Water Data Collection in the 2007 CBECS
CBECS 2007 - Release date: August 28, 2012
Did you know?
Select water data results are described in the accompanying report, Energy Characteristics and Energy Consumed in Large Hospital Buildings in the United States in 2007 and tabulated in 2007 CBECS Large Hospital Building List of Tables.
The 2007 round of the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) was the first time in the 30 year CBECS history that questions about water consumption were asked of respondents. EIA, in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), added these questions to the CBECS because water and energy consumption are connected in many ways. Extracting, purifying, pumping and transporting drinking water, heating and processing water for domestic and other uses, and treating and disposing of wastewater are all activities that use energy. The California Energy Commission estimates that water has significant embedded energy content, between 2,000 and 20,000 kilowatt-hours per million gallons.1 Currently there are no nationwide estimates of water consumption in the commercial buildings sector, and the CBECS was believed to be an appropriate way to collect this data. The questions about water in the 2007 CBECS were experimental. This report discusses the ability of respondents to answer the questions.
Water Data Collection in the 2007 CBECS
At the end of the 2007 CBECS questionnaire, respondents were asked to report the total volume of water used (consumption) in 2007, how much it cost (expenditures), whether the volume was metered or estimated, and how much of the water was used outside the building. If the building used central chillers, respondents were asked the volume of water used for cooling towers.
Four questions related to water consumption were also added to a section of the questionnaire regarding miscellaneous equipment: whether the sewer flow was metered, the presence of sterilizers or autoclaves, whether the building had a landscape irrigation system, and the number of commercial ice makers.
Prior to the CBECS interview, respondents were provided with advanced materials to prepare for the interview. A worksheet with these water questions was included so the respondent could gather the information, if available.
View the full text of the water questions and the worksheet.
Ability of Respondents to Report Water Data
Water Consumption and Expenditures
Does 56 percent response represent "success"?
In 2007, among buildings that used electricity, 66 percent of respondents were able to provide electricity data for the building in the building characteristics interview.2 Collecting energy data has been one of the main focuses of the CBECS since its inception. Considering that this was the first time that water data collection had been attempted, EIA considers 10 percent below the response rate for electricity reporting to be a success.
Overall, EIA considers this pilot water data collection a success. Among the 2007 CBECS sampled building respondents that used water, 56 percent of them were able to report consumption, expenditures, or both. Table 1 shows further detail on the ability of the overall 2007 CBECS sample respondents to report these data.
Water consumption and/or expenditures reporting rates varied substantially by principal building activity, as shown in Table 2. Inpatient healthcare buildings had the highest reporting rate of, at 69.4 percent. Public order and safety, education, lodging, public assembly, food sales, and religious worship buildings also had high reporting rates, above 60 percent. Vacant commercial buildings had the lowest rate, 35.8 percent.
Water consumption and/or expenditure reporting ability did not vary significantly across Census regions. All regions reported in the 50 to 60 percent range, as shown in Table 3.
Number of Sampled Buildings | Percent of Sampled Buildings | Percent of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 4,428 | 100 | 100 |
Water Not Used | 358 | 8.1 | — |
Total Reported Consumption and/or Expenditures | 2,289 | 51.7 | 56.2 |
Reported Both Consumption and Expenditures | 1,453 | 32.8 | 35.7 |
Reported Consumption OR Expenditures | 836 | 18.9 | 20.5 |
Did not know Consumption and Expenditures | 1,781 | 40.2 | 43.8 |
Reported Water Consumption and or Expenditures | Did not know Consumption and Expenditures | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Sampled Buildings | Number of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | Number of Sampled Buildings | Percent of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | Number of Sampled Buildings | Percent of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | |
All Buildings | 4,428 | 4,070 | 2,289 | 56.2 | 1,781 | 43.8 |
Inpatient Health Care | 173 | 173 | 120 | 69.4 | 53 | 30.6 |
Public Order & Safety | 44 | 43 | 27 | 62.8 | 16 | 37.2 |
Education | 299 | 292 | 179 | 61.3 | 113 | 38.7 |
