Last Updated: January 16, 2025

Overview

Known as the Keystone State, Pennsylvania is a leading East Coast supplier of natural gas, coal, refined petroleum products, and electricity to the nation. ^1,2 Pennsylvania shares borders with six states—New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Ohio—and Lake Erie to the northwest.³ The Appalachian Mountains run diagonally southwest to northeast through Pennsylvania, dividing the Ohio River valley in the west from the Susquehanna and Delaware River valleys in the east.⁴ These mountains and valleys hold rich coal reserves.⁵ The Marcellus Shale, the largest U.S. natural gas field, follows the arc of the mountains and underlies about 60% of Pennsylvania, all but the southeastern part of the state.^6,7 The state's temperate climate varies from the southeast, where it is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, to cooler areas near the Great Lakes in the northwest, where weather fronts with frigid temperatures that trigger heavy lake-effect snowfalls often come from Canada.⁸

Pennsylvania ranks fifth in the nation in population, but 48 out of 67 counties in the state are classified as rural.^9,10 About one-fourth of the state's residents live in rural areas, while much of the state's population is concentrated around Philadelphia in the southeast corner of the state and Pittsburgh in the southwest near the border with Ohio.^11,12

The state is among the top 10 consumers of natural gas, petroleum products, nuclear energy, and coal, and is the second-largest net supplier of energy to other states after Texas.^13,14 Pennsylvania's GDP ranked sixth among the states in 2023.¹⁵ The largest contributors to the state's economy are the finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing sectors, which make up 19% of the state's GDP, followed by the professional and business services sectors with 14%.¹⁶ Pennsylvania's total energy consumption per capita is just above the U.S. average and about at the midpoint of the states.¹⁷ The industrial sector leads energy consumption in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly two-fifths of the state's total energy use. The residential and transportation sectors each account for about one-fourth of state energy consumption, and the commercial sector uses the rest.¹⁸ Pennsylvania's major energy-consuming industries that contribute significantly to the state's GDP include chemical products manufacturing; natural gas and oil extraction; mining; food and beverage processing; and metals and machinery manufacturing.¹⁹

Natural gas

Pennsylvania is second only to Texas in estimated total proved natural gas reserves. The state's proved reserves almost tripled from 2012 to 2022 because of increased natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale.^20,21 The Marcellus formation extends under three-fifths of Pennsylvania as well as parts of West Virginia, New York, Ohio, and Maryland.²² The Marcellus Shale has the largest estimated proved reserves of any U.S. natural gas field.²³ In 2022, Pennsylvania had about 105 trillion cubic feet in proved shale natural gas reserves, the second-largest in the nation after Texas.²⁴

In 2023, Pennsylvania's annual marketed natural gas production accounted for about one-fifth of total U.S. gas output, making it the second-largest natural gas producer in the nation, after Texas.^25,26 In 2023, Pennsylvania's marketed natural gas production reached a new high of almost 7.6 trillion cubic feet, due primarily to improving well productivity.^27,28

Pennsylvania uses only about one-fourth of the natural gas it produces.^29,30 Several pipeline projects in recent years have enabled Marcellus natural gas producers to reach additional markets, and additional pipeline projects are planned or currently under construction. In July 2024, the Regional Energy Access Expansion pipeline came online, adding 829 million cubic feet per day of new shipping capacity.^31,32,33,34 Most of the natural gas shipped by pipeline from Pennsylvania goes to New Jersey, Ohio, Maryland, New York, and West Virginia. The state also receives natural gas via pipeline from West Virginia and New York.³⁵ Pennsylvania has 49 underground natural gas storage facilities, the most of any state, which help meet regional heating demand in the winter.³⁶ The state's total natural gas storage capacity is the fourth largest in the nation at about 763 billion cubic feet.³⁷

Pennsylvania is also experiencing growth in the production of natural gas plant liquids, including ethane and propane.^38,39,40 The state's natural gas processing plants produced almost five times more natural gas in 2023 as in 2013.⁴¹ Natural gas producers are building natural gas processing plants and pipelines to extract and transport higher-priced natural gas plant liquids to domestic and Canadian markets and to ports on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast for export.^{42,43,44,45,46} Pennsylvania and the northeast's first ethane cracker, located near Pittsburgh, completed construction in 2022 and produces feedstocks for plastics manufacturing.^47,48

