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Table CT6. Industrial sector energy consumption estimates, 1960-2022, California

Table CT6. Industrial sector energy consumption estimates, 1960-2022, California






Year


Coal

Natural
gas a		 Petroleum
Hydro-
electric
power e,f		 Biomass




Geo-
thermal f


Solar f,i


Electricity j




End
use f,k


Electrical
system
energy
losses l





Total f,k
Distillate
fuel oil
HGL b		 Motor
gasoline c		 Residual
fuel oil
Other d
Total


Wood and
waste f,g

Losses
and co-
products h
Thousand
short tons		 Billion
cubic feet
Thousand barrels		 Million
kWh		 Million
kWh
1960 1,313 451 10,127 4,231 2,851 10,750 38,766 66,725 (s) – – – – – – NA 20,190 – – – – – –
1961 2,192 456 10,642 4,333 2,738 8,960 38,926 65,600 (s) – – – – – – NA 19,657 – – – – – –
1962 1,471 481 10,399 4,830 2,664 9,660 39,502 67,055 1 – – – – – – NA 18,721 – – – – – –
1963 1,713 533 11,123 5,197 2,565 11,287 37,956 68,129 (s) – – – – – – NA 20,387 – – – – – –
1964 1,992 553 13,207 4,917 2,481 12,678 41,103 74,386 (s) – – – – – – NA 25,524 – – – – – –
1965 2,361 529 13,002 4,826 2,245 11,846 41,823 73,742 (s) – – – – – – NA 28,904 – – – – – –
1966 1,907 555 14,264 5,164 2,292 13,324 42,949 77,993 0 – – – – – – NA 32,165 – – – – – –
1967 1,998 606 13,880 5,668 1,913 11,707 39,788 72,957 0 – – – – – – NA 34,521 – – – – – –
1968 2,115 637 10,817 6,623 1,748 12,590 43,849 75,628 0 – – – – – – NA 37,138 – – – – – –
1969 2,153 673 8,595 8,761 1,521 10,640 46,861 76,377 0 – – – – – – NA 39,766 – – – – – –
1970 2,215 711 8,510 9,147 1,942 12,121 47,012 78,732 (s) – – – – – – NA 42,169 – – – – – –
1971 1,900 697 10,053 9,423 1,542 10,134 46,630 77,782 0 – – – – – – NA 43,995 – – – – – –
1972 1,767 692 11,958 11,646 1,426 9,162 49,329 83,522 0 – – – – – – NA 46,441 – – – – – –
1973 2,498 722 14,201 13,477 1,472 9,217 52,844 91,211 0 – – – – – – NA 47,015 – – – – – –
1974 2,266 713 10,684 15,198 1,302 9,588 52,127 88,899 0 – – – – – – NA 42,805 – – – – – –
1975 2,151 666 10,519 15,688 1,338 8,308 51,705 87,558 0 – – – – – – NA 46,053 – – – – – –
1976 2,611 626 11,136 15,696 1,496 9,046 56,319 93,693 0 – – – – – – NA 49,272 – – – – – –
1977 2,984 629 13,356 14,106 1,134 7,431 62,270 98,296 0 – – – – – – NA 51,185 – – – – – –
1978 2,728 487 15,197 14,481 1,078 7,575 65,276 103,606 0 – – – – – – NA 51,812 – – – – – –
1979 2,730 499 20,854 16,482 1,118 7,025 75,094 120,573 0 – – – – – – NA 54,108 – – – – – –
1980 2,665 486 15,576 12,887 1,698 12,554 66,101 108,816 0 – – – – – – NA 51,888 – – – – – –
1981 3,229 463 17,735 10,874 1,402 10,825 40,781 81,617 0 – – – – – – NA 49,551 – – – – – –
