Last Updated: October 16, 2025

Overview

Bordered by navigable waterways, Wisconsin lies between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan to the north and east and the Mississippi and Saint Croix rivers to the west. The glaciers that covered most of the state during the Ice Ages created rolling hills, thousands of lakes, and the marshy areas where the state's abundant cranberry crops are grown.^1,2,3,4 Wisconsin does not have economically recoverable fossil fuel reserves, but it does have renewable resources.⁵ Over 120 dams throughout the state supply hydroelectric power, and several areas, including offshore in the Wisconsin portion of the Great Lakes, have significant wind energy resources. Although the state has limited solar potential, solar energy's contribution to Wisconsin's electricity generation is increasing.^6,7,8,9 The state's fertile soil and strong agricultural economy make it a leader in the market value of agricultural products.^10,11 Wisconsin's agricultural activities give the state valuable renewable energy resources as well. The state's corn crop provides the feedstock for nine fuel ethanol production facilities.¹² Anaerobic digesters on farms around the state process manure from the state's many farm animals, including more than 1.3 million dairy cows, into methane gas that is used to fuel electricity generation and to provide heat.^13,14 Wisconsin's 17 million acres of forestland hold additional biomass energy resources.^15,16

Although Wisconsin does not have any fossil fuel resources, coal and petroleum products are shipped from the state's many ports, including from the Wisconsin side of the Port of Duluth-Superior, the largest port on the Great Lakes.^17,18,19 Coal from Wyoming and Montana is transferred from railcars to ships for shipment east through the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Seaway. Coal and petroleum products are also shipped from other Wisconsin ports along Lake Michigan and the upper Mississippi River.^20,21,22 Pipelines carrying crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas cross Wisconsin to markets in the state and elsewhere.²³

Despite winters that are cold and snowy with temperatures falling to -30°F in the northern part of the state, Wisconsin's energy consumption per capita is only slightly above the national average.^24,25 With a population of about 5.8 million, Wisconsin is the 6th largest of the 12 Midwest states.²⁶ An important dairy state, Wisconsin produces one-fourth of the cheese made in the nation and is home to nearly 1,200 licensed cheesemakers. Additionally, beer is a valuable processed beverage product for the state, ranking 14th in the nation with 262 craft breweries.^27,28 Wisconsin's major manufactured products include machinery; food and beverages; metal products; chemicals; paper; and plastics and rubbers products. The industrial sector, including agriculture and food and beverage manufacturing, is Wisconsin's leading end-use energy consumer.^29,30 The industrial sector accounts for 30% of the energy consumed in the state. The transportation sector accounts for 27%. The residential sector accounts for 23% of state energy use, and the commercial sector accounts for 20%.³¹ Overall, Wisconsin uses six times more energy than it produces.³²

Renewable energy

Wisconsin is a leading producer of biofuels in the nation. The state is ranked eighth in the nation in fuel ethanol production in 2023.³³ Wisconsin's nine ethanol plants can produce 681 million gallons of fuel ethanol per year, about 2.5 times more than the amount of ethanol consumed in the state.^34,35 Wisconsin is also one of the nation's top corn-producing states, and some of that corn is the feedstock for the state's fuel ethanol plants.^36,37,38 Most of the fuel ethanol plants are located in agriculturally rich southern and central Wisconsin.³⁹ The state also is one of the nation's top 20 biodiesel producers.⁴⁰ Wisconsin consumes about 30 million gallons of biodiesel per year, but the state's only biodiesel plant closed in March 2024.^41,42,43

In 2024, renewable resources provided 12% of Wisconsin's in-state electricity net generation. Solar resources were the largest contributors for the first time and provided about 41% of the state's renewable electricity generation, surpassing wind power, which accounted for 24%, and hydroelectric power, which accounted for 23%.⁴⁴ In 2024, Wisconsin's total solar power generation, from both utility scale (1 megawatt or larger) and customer-sited small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) installations, more than doubled from 2023.⁴⁵ During the first half of 2025, Wisconsin had added 274 megawatts of new utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) generating capacity, bringing the state's total to 99 solar power facilities with a combined capacity of about 2,380 megawatts. The largest of these, the 250-megawatt Darien Solar Energy Center—with more than 600,000 solar panels—came online in March 2025. About 324 megawatts of additional utility-scale solar PV capacity are under development and are scheduled to come online by the end of 2026.^46,47

Wind energy was the second largest provider of renewable electricity generation in 2024.⁴⁸ The state's best onshore wind energy resources are along ridges in eastern Wisconsin and in isolated areas in the northern section of the state's western uplands.⁴⁹ Most of the state's wind farms are located in the eastern and southern parts of the state, including Wisconsin's newest wind farm, the 92-megawatt Red Barn Wind Park that came online in April 2023.^50,51,52

Hydropower in Wisconsin dates back to the 1880s and the state's 66 hydropower plants were the third largest provider of renewable electricity generation in 2024.^53,54,55 With over 84,000 miles of rivers and streams, Wisconsin ranks among the top states for the number of dams regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.^56,57