In 2023, the electric power sector consumed three-fifths of the natural gas delivered to consumers in the state. The industrial sector accounted for one-sixth and the residential sector about one-seventh of the state's total natural gas use, and the commercial sector consumed about one-tenth.⁴⁹ Over half of Pennsylvania households use natural gas as their primary heating fuel.⁵⁰

Coal

Pennsylvania is the third-largest coal-producing state in the nation, after Wyoming and West Virginia, and coal has been mined in the state since the late 1700s. The state has substantial reserves of bituminous coal, which is used to generate electricity and to produce coke for steelmaking.^51,52 The Bailey Mine, located in southwestern Pennsylvania near the West Virginia border, is the 10th largest U.S. coal mine.⁵³ Northeastern Pennsylvania has all the nation's anthracite coal production, but anthracite accounts for only about 7% of the state's total coal production.^54,55 Anthracite, which has a higher heat content than other types of coal and burns with little soot, is primarily used by the metals industry.⁵⁶ The number of coal mines and amount of coal production in Pennsylvania has generally declined as less electricity has been generated from coal in the state and nationwide, while renewable and natural gas-fired generation increased.^57,58

Pennsylvania is a major coal consumer, ranking 10th among the states in total coal use. About two-thirds of the coal consumed in the state is burned for electricity generation, and the rest is used for steelmaking and other industrial applications. However, coal consumption for electricity generation in the state declined by 33% in 2023.⁵⁹ Although the amounts are small, more Pennsylvania households use coal for home heating than any other state.⁶⁰ Large volumes of coal are moved by rail, barge, and truck into and out of Pennsylvania and around the state. In 2023, 77% of Pennsylvania-mined coal that was used domestically was burned for electricity generation and 13% of that coal was used at Pennsylvania power plants. The rest was transported to generating facilities in 14 other states.⁶¹ Pennsylvania was the fifth-largest coal-exporting state in 2023, with nearly one-tenth of the state's coal exported to other nations, a decline from nearly one-third in 2021.⁶²

Petroleum

Pennsylvania, site of the first U.S. commercial oil well in 1859, has few economically recoverable crude oil reserves today but continues to produce modest amounts of crude oil—mainly paraffin-rich crude oil used for making lubricants.^63,64,65,66 Pennsylvania was once home to nearly half the East Coast's refining capacity, with four petroleum refineries that could jointly process about 600,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.⁶⁷ However, after an explosion and fire in June 2019 at one of the refineries—the largest refinery on the East Coast—it was shut down permanently.^68,69 One large refinery in the Philadelphia area continues to process about 190,000 barrels of crude oil per day into jet fuel, motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating oil.^70,71 Two other small refineries are located in northwestern Pennsylvania. One processes crude oil into motor gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, and several grades of asphalt, while the other refinery processes crude oil from Pennsylvania and neighboring states into motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, waxes, and specialty products like resin blends and camping fuel.^72,73 These three petroleum refineries have the capacity to process 266,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, equivalent to about three-tenths of the East Coast's refining capacity.⁷⁴ In addition to petroleum products from local refineries, Pennsylvania receives gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel via the 5,500-mile Colonial Pipeline that moves refined petroleum products from the Texas Gulf Coast to 11 southern and Mid-Atlantic states.⁷⁵

The transportation sector is the largest petroleum consumer in Pennsylvania, consuming two-thirds of the state total, and about half of which is motor gasoline.^76,77 To reduce emissions of smog-forming pollutants, the state requires motorists to use reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol in the heavily populated areas of southeastern Pennsylvania, including Philadelphia.^78,79 Pennsylvania's one ethanol production plant is the largest on the East Coast and has a capacity of about 128 million gallons per year.⁸⁰ The state ranks eighth in annual fuel ethanol consumption of about 453 million gallons.⁸¹ Pennsylvania also has two biodiesel manufacturing plants that combined can produce 64 million gallons annually.⁸² The state is the eighth-largest biodiesel-consuming state at nearly 52 million gallons.⁸³

The residential sector accounts for 8% of Pennsylvania's petroleum consumption.⁸⁴ About one in five state households rely on petroleum products, mostly heating oil or propane, for home heating.⁸⁵ The state, like much of the U.S. Northeast, is vulnerable to heating oil shortages and price spikes. In 2000, the federal government created the 1-million-barrel Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve to offset heating fuel supply disruptions in Pennsylvania and other Northeast states.^86,87