1982 2,862 363 20,695 10,067 1,260 8,236 41,509 81,769 0 – – – – – – NA 47,300 – – – – – –
1983 1,454 345 17,101 8,933 1,080 8,760 66,619 102,492 0 – – – – – – NA 48,153 – – – – – –
1984 1,635 421 20,048 13,758 1,873 22,086 70,742 128,507 0 – – – – – – NA 51,294 – – – – – –
1985 1,889 433 17,779 12,977 3,065 18,732 67,209 119,763 0 – – – – – – NA 52,972 – – – – – –
1986 1,865 428 15,235 14,347 3,176 15,045 64,704 112,507 0 – – – – – – NA 52,884 – – – – – –
1987 1,933 556 15,491 15,310 3,256 14,576 66,691 115,325 0 – – – – – – NA 54,387 – – – – – –
1988 2,203 487 15,945 15,073 2,978 8,772 71,887 114,655 0 – – – – – – NA 54,988 – – – – – –
1989 2,540 528 16,459 16,435 3,232 2,688 69,050 107,865 0 – – – – – – NA 55,596 – – – – – –
1990 2,874 588 17,076 12,304 3,163 1,838 67,262 101,642 0 – – – – – – 3 55,892 – – – – – –
1991 2,771 707 14,262 9,658 3,271 1,751 58,589 87,531 0 – – – – – – 3 56,191 – – – – – –
1992 2,821 687 12,660 14,788 3,297 1,868 61,286 93,899 0 – – – – – – 3 57,090 – – – – – –
1993 2,311 700 13,022 10,073 2,664 1,519 55,586 82,865 0 – – – – – – 4 56,189 – – – – – –
1994 2,332 676 13,969 11,266 2,758 1,332 58,863 88,188 0 – – – – – – 4 59,864 – – – – – –
1995 2,485 698 11,664 8,489 2,849 1,467 56,088 80,556 0 – – – – – – 5 57,367 – – – – – –
1996 2,414 702 11,865 5,634 2,741 304 62,317 82,862 0 – – – – – – 6 57,683 – – – – – –
1997 2,697 794 14,035 4,169 2,910 102 59,730 80,946 0 – – – – – – 6 62,017 – – – – – –
1998 1,885 819 12,849 3,100 3,263 31 57,964 77,206 0 – – – – – – 7 61,641 – – – – – –
1999 2,034 792 14,766 5,068 1,922 570 63,730 86,055 0 – – – – – – 8 63,217 – – – – – –
2000 1,992 841 18,686 5,948 1,971 108 58,589 85,302 0 – – – – – – 9 64,311 – – – – – –
2001 1,937 719 21,700 6,367 4,533 333 65,566 98,500 0 – – – – – – 11 63,041 – – – – – –
2002 1,973 785 14,644 9,188 4,821 194 65,196 94,043 0 – – – – – – 14 48,448 – – – – – –
2003 1,976 821 10,749 6,665 5,009 53 60,653 83,129 0 – – – – – – 16 49,909 – – – – – –
2004 1,914 876 14,218 4,799 5,720 14 60,641 85,393 0 – – – – – – 20 48,812 – – – – – –
2005 1,956 822 13,230 1,752 5,375 11 61,985 82,354 0 – – – – – – 29 50,242 – – – – – –
2006 1,870 792 13,861 3,000 5,503 102 61,277 83,743 0 – – – – – – 52 50,991 – – – – – –
2007 1,818 798 11,461 1,913 4,448 11 62,633 80,464 0 – – – – – – 71 50,538 – – – – – –
2008 1,688 788 12,718 4,048 3,930 396 53,724 74,816 0 – – – – – – 115 51,031 – – – – – –
2009 1,330 772 10,312 5,733 3,742 6 45,387 65,180 0 – – – – – – 151 47,835 – – – – – –
2010 1,419 771 12,203 5,885 5,773 10 44,224 68,095 0 – – – – – – 213 49,301 – – – – – –
2011 1,536 753 13,377 6,366 5,677 7 49,469 74,896 0 – – – – – – 308 49,936 – – – – – –