Biomass resources accounted for about 12% of Wisconsin's renewable electricity generation in 2024.⁵⁸ Much of it is from the many waste-to-energy systems (anaerobic digesters) and landfill facilities in Wisconsin that capture biogas (methane) for use in power generation.^59,60 Agricultural and forest waste also contribute to the state's net generation, as do wood and wood waste from paper and pulp mills.⁶¹ Most of the wood-fueled biomass power plants are in the more heavily forested northern part of Wisconsin.^62,63 The state also has five manufacturing plants that produce wood pellets used for power generation and heating. Those plants have a combined annual capacity of about 230,000 tons of pellets.⁶⁴ About 1 in 36 Wisconsin households heat with wood.⁶⁵

In 1999, Wisconsin became the first state to enact a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) without restructuring its electric utility industry. Later modifications to the RPS required that 10% of electricity retail sales statewide come from renewable resources by the end of 2015. Wisconsin utilities met their 2015 target two years early in 2013. After 2015, the RPS required that each electricity provider maintain, at a minimum, their 2015 percentage.^66,67 Wisconsin's renewable energy goal also required that all new generating capacity be powered by renewable energy resources to the extent that it is cost-effective and technically feasible.⁶⁸ In 2019, an executive order set a goal that all electricity consumed in the state come from 100% carbon-free sources by 2050.⁶⁹

Electricity

Natural gas and coal generated 72% of Wisconsin's in-state electricity generation in 2024. Five of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity are natural gas-fired, and four are coal-fired. Coal had supplied the largest share of in-state electricity generation on an annual basis until 2022, when natural gas surpassed it for the first time.^70,71 In 2024, natural gas fueled 40% of the state's total net generation, up from 13% a decade earlier. Coal contributed 32% of Wisconsin's total electricity net generation, down from 61% in 2014.⁷²

Nuclear power and renewable energy supply almost all of the state's remaining net generation.⁷³ Until 2013 two nuclear power plants—Point Beach and Kewaunee—supplied about one-fifth of Wisconsin's electricity generation. In 2013, the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant was decommissioned and since then the two operating nuclear reactors—among the nation's oldest—at the Point Beach plant have typically provided about 15% of the state's net generation annually.^{74,75,76,77,78} Point Beach is the state's largest power plant by actual generation and third-largest by capacity.⁷⁹ In 2024, utility-scale solar supplied 4% of Wisconsin's total net generation, wind and hydroelectric power provided 3% each, and biomass fueled about 1%.⁸⁰

Per capita electricity retail sales in Wisconsin are less than in 27 states and only slightly above the national average. Despite the cold winters, residential electricity sales per capita are lower than in about two-thirds of the states, in part because only about one in five Wisconsin households rely on electricity to heat their homes.^81,82,83 Wisconsin's electricity sales to the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are almost equal.⁸⁴ Overall, Wisconsin consumers use more electricity than the state's power plants generate. To meet consumer demand, Wisconsin receives additional power generated in nearby states that is sent over the regional electric grid.⁸⁵

In August 2025, Wisconsin had 754 public electric vehicle charging locations.⁸⁶ The charging locations are found mostly in and around Milwaukee and Wisconsin's capital, Madison.⁸⁷

Petroleum

Wisconsin has no crude oil production or reserves.⁸⁸ However, high-quality sand mined in southwestern Wisconsin is used in other states to enhance crude oil and natural gas recovery by propping fractures open in low permeability rock formations during a process known as hydraulic fracturing.⁸⁹ Refined petroleum products are delivered to Wisconsin markets from refineries in the Chicago and Minneapolis metropolitan areas. The state has one small refinery, located in Superior in northwestern Wisconsin, which processes light and heavy crude oil into motor gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt, and heavy fuel oils.^90,91,92 The crude oil delivered to the Superior refinery comes from Canada and North Dakota via a pipeline system that also transports crude oil south across the state to Chicago area refineries, as well as across northern Wisconsin to Michigan's Upper Peninsula and then south and across a border to a Canadian refinery.^93,94

The transportation sector uses most of the petroleum consumed in Wisconsin. Almost three-fifths of the state's petroleum consumption is motor gasoline and about one-fourth is distillate fuel oil.^95,96,97 Although conventional gasoline can be sold in most of the state, a cleaner-burning reformulated motor gasoline blend with at least 10% ethanol is required in a six-county area surrounding Milwaukee, in southeastern Wisconsin.⁹⁸ As in most states, retail gasoline stations throughout Wisconsin sell gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.⁹⁹ Other ethanol-motor gasoline blends are available statewide. Wisconsin has 243 public-access fueling stations that sell E85, a blend of 15% motor gasoline with 85% ethanol. The state has 5% of the nation's public-access E85 fueling stations.¹⁰⁰ In February 2024, federal regulators approved the sale of gasoline with 15% ethanol (E15) throughout the year in Wisconsin and seven other Midwest states starting in 2025. Previously, E15 gasoline was banned during the summertime due to concerns that it caused smog in hotter temperatures.¹⁰¹