Electricity

Pennsylvania is the third-largest producer of electricity in the nation. Only Texas and Florida generate more.⁸⁸ Electricity generation regularly exceeds Pennsylvania's power consumption, and the state sends more electricity outside its borders over the regional electric grid than any other state. Pennsylvania is part of the PJM (Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland) Interconnection regional transmission organization, which manages the electric grid in all or parts of 13 states and the District of Columbia.^89,90,91 The residential sector is the largest consumer of electricity in Pennsylvania, accounting for about two-fifths of the state total. About one in four Pennsylvania households use electricity as their primary heating source.^92,93 The industrial sector is the second largest, accounting for more than one-third, followed by the commercial sector at one-fourth. A small amount of electricity is used in the transportation sector for public railways.⁹⁴

With a 59% share in 2023, natural gas-fired power plants were the largest provider of Pennsylvania's in-state electricity generation for the fifth consecutive year and continued to widen the gap over nuclear power.⁹⁵ Pennsylvania ranks second in the nation, after Illinois, in nuclear energy generation, accounting for one-tenth of the nation's nuclear energy generation.⁹⁶ The state's four nuclear power plants provided 32% of the state's electricity net generation in 2023.^97,98 In 2023, the four largest power plants in Pennsylvania by capacity and generation were nuclear.⁹⁹ Shippingport, Pennsylvania, was the site of the first commercial U.S. nuclear power plant, which came online in 1957, and operated for nearly 30 years.¹⁰⁰ The state also had the nation's most serious nuclear power accident, a partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 reactor in 1979. That accident led to sweeping changes in U.S. nuclear regulation and operating standards.¹⁰¹ The Unit 1 reactor at the Three Mile Island plant was shut down in September 2019 because it was unprofitable.^102,103 However, the operator of Unit 1 is looking to restart the reactor in 2028 after signing a 20-year power purchase agreement to supply the grid with electricity to power data centers.^104,105

Coal-fired power plants were the third-largest providers of in-state electricity in 2023.¹⁰⁶ Many of Pennsylvania's coal-fired power plants have retired due to the increased availability and competitive price of natural gas.¹⁰⁷ In 2013, coal provided 39% of the state's electricity net generation and natural gas accounted for 22%. By 2023, coal declined to 5% of the state's net generation and natural gas increased to 59%.¹⁰⁸ About 4,500 megawatts of the state's coal-fired net summer generating capacity retired between 2018 and 2023. During the same period, about 8,900 megawatts of natural gas-fired capacity came online.¹⁰⁹ Pennsylvania's largest coal-fired power plant, the 1,888-megawatt Homer City Generating Station, closed in 2023 after operating for 54 years.¹¹⁰ Renewables—mainly wind energy, hydropower, biomass, and solar energy—provide most of state's remaining net generation.¹¹¹

In November 2024, Pennsylvania had about 1,900 public electric vehicle charging locations, ranking ninth in the nation.¹¹² In 2023, Pennsylvania had just over 101,000 battery electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles registered, ranking 13th in the nation.¹¹³ In July 2024, Pennsylvania passed a law imposing a $200 fee to register battery electric vehicles starting in 2025, as battery electric vehicles do not pay gasoline taxes, which fund road maintenance.¹¹⁴

Renewable energy

In 2023, renewable energy sources generated nearly 4% of Pennsylvania's in-state electricity. Wind energy was the state's largest renewable source for electricity generation for the fourth year in a row and provided 36% of the state's renewable electricity in 2023.¹¹⁵ However, this was a decline from 40% the previous year, primarily due to slower wind speeds.¹¹⁶ The greatest wind resources for commercial power generation are found on the state's Appalachian Mountain crests—mainly in Pennsylvania's southwest but also in the northeast—and along the state's Lake Erie shoreline.¹¹⁷ Somerset County leads with 448 megawatts of installed wind capacity, followed by Cambria, Wyoming, Schuylkill, and Bradford counties.¹¹⁸ As of mid-2024, the state had 27 operating wind farms with almost 1,550 megawatts of generating capacity. The state's newest wind farm is the Sandy Ridge Wind 2 project with a generating capacity of 88 megawatts, which came online in September 2023.¹¹⁹