2012 1,323 789 12,976 6,149 6,020 5 45,867 71,018 0 – – – – – – 504 46,952 – – – – – –
2013 1,383 829 12,919 6,041 6,256 6 50,161 75,382 0 – – – – – – 668 54,397 – – – – – –
2014 1,399 834 13,895 6,320 4,539 5 47,949 72,709 0 – – – – – – 841 52,898 – – – – – –
2015 1,334 823 13,978 6,083 5,962 46 47,106 73,175 0 – – – – – – 1,046 52,562 – – – – – –
2016 1,389 817 13,140 5,864 5,952 57 49,464 [R ] 74,478 [R ] 0 – – – – – – 1,388 50,979 – – – – – –
2017 1,464 803 13,559 5,617 6,026 19 50,281 [R ] 75,502 [R ] 0 – – – – – – 1,760 48,627 – – – – – –
2018 1,438 807 12,205 5,380 6,125 10 50,903 [R ] 74,623 [R ] 0 – – – – – – 1,899 49,588 – – – – – –
2019 1,323 808 11,661 5,562 6,103 11 49,635 [R ] 72,972 [R ] 0 – – – – – – 2,213 47,808 – – – – – –
2020 1,211 735 [R ] 10,767 5,575 6,117 9 46,056 [R ] 68,525 [R ] 0 – – – – – – 2,527 47,631 – – – – – –
2021 1,223 719 12,787 5,667 6,030 13 44,852 [R ] 69,349 [R ] 0 – – – – – – 2,860 47,583 – – – – – –
2022 1,322 685 12,924 6,052 6,225 14 44,887 70,102 0 – – – – – – 3,074 47,500 – – – – – –
Trillion Btu
1960 35.2 466.3 59.0 16.0 15.0 67.6 238.9 396.5 (s) 56.3 NA NA NA 68.9 1,023.2 138.9 [R ] 1,162.1 [R ]
1961 58.7 472.1 62.0 16.4 14.4 56.3 240.4 389.5 (s) 58.6 NA NA NA 67.1 1,046.0 133.0 [R ] 1,179.0 [R ]
1962 39.4 497.7 60.6 18.3 14.0 60.7 244.1 397.7 (s) 62.7 NA NA NA 63.9 1,061.4 124.4 [R ] 1,185.8 [R ]
1963 45.9 569.8 64.8 19.7 13.5 71.0 235.1 404.0 (s) 69.7 NA NA NA 69.6 1,158.9 137.5 [R ] 1,296.4 [R ]
1964 53.4 592.1 76.9 18.6 13.0 79.7 251.9 440.2 (s) 75.0 NA NA NA 87.1 1,247.7 171.3 [R ] 1,419.0 [R ]
1965 63.2 567.4 75.7 18.3 11.8 74.5 255.7 435.9 (s) 74.8 NA NA NA 98.6 1,240.0 194.0 [R ] 1,434.0 [R ]
1966 51.1 595.4 83.1 19.5 12.0 83.8 262.5 460.9 0.0 78.1 NA NA NA 109.7 1,295.2 220.5 [R ] 1,515.7 [R ]
1967 53.5 649.6 80.9 21.4 10.0 73.6 243.4 429.3 0.0 78.4 NA NA NA 117.8 1,328.7 232.4 [R ] 1,561.0 [R ]
1968 56.7 681.3 63.0 24.8 9.2 79.2 268.2 444.3 0.0 86.6 NA NA NA 126.7 1,395.6 254.2 [R ] 1,649.8 [R ]
1969 57.7 719.2 50.1 32.5 8.0 66.9 286.8 444.2 0.0 91.8 NA NA NA 135.7 1,448.5 270.2 [R ] 1,718.7 [R ]
1970 59.3 749.1 49.6 33.4 10.2 76.2 286.9 456.2 (s) 91.7 NA NA NA 143.9 1,500.3 294.7 [R ] 1,795.0 [R ]
1971 50.9 734.7 58.6 34.2 8.1 63.7 284.5 449.1 0.0 93.6 NA NA NA 150.1 1,478.4 305.4 [R ] 1,783.8 [R ]
1972 47.3 727.5 69.7 42.1 7.5 57.6 300.5 477.4 0.0 102.6 NA NA NA 158.5 1,513.2 323.6 [R ] 1,836.9 [R ]
1973 66.9 758.3 82.7 48.4 7.7 57.9 322.1 519.0 0.0 106.7 NA NA NA 160.4 1,611.2 328.1 [R ] 1,939.3 [R ]
1974 60.6 752.1 62.2 54.2 6.8 60.3 316.8 500.3 0.0 110.7 NA NA NA 146.1 1,569.7 299.5 [R ] 1,869.2 [R ]
