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British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of the heat content of fuels or energy sources. One Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1° Fahrenheit (F) at the temperature that water has its greatest density (approximately 39° F).
One British thermal unit (Btu) is approximately equal to the energy released by burning a match.
Source: Stock photography (copyrighted)
A single Btu is very small in terms of the amount of energy a single household or an entire country uses. In 2023, the United States used about 93.59 quadrillion Btu of energy. Written out, 1 quadrillion is a 1 followed by 15 zeros: 1,000,000,000,000,000.
You can use heat content to equally compare energy sources or fuels. Fuels can be converted from physical units of measure (such as weight or volume) to a common unit of measurement of the energy or heat content of each fuel. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) uses Btu as a unit of energy content.
EIA collects data on the physical amounts (volume or weight) of energy sources produced, imported, exported, and consumed. EIA converts those amounts into Btu equivalents to compare sources equally.
For example, the physical volumes of fossil fuels consumed in the United States in 2023 and Btu equivalents were:
1 Btu factors are for end-use consumption in 2023 from Monthly Energy Review, August 2024, excluding wood; preliminary data for 2023.
2 Natural gas consumed by end-use sectors (excluding electric power sector).
3 Finished motor gasoline sold at retail in the United States, including fuel ethanol content.
4 Distillate fuel with 15 parts per million (ppm) sulfur or less.
5 Distillate fuel with 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur content.
6 This conversion is an estimate. A cord of wood is a volume unit and does not take wood density or moisture content into account. Wood heat content varies significantly with moisture content.
The Btu conversion factors above are approximate. Tables with heat content for fuels and electricity are available in the appendices of the Monthly Energy Review.
Last updated: October 29, 2024; preliminary data for 2023..