Hydropower accounted for three-tenths of Pennsylvania's renewable generation in 2023.¹²⁰ The state's conventional hydroelectric facilities are, on average, about 60 years old, and no new hydroelectric facilities have come online in Pennsylvania since 2014.^121,122 With over 83,000 miles of rivers and streams and numerous nonpowered dams, Pennsylvania has the potential to add more than 600 megawatts of hydropower generation capacity.^123,124 At the end of 2023, Pennsylvania had almost 2,500 megawatts of hydroelectric generating capacity. About 84 megawatts of new hydropower generating capacity is expected to come online by the end of 2028.¹²⁵ Pennsylvania has two pumped storage hydropower plants, one with 1,058 megawatts of generating capacity and another with 433 megawatts of capacity.¹²⁶ Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants generate electricity during peak demand periods, when power prices are higher, using water pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off-peak periods and then releasing it to flow back to a lower reservoir through turbine generators when additional power is needed.¹²⁷

Pennsylvania ranks among the top dozen states in the amount of electricity generated from biomass resources, and biomass-fueled facilities accounted for about 18% of the state's renewable generation in 2023.^128,129 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas fuel most of the state's biomass facilities.¹³⁰ Pennsylvania's biomass resources from wood and forest byproducts also provide feedstock for the state's eight wood pellet manufacturing plants, which have a combined production capacity of about 386,000 tons per year.¹³¹ Wood pellets are used for generating electricity and for heating.¹³²

Solar energy, including both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, produced about 16% of the state's total renewable electricity in 2023. Two counties, Franklin and Lancaster, account for about one-fourth of installed solar capacity in Pennsylvania.^133,134 In 2023, about three-fourths of the state's solar generation came from small-scale generating systems, such as rooftop solar panels.¹³⁵ In 2023, Pennsylvania became one of 14 states with more than 1 gigawatt (1,000 megawatts) of solar generation from small-scale PV installations.¹³⁶ The state's largest solar farm, Great Cove Solar, with 150 megawatts of generating capacity, is located about 70 miles west of Pittsburgh and came online in 2023.¹³⁷ Another 557 megawatts of solar power generating capacity is scheduled to be operational by 2026.¹³⁸

In 2004, Pennsylvania established an alternative energy portfolio standard (AEPS), which required alternative energy resources to generate at least 18% of the state's electricity retail sales by 2021 and every year after that, with at least 0.5% coming from solar power.¹³⁹ As of mid-2023, slightly more than 18% of the electricity sold to customers in the state was generated by alternative energy resources. Electricity suppliers met this goal by both generating renewable electricity and purchasing alternative energy credits. The requirement will be maintained in perpetuity or until the AEPS Act is amended.¹⁴⁰ Among the alternative energy sources Pennsylvania recognizes as meeting part of its AEPS requirements are byproducts of pulping and wood manufacturing, landfill methane gas, geothermal energy, low-impact hydropower, and fuel cells.¹⁴¹ Pennsylvania also requires investor-owned utilities doing business in the state to undertake energy efficiency measures to reduce peak power demand and electricity consumption. These energy efficiency measures include helping customers install solar and geothermal technologies, insulate buildings, and upgrade appliances that use less energy.^142,143