1975 56.4 703.6 61.3 55.4 7.0 52.2 315.4 491.3 0.0 99.3 NA NA NA 157.1 1,507.8 320.8 [R ] 1,828.6 [R ]
1976 66.6 658.4 64.9 55.4 7.9 56.9 343.1 528.1 0.0 114.8 NA NA NA 168.1 1,536.1 349.0 [R ] 1,885.1 [R ]
1977 75.1 660.4 77.8 48.9 6.0 46.7 379.3 558.6 0.0 118.2 NA NA NA 174.6 1,587.0 376.0 [R ] 1,963.0 [R ]
1978 67.8 512.6 88.5 49.9 5.7 47.6 396.8 588.5 0.0 123.5 NA NA NA 176.8 1,469.2 377.4 [R ] 1,846.7 [R ]
1979 68.5 522.6 121.5 58.3 5.9 44.2 459.2 689.0 0.0 125.2 NA NA NA 184.6 1,589.9 389.1 [R ] 1,979.1 [R ]
1980 66.1 507.4 90.7 45.4 8.9 78.9 403.8 627.8 0.0 61.1 NA NA NA 177.0 1,439.4 376.6 [R ] 1,816.0 [R ]
1981 78.4 482.9 103.3 37.8 7.4 68.1 253.9 470.4 0.0 64.5 0.0 NA NA 169.1 1,265.3 352.5 [R ] 1,617.8 [R ]
1982 69.4 379.7 120.5 34.6 6.6 51.8 258.4 472.0 0.0 62.4 0.0 NA NA 161.4 1,144.8 331.3 [R ] 1,476.2 [R ]
1983 32.0 359.3 99.6 30.5 5.7 55.1 403.5 594.4 0.0 70.5 0.0 NA NA 164.3 1,220.5 332.4 [R ] 1,552.9 [R ]
1984 36.5 437.3 116.8 47.0 9.8 138.9 428.7 741.2 0.0 71.9 0.0 NA NA 175.0 1,461.9 347.1 [R ] 1,809.0 [R ]
1985 44.0 449.5 103.6 44.4 16.1 117.8 410.8 692.7 0.0 71.6 0.3 NA NA 180.7 1,438.8 367.3 [R ] 1,806.1 [R ]
1986 42.5 443.3 88.7 49.9 16.7 94.6 400.3 650.3 0.0 41.3 0.3 NA NA 180.4 1,358.1 357.4 [R ] 1,715.5 [R ]
1987 44.9 570.7 90.2 53.8 17.1 91.6 410.3 663.1 0.0 40.7 0.3 NA NA 185.6 1,505.3 370.3 [R ] 1,875.6 [R ]
1988 50.7 500.8 92.9 52.8 15.6 55.1 439.1 655.6 0.0 42.1 0.3 NA NA 187.6 1,437.1 381.0 [R ] 1,818.1 [R ]
1989 57.7 548.4 95.9 58.2 17.0 16.9 420.8 608.8 0.0 63.3 0.3 0.5 (s) 189.7 1,468.7 395.7 [R ] 1,864.3 [R ]
1990 64.7 606.7 99.5 42.4 16.6 11.6 410.2 580.3 0.0 65.3 0.2 0.6 (s) 190.7 1,508.7 333.2 [R ] 1,841.8 [R ]
1991 63.0 725.5 83.1 33.2 17.2 11.0 360.0 504.4 0.0 58.5 0.3 0.7 (s) 191.7 1,544.2 340.4 [R ] 1,884.6 [R ]
1992 64.8 705.0 73.7 51.1 17.3 11.7 373.6 527.6 0.0 57.1 0.3 0.8 (s) 194.8 1,550.4 353.3 [R ] 1,903.7 [R ]
1993 53.6 726.2 75.9 34.5 13.9 9.5 340.4 474.2 0.0 46.7 0.3 0.9 (s) 191.7 1,493.7 309.0 [R ] 1,802.7 [R ]
1994 54.2 688.9 81.3 39.2 14.4 8.4 359.9 503.1 0.0 44.8 0.3 1.2 (s) 204.3 1,496.8 [R ] 358.0 [R ] 1,854.9 [R ]
1995 57.9 705.4 67.9 29.4 14.8 9.2 343.7 465.0 0.0 42.3 0.3 1.4 R (s) 195.7 1,468.0 [R ] 304.2 [R ] 1,772.3 [R ]
1996 56.2 726.4 69.1 19.4 14.3 1.9 380.6 485.2 0.0 35.6 0.1 1.4 R (s) 196.8 1,501.7 304.6 [R ] 1,806.3 [R ]
1997 62.2 807.3 81.7 14.4 15.1 0.6 364.8 476.6 0.0 42.1 0.2 1.6 R (s) 211.6 1,601.6 [R ] 340.5 [R ] 1,942.1 [R ]
1998 43.3 864.8 74.8 10.7 17.0 0.2 357.4 460.0 0.0 34.7 0.3 1.6 R (s) 210.3 1,615.0 345.9 [R ] 1,960.8 [R ]
1999 46.8 803.6 85.9 17.4 10.0 3.6 394.4 511.4 0.0 37.6 0.2 1.2 R (s) 215.7 1,616.6 367.8 [R ] 1,984.4 [R ]