In 2023, the transportation sector accounted for 78% of Wisconsin's petroleum consumption, and the industrial sector consumed 11%. The residential sector, where about one in eight Wisconsin households heat with petroleum products—mostly propane—made up about 8% of state petroleum use. The commercial sector accounted for about 3%, and the electric power sector accounted for less than 1% of the state's petroleum consumption.^102,103

Natural gas

Wisconsin does not have any economically recoverable natural gas reserves or production, despite being within the boundary of the natural gas-rich Michigan Basin.^104,105 Wisconsin's needs are primarily met by natural gas transported by interstate pipelines from Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Kansas, and Canada.^106,107 Pipeline natural gas enters Wisconsin by way of Minnesota, Illinois, and Michigan. In 2023, about 63% of the natural gas delivered to Wisconsin was used in state. Most of the natural gas that was not consumed in the state was sent on to Michigan, with smaller amounts going to Minnesota.¹⁰⁸ Wisconsin has no underground natural gas storage fields.¹⁰⁹

Natural gas use by Wisconsin's electric power sector is increasing, and in 2024 it was three times greater than in 2014.¹¹⁰ The electric power sector is Wisconsin's largest natural gas consumer and has been since 2020. In 2024, the electric power sector used about 34% of natural gas delivered to consumers in the state and the industrial sector used about 25%. The residential sector, where about two-thirds of state households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating, accounted for 22% of the natural gas delivered to Wisconsin consumers. The commercial sector consumed 19%. The transportation sector used a very small amount.^111,112,113

Coal

Wisconsin has no coal mining and no coal reserves.¹¹⁴ Wisconsin consumed about 12 million tons of coal in 2023, and almost all of it arrived by rail from Wyoming and was used to generate electricity. Electric power generators in Wisconsin also received some coal from Pennsylvania and West Virginia. A small amount of coal from numerous states went to industrial and commercial users in the state.^115,116 Several of the state's ports along the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes handle shipments of coal from other states, most notably at the Superior terminal on the Great Lakes, where coal from western states arrives by rail and is transferred onto ships.¹¹⁷ Wisconsin's coal consumption has declined each year since 2017, primarily due to the retirement of about 2,500 megawatts of coal-fired electricity generating capacity.^118,119

Endnotes

¹ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, About Wisconsin's Great Lakes, accessed September 19, 2025.
² Ice Age Trail Alliance, Ice Age Trail Landscape and Geology, accessed September 19, 2025.
³ State of Wisconsin, Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics, updated August 28, 2025.
⁴ Wisconsin Historical Society, Historical Essay, Cranberry Farming in Wisconsin - Image Gallery Essay, accessed September 19, 2025.
⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Wisconsin, Profile Data, Reserves, accessed September 19, 2025.
⁶ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Hydroelectric Generation, accessed September 19, 2025.
⁷ U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Wisconsin, Layer List: All Power Plants, Hydroelectric Power Plants, Solar Power Plants, Wind Power Plants, accessed September 19, 2025.
⁸ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance (February 22, 2018).
⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Wisconsin, Annual, 2001-24.
¹⁰ U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2024 State Agriculture Overview, Wisconsin.
¹¹ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, FAQs, Which are the top 10 agricultural producing States?, accessed September 19, 2025.
¹² U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), U.S. fuel ethanol plant county by state, 2025, Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
¹³ U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2024 State Agriculture Overview, Wisconsin.
¹⁴ Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Biogas and Feedstock Survey Final Report (May 2021), p. 2.
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¹⁶ University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Renewable Energy Education, Biomass Feedstocks, accessed September 19, 2025.
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⁵⁹ Schroeder, Jon, Anaerobic Digestion Facilities Processing Food Waste in the United States (2019), Survey Results April 2023, EPA 530-R-23-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, p. viii, 6, 8-10, A2, C1.
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⁶³ Wisconsin Historical Society, The Physical Geography of Wisconsin, accessed September 18, 2025.
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⁶⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, Wisconsin, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁶⁶ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Wisconsin Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated November 18, 2024.
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⁶⁹ Wisconsin Office of Sustainability and Clean Energy, Clean Energy Plan Progress Report (September 2025), p. 5-6.
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⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A, available in XLSX format.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Wisconsin, Annual, 2001-24.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Wisconsin, Annual, 2001-24.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Wisconsin, All fuels, Nuclear, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-24.
⁷⁵ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Kewaunee Power Station, updated November 5, 2024.
⁷⁶ Stebbins, Samuel, "America's Oldest Nuclear Power Plants," 24/7 Wall St (April 30, 2022).
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Wisconsin, Annual, 2001-24.
⁷⁸ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Wisconsin, updated February 21, 2025.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A, Table 2B, available in XLSX format.
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⁸¹ North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Wisconsin.
⁸² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
⁸³ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table 25040, House Heating Fuel, Wisconsin, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
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⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10, available in XLSX format.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (Setpember 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Power only and Public & Private Ports combined.
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