Endnotes

¹ Bonatesta, Lara, "Why is Pennsylvania called the Keystone State?," abc27 WHTM (September 27, 2023).
² U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Energy Atlas, All Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Pennsylvania, accessed December 2, 2024.
³ WorldAtlas, Which States Border Pennsylvania?, accessed December 2,2024.
⁴ National Geographic, Giant Maps, Pennsylvania, accessed December 2, 2024.
⁵ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, Coal in Pennsylvania, map, accessed December 2, 2024.
⁶ Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, Marcellus and Utica Shale Resources, accessed December 2, 2024.
⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Top 100 U.S. Oil and Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 8.
⁸ North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Pennsylvania, accessed December 2, 2024.
⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023, Population Estimates, Population Change, and Components of Change, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 (NST-EST2021-POP) (Excel File).
¹⁰ The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, Rural Urban Definitions, accessed December 2, 2024.
¹¹ The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, Rural Quick Facts, accessed December 2, 2024.
¹² U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania: 2020 Census, August 25, 2021.
¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C12, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
¹⁵ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2N GDP by state, All states, All industry total (Millions of current dollars), 2023.
¹⁶ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP 2 GDP in Current Dollars, Pennsylvania, All statistics in table 2023.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates Per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁹ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP 2 GDP in Current Dollars, Pennsylvania, All Statistics in table, 2023.
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²² Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, Marcellus and Utica Shale Resources, accessed December 3, 2024.
²³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 4, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, production and proved reserves, from shale plays (trillion cubic feet), 2021-22.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022, Table 10, Natural Gas, Wet After Lease Separation, Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes From Shale Plays, by States and Areas, 2022 (billion cubic feet).
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³⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Pennsylvania, Annual, Million Cubic Feet, 2018-23.
³¹ Federal Energy Regulation Commission, Approved Major Pipeline Projects (1997-Present), updated October 31, 2024.
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³⁶ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total number of Existing Fields, 2018-23.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
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⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Plant Processing, NGPL Production, Gaseous Equivalent, Annual, 1967-2023.
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⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by Origin State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Pennsylvania, Table OS-20, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2023.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic and Foreign Distribution of U.S. Coal by State of Origin State, 2023.
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⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2017-23.
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⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2018 (June 25, 2018), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State and Individual Refinery as of January 1, 2018, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Energy Solutions, Philadelphia.
⁶⁹ U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Fire and Explosions at Philadelphia Energy Solutions Refinery Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Unit, October 16, 2019.
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⁷⁹ Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, updated January 2018.
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⁸¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
⁸² U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
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⁸⁷ Congressional Research Service, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (August 30, 2022).
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⁸⁹ Pennsylvania Independent Fiscal Office, Pennsylvania Electricity Update (March 7, 2024), p. 1.
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⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
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¹⁰¹ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident, updated March 28, 2024.
¹⁰² Constellation, "Three Mile Island Generating Station Unit 1 Retires from Service After 45 Years," Press Release (September 20, 2019).
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¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal and Inventory of Operating Generators, Technology: Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle, Natural Gas Fired Combustion Turbine, Natural Gas Internal Combustion Engine, Natural Gas Steam Turbine.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, "The largest coal-fired power plant in Pennsylvania will close by July 2023," Today in Energy (June 5, 2023).
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹¹² U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (December 23, 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
¹¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data, Table 39, Electric light-duty vehicles overview, 2023.
¹¹⁴ McDevitt, "Electric vehicle owners in Pa. will need to pay an extra fee starting in 2025," StateImpact Pennsylvania (July 24, 2024).
¹¹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹¹⁶ U.S. EIA, "Wind generation declined in 2023 for the first time since the 1990s," Today in Energy (April 30, 2024).
¹¹⁷ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Pennsylvania, Maps & Data, accessed December 2, 2024.
¹¹⁸ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2022-23, Wind, p. 28-29.
¹¹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine, and Inventory of Planned Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
¹²⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹²¹ Hydropower Reform Coalition, Search hydropower projects, Pennsylvania, accessed December 2, 2024.
¹²² U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
¹²³ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2022-23, Hydropower, p. 29-30.
¹²⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Hydropower Market Report, January 2021, p. 8, 47, 76.
¹²⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators and Planned Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
¹²⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Hydropower explained, Hydroelectric power is produced with moving water, Pumped-storage hydropower facilities, updated April 20, 2023.
¹²⁸ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.15.B.
¹²⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹³⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
¹³¹ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (December 2, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, September 2024.
¹³² U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today in Energy (December 14, 2016).
¹³³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹³⁴ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2022-23, p. 24-28.
¹³⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-23.
¹³⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.17.B.
¹³⁷ Crable, Ad, "Largest solar array in Pennsylvania begins producing power," Bay Journal (January 23, 2024).
¹³⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of November 2024, Pennsylvania, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
¹³⁹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard, Pennsylvania, updated November 8, 2023.
¹⁴⁰ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2022-23, p. 4-12.
¹⁴¹ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2022-23, p. 62.
¹⁴² NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Energy Efficiency and Conservation Requirements for Utilities, Pennsylvania, updated October 7, 2024.
¹⁴³ Keystone Energy Efficiency Alliance, Act 129, Issue Context, Background, & Resources, accessed November 26, 2024.