2000 47.4 803.8 108.7 20.3 10.3 0.7 364.7 504.7 0.0 41.1 0.3 1.3 R (s) 219.4 1,618.1 [R ] 373.9 [R ] 1,992.0 [R ]
2001 46.7 730.3 126.3 21.8 23.6 2.1 404.3 578.1 0.0 50.9 0.3 1.4 R (s) 215.1 1,622.8 [R ] 388.3 [R ] 2,011.1 [R ]
2002 47.1 800.0 85.2 31.5 25.1 1.2 401.3 544.3 0.0 34.9 0.4 1.4 R (s) 165.3 1,593.5 [R ] 283.8 [R ] 1,877.3 [R ]
2003 47.7 837.5 62.5 23.0 26.0 0.3 371.4 483.2 0.0 33.8 0.5 1.0 0.1 [R ] 170.3 1,574.1 [R ] 273.8 [R ] 1,847.9 [R ]
2004 46.2 893.4 82.7 16.5 29.7 0.1 374.8 503.8 0.0 34.0 0.5 1.1 0.1 [R ] 166.5 1,645.6 [R ] 278.3 [R ] 1,923.9 [R ]
2005 46.3 841.1 77.0 6.0 27.9 0.1 382.0 493.0 0.0 37.0 0.9 1.3 0.1 [R ] 171.4 1,591.1 [R ] 265.7 [R ] 1,856.8 [R ]
2006 45.1 809.8 80.4 10.3 28.5 0.6 377.2 497.1 0.0 30.6 2.3 1.3 0.2 [R ] 174.0 1,560.2 [R ] 258.9 [R ] 1,819.1 [R ]
2007 43.1 821.4 66.3 6.5 22.9 0.1 387.2 482.9 0.0 31.5 5.1 1.4 0.2 [R ] 172.4 1,558.0 [R ] 272.4 [R ] 1,830.4 [R ]
2008 39.4 809.4 73.5 13.6 20.1 2.5 332.2 441.9 0.0 28.3 5.3 1.4 0.4 [R ] 174.1 1,500.3 [R ] 284.1 [R ] 1,784.4 [R ]
2009 31.3 792.7 59.6 19.0 19.0 (s) 279.8 377.5 0.0 26.7 2.7 1.2 0.5 [R ] 163.2 1,395.8 [R ] 254.1 [R ] 1,649.9 [R ]
2010 33.2 787.4 70.5 22.6 29.3 0.1 270.5 392.9 0.0 29.9 3.3 1.2 0.7 [R ] 168.2 1,416.9 [R ] 250.0 [R ] 1,666.9 [R ]
2011 35.6 767.4 77.2 24.4 28.7 (s) 304.8 435.2 0.0 32.6 8.4 1.2 1.1 [R ] 170.4 1,451.9 [R ] 241.1 [R ] 1,693.0 [R ]
2012 30.7 805.5 74.8 23.6 30.5 (s) 282.8 411.8 0.0 31.7 8.1 1.2 1.7 [R ] 160.2 1,450.8 [R ] 225.1 [R ] 1,675.9 [R ]
2013 31.9 850.3 74.5 23.2 31.7 (s) 308.6 437.9 0.0 31.6 8.0 1.2 2.3 [R ] 185.6 1,548.9 [R ] 252.2 [R ] 1,801.1 [R ]
2014 32.6 857.8 80.1 24.3 23.0 (s) 295.3 422.7 0.0 28.5 10.2 1.2 2.9 [R ] 180.5 1,536.3 [R ] 242.6 [R ] 1,778.9 [R ]
2015 31.0 853.1 80.5 23.3 30.1 0.3 290.1 424.4 0.0 27.0 10.5 1.2 3.6 [R ] 179.3 1,530.1 [R ] 239.0 [R ] 1,769.1 [R ]
2016 32.1 845.8 75.6 22.5 30.1 0.4 312.0 [R ] 440.6 [R ] 0.0 28.8 10.6 1.2 4.7 [R ] 173.9 1,537.7 [R ] 208.9 [R ] 1,746.6 [R ]
2017 33.7 831.7 78.1 21.6 30.4 0.1 316.5 [R ] 446.7 [R ] 0.0 32.5 11.3 1.2 6.0 [R ] 165.9 1,529.1 [R ] 179.7 [R ] 1,708.7 [R ]
2018 33.3 834.5 70.3 20.6 31.0 0.1 320.9 [R ] 442.9 [R ] 0.0 32.4 11.6 1.2 6.5 [R ] 169.2 1,531.5 [R ] 207.9 [R ] 1,739.4 [R ]
2019 30.9 835.7 67.2 21.3 30.8 0.1 311.9 [R ] 431.3 [R ] 0.0 32.5 10.3 1.2 7.6 [R ] 163.1 1,512.5 [R ] 178.1 [R ] 1,690.6 [R ]
2020 28.0 759.6 [R ] 62.0 21.4 30.9 0.1 289.1 [R ] 403.5 [R ] 0.0 53.9 6.0 1.2 8.6 [R ] 162.5 1,423.4 [R ] 182.3 [R ] 1,605.7 [R ]
2021 28.2 743.7 73.7 21.7 30.5 0.1 282.9 [R ] 408.9 [R ] 0.0 55.4 5.1 1.2 9.8 [R ] 162.4 1,414.8 [R ] 182.7 [R ] 1,597.5 [R ]
2022 30.0 708.9 74.5 23.2 31.4 0.1 283.3 412.6 0.0 32.1 4.4 1.2 10.5 162.1 1,361.9 177.4 1,539.3
