed August 20, 2024.
20 American Great Lakes Ports Association, Great Lake Seaway Cargoes, accessed August 20, 2024.
21 Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Economic Development, Economic Impact of
Wisconsin's Commercial Ports (April 2024), p. 2.
22 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Natural Gas Pipeline, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) Pipeline, Crude Oil Pipeline and Petroleum Product Pipeline Map Layers, accessed August 20, 2024.
23 Weather Atlas, Climate and monthly weather forecast Wisconsin, USA, accessed August 20, 2024.
24 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
25 State of Wisconsin, Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics, updated May 7, 2024.
26 Brewers Association, Wisconsin's Craft Beer Sales & Production Statistics, 2023.
27 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Wisconsin, All Statistics in Table, 2023.
28 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
29 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
30 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
31 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2024.
32 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
33 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Crop Production 2022 Summary (January 2023), Corn Area Planted for All Purposes and Harvested for Grain, Yield, and Production - States and
United States: 2020-2022, p. 9.
34 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2024.
35 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Ethanol Plant and Biodiesel Plant Map Layers, accessed August 22, 2024.
36 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
37 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2024.
38 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
40 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Wisconsin, accessed August 22, 2024.
41 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Wisconsin, Wind Power Plants, accessed August 22, 2024.
42 Schulz, Joe, "New wind farm comes online in rural Wisconsin, generating enough energy to power 50K homes," Wisconsin Public Radio (April 14, 2023).
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024, Wisconsin, Onshore Wind Turbine.
44 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wisconsin 50-Meter Community-Scale Wind Resource Map, accessed August 22, 2024.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, All fuels, Conventional Hydroelectric, Other renewables (total), Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
46 Schroeder, Jon, Anaerobic Digestion Facilities Processing Food Waste in the United States (2019), Survey Results April 2023, EPA 530-R-23-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, p. viii, 6, 8-10, A2, C1.
47 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Biogas and Feedstock Survey Final Report (May 2021), p. 2.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024, Wisconsin, Other Waste Biomass, Landfill Gas, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
49 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Biomass Plant Map Layer, accessed August 22, 2024.
50 Wisconsin Historical Society, The Physical Geography of Wisconsin, accessed August 22, 2024.
51 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2024.
52 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Wisconsin, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001-23.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024, Wisconsin, Solar photovoltaic.
55 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (June 2023), Table 6.2.B.
56 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of July 2024, Wisconsin, Solar photovoltaic.
57 Wisconsin State Legislature, 2019-20 Wisconsin Statutes and Annotations, Chapter 1, Section 1.12, State energy policy (May 6, 2021).
58 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Wisconsin Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated November 7, 2023.
59 Content, Thomas, "Wisconsin utilities hit 10% renewable energy goal, two years early," The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (June 12, 2014).
60 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Renewable Energy, accessed August 23, 2024.
61 Wisconsin Office of Sustainability and Clean Energy, Clean Energy Plan Progress Report (August 2024), p. 5.
62 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-23.
63 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
64 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-23.
65 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-23.
66 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Nuclear Power Plants and Radioactive Waste Management in Wisconsin, accessed August 28, 2024.
67 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Kewaunee Power Station, updated November 3, 2021.
68 Stebbins, Samuel, "America's Oldest Nuclear Power Plants," 24/7 Wall St (April 30, 2022).
69 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, All fuels, Nuclear, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-23.
70 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Wisconsin, updated March 9, 2021.
71 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
72 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Wisconsin, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass (total), All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
74 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Wisconsin, Table 25040, Home Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
75 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Wisconsin, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Annual, 2023.
76 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
77 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (August 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS.
78 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations, Wisconsin, accessed August 23, 2024.
79 State of Wisconsin, Department of Transportation, Electrification of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Electric Vehicle Infrastructure, accessed August 23, 2024.
80 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed August 21, 2024.
81 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Industrial sand mining overview, accessed August 21, 2024.
82 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Overview, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Petroleum Product Pipeline, HGL Pipeline, Petroleum Product Terminals, and Petroleum Refinery Map Layers, accessed August 21, 2024.
83 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Wisconsin, Annual as of January 1, 2024.
84 Cenovus Energy Inc., Superior Refinery rebuild, accessed August 21, 2024.
85 Enbridge Inc., Enbridge in Wisconsin, Superior Terminal, accessed August 21, 2024.
86 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Petroleum Pipelines, accessed August 21, 2024.
87 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
88 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
89 U.S. EIA, Glossary, distillate fuel oil, accessed August 21, 2024.
90 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Reformulated Gasoline, accessed August 21, 2024.
91 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
92 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Ethanol Fueling Station Locations, Wisconsin, E85, Public, accessed August 21, 2024.
93 "EPA Approves Year-Round Sales of Higher Ethanol Blend for Illinois, 7 Other Midwest States," Associated Press (February 23, 2024).
94 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Wisconsin, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
95 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
96 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed August 21, 2024.
97 U.S. Geological Survey, National Assessment of Oil and Gas Fact Sheet, Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the U.S. Portion of the Michigan Basin, 2004 (June 2005).
98 Wisconsin State Energy Office, 2020 Wisconsin Energy Statistics, Wisconsin Natural Gas Deliveries, by Pipeline Company, p. 44.
99 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Wisconsin, Annual, 2017-22.
100 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2017-22.
101 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, 1997-2023.
102 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Natural Gas Total Consumption, 1997-2022.
103 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Wisconsin, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
104 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Wisconsin, 2018-23.
105 U.S. EIA, Wisconsin, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed August 20, 2024.
106 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2022.
107 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), By Coal Destination State, Wisconsin Table DS-43, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
108 Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Economic Development, Economic Impact of Wisconsin's Commercial Ports (April 2024), p. 1, 6-9, 13, 14.
109 U.S. EIA, State Energy Consumption Estimates 1960 Through 2022, Table CT1, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, Selected Years, 1960-2022, Wisconsin.
110 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024, Wisconsin, Conventional Steam Coal.