Lodging | 145 | 144 | 88 | 61.1 | 56 | 38.9 |
Public Assembly | 170 | 164 | 100 | 61.0 | 64 | 39.0 |
Food Sales | 81 | 79 | 48 | 60.8 | 31 | 39.2 |
Religious Worship | 175 | 172 | 104 | 60.5 | 68 | 39.5 |
Office | 1,074 | 1,052 | 626 | 59.5 | 426 | 40.5 |
Enclosed Mall | 86 | 85 | 50 | 58.8 | 35 | 41.2 |
Outpatient Health Care | 131 | 129 | 75 | 58.1 | 54 | 41.9 |
Other | 235 | 216 | 124 | 57.4 | 92 | 42.6 |
Service | 366 | 324 | 171 | 52.8 | 153 | 47.2 |
Warehouse | 696 | 545 | 274 | 50.3 | 271 | 49.7 |
Retail Other than Mall | 358 | 346 | 168 | 48.6 | 178 | 51.4 |
Food Service | 242 | 239 | 111 | 46.4 | 128 | 53.6 |
Vacant | 153 | 67 | 24 | 35.8 | 43 | 64.2 |
Reported Water Consumption and or Expenditures | Did not know Consumption and Expenditures | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Sampled Buildings | Number of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | Number of Sampled Buildings | Percent of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | Number of Sampled Buildings | Percent of Sampled Buildings that Use Water | |
All Buildings | 4,428 | 4,070 | 2,289 | 56.2 | 1,781 | 43.8 |
Northeast | 847 | 787 | 410 | 52.1 | 377 | 47.9 |
Midwest | 1,102 | 962 | 572 | 59.5 | 390 | 40.5 |
South | 1,793 | 1,669 | 972 | 58.2 | 697 | 41.8 |
West | 686 | 652 | 335 | 51.4 | 317 | 48.6 |
Miscellaneous Water Questions
- Sewer flow metering
About 91 percent of respondents were able to answer whether or not their sewer flow was metered.
- Sterilizers or autoclaves
Over 99 percent of respondents were able to report whether or not there were sterilizers or autoclaves used in the building.
- Landscape irrigation system
Over 99 percent of respondents were able to report whether or not the building had a landscape irrigation system.
- Commercial ice makers
All buildings that used electricity (4,259 buildings) were asked whether there was refrigeration equipment present in the building. Some type of refrigeration equipment was in 81 percent of these buildings. Respondents that reported the presence of commercial refrigeration were shown a list of seven types of refrigeration and were asked which types were found in the building. In the 2007 CBECS, one of these seven types was new to the list – commercial ice makers. Of the respondents asked about refrigeration types, 98 percent of them were able to answer whether or not they had ice makers, and 94 percent of those that had ice makers were able to report the exact number.
- Water metered/estimated
All buildings that reported a water consumption figure were asked how the figure was determined: metered, estimated, both metered and estimated, or measured in some other way; 97 percent of the respondents were able to report how the figure was determined.
- Outside water consumption
All buildings that reported a water consumption figure were asked how much of the total water was used outside the building. About 81 percent of the respondents were able to report the outside water consumption figure.
- Cooling tower water consumption
Buildings that reported a water consumption figure and had a central chiller inside the building were asked how much of the total consumption was used for the cooling tower; 50 percent of these respondents were able to report their cooling tower consumption.
Conclusion
The collection of water consumption data in commercial buildings was experimental in the 2007 CBECS. Prior to conducting the survey, it was unknown whether many CBECS respondents would be able to report this information. Of the responding sampled buildings, 56 percent of all responding sampled buildings were able to report consumption or expenditures or both. Reporting success varied by building type, with inpatient healthcare buildings reporting at the highest rate, 69 percent.
As a result of the success of the data collection in the 2007 CBECS and the strong relationship between water and energy consumption, EIA plans to collect water data again in the 2012 CBECS, with improvements based on lessons learned from 2007. Data collection for CBECS 2012 will begin in early 2013 and EIA plans to publish the water estimates for the entire commercial buildings population in 2014.
Footnotes
1 California Energy Commission (CEC). (2006). "California Water - Energy Issues", Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program, Presented at the Western Region Energy - Water Needs Assessment Workshop, Salt Lake City, Utah, January 10, 2006.
2 EIA collects energy data from the suppliers in the Energy Supplier Survey when the building respondent is unable to provide it under statutory authority Section 13(b) of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, P.L. 93-275, codified at 15 U.S.C. 772(b). EIA does not have statutory authority to collect water data from water suppliers.
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Consumption and efficiency data