aIncludes supplemental gaseous fuels that are commingled with natural gas. jElectricity sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, other energy service
providers.
bHydrocarbon gas liquids, include natural gas liquids and refinery olefins. kBeginning in 1980, adjusted for the double-counting of supplemental gaseous fuels, which are included in both
natural gas and the other fossil fuels from which they are mostly derived, but should be counted only once in End Use and
Total. For 1981 through 1992, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the motor gasoline
column. Beginning in 2009, includes a small amount of wind energy consumed by industrial utility-scale facilities.
cBeginning in 1993, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. There is a discontinuity in this time series
between 2014 and 2015 because of coverage. See Technical Notes, Section 4.		 lIncurred in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity plus plant use and unaccounted for electrical
system energy losses. Pre-1990 estimates are not comparable to those for later years. See Section 6 of Technical Notes
for an explanation of changes in methodology.
dIncludes asphalt and road oil, kerosene, lubricants, petroleum coke, and the “other petroleum products” category. See
Technical Notes, Section 4.		 kWh = Kilowatthours. – – = Not applicable. NA = Not available.
eConventional hydroelectric power. For 1960 through 1989, includes hydroelectric pumped-storage, which cannot be
separately identified.		 Where shown, R = Revised data and (s) = Physical unit value less than 0.5 or Btu value less than 0.05.
fThere is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of renewable
energy sources beginning in 1989.		 Notes: · Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. · The industrial sector includes
industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants. · The continuity of these data series
estimates may be affected by the changing data sources and estimation methodologies. See the Technical Notes for each
type of energy.
gWood, wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste. Prior to 2001, includes non-biomass waste. Web Page: All data are available at https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.php.
hLosses and co-products from the production of biodiesel and fuel ethanol. Data Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System. See Technical Notes.
http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/
iSolar thermal and photovoltaic energy. Excludes a small amount of solar thermal energy consumed as heat that is
included in the residential sector.