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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

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‹ BACK TO ALL 2018 CBECS TABLES

Release date: September 2021
Revised date: September 2022
Table B6.  Building size, number of buildings, 2018
Number of buildings (thousand)
Building size
  All
buildings		 1,001
to
5,000 square feet		 5,001
to
10,000 square feet		 10,001
to
25,000 square feet		 25,001
to
50,000 square feet		 50,001
to 100,000 square feet		 100,001
to
200,000 square feet		 200,001
to
500,000 square feet		 Over
500,000 square feet
All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9
Principal building activity                  
Education 437 148 98 63 39 57 25 7 0
Food sales  163 121 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Food service  286 195 80 Q Q Q Q N N
Health care  137 57 36 21 10 7 3 3 1
Inpatient  9 N N Q Q Q 1 2 1
Outpatient  129 57 36 20 9 5 1 0 Q
Lodging  207 Q Q 42 42 23 9 3 1
Mercantile  517 181 105 141 48 23 13 5 1
Retail (other than mall)  350 163 74 75 22 8 6 3 N
Enclosed and strip malls  167 Q Q 66 26 15 7 3 1
Office  970 518 198 137 53 35 17 9 2
Public assembly  488 215 115 95 44 14 3 1 1
Public order and safety  81 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 Q
Religious worship  439 167 103 121 39 8 Q Q N
Service  867 517 216 100 24 9 Q Q Q
Warehouse and storage  1,004 437 255 194 60 33 15 8 2
Other  113 Q Q Q Q Q 3 2 Q
Vacant  208 131 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Year constructed                  
Before 1920 329 192 64 45 19 5 3 1 Q
1920 to 1945 379 209 80 58 12 12 5 2 1
1946 to 1959 517 267 114 83 25 19 7 2 Q
1960 to 1969 685 328 164 116 46 19 7 5 1
1970 to 1979 831 399 208 124 54 27 11 6 1
1980 to 1989 794 372 206 112 54 31 13 5 1
1990 to 1999 921 409 203 174 79 33 16 6 1
2000 to 2009 924 411 175 203 63 44 18 8 2
2010 to 2018 537 246 145 66 35 27 13 5 1
Census region                  
Northeast 793 373 157 145 58 30 19 8 2
Midwest 1,719 810 416 288 115 57 20 10 2
South 2,143 1,076 459 338 128 89 36 15 3
West 1,264 573 328 209 86 41 18 7 2
Climate zonea                  
Cold or very cold 539 270 115 100 29 14 7 2 Q
Cool 1,727 812 420 271 131 58 23 11 2
Mixed mild 1,216 578 247 208 84 55 28 12 4
Warm 1,606 754 390 266 99 61 24 10 2
Hot or very hot 831 419 187 136 42 30 11 5 1
Number of floors                  
1 4,106 2,227 998 581 172 87 28 11 2
2 1,286 476 297 300 122 57 26 7 1
3 370 117 55 80 67 35 10 5 1
4 to 9 142 Q Q 20 25 37 24 11 2
10 or more 16 N N N N Q 4 6 3
Elevators and escalators
(more than one may apply)		                  
Any elevators 503 Q 45 147 119 95 54 27 7
1 elevator 366 Q 44 142 96 50 20 4 1
2 to 5 elevators 121 N Q Q 23 45 32 14 1
6 or more elevators 16 N N N N Q 2 9 5
Any escalators 14 Q N Q Q Q Q 2 2
Number of workers (main shift)                  
Fewer than 5 3,270 2,080 730 366 78 14 Q 1 Q
5 to 9 1,116 559 301 192 49 10 4 Q N
10 to 19 713 173 223 200 84 26 5 1 Q
20 to 49 492 Q 97 175 107 70 17 3 Q
50 to 99 201 N Q 47 51 62 27 6 1
100 to 249 90 N N Q 16 31 25 15 2
250 or more 37 N N N Q 5 13 13 6
Weekly operating hours                  
Fewer than 40 1,370 837 303 172 39 14 4 2 Q
40 to 48 1,483 711 376 252 78 46 16 5 Q
49 to 60 1,250 524 272 257 99 62 25 9 1
61 to 84 645 264 152 115 57 31 17 8 2
85 to 167 465 220 106 51 43 27 12 5 1
Open continuously 705 277 150 134 71 38 18 12 4
Ownership and occupancy                  
Nongovernment owned 4,982 2,390 1,174 855 321 143 63 29 7
Owner occupied 3,249 1,565 791 557 203 82 34 13 4
Leased to tenant(s) 1,581 727 339 294 115 59 28 15 3
Unoccupied 152 98 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Government owned 937 443 185 126 65 75 30 11 2
Federal 70 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 1
State 256 113 Q 30 19 28 9 4 1
Local 610 290 124 89 38 43 19 6 1
Party responsible for operation of energy systems                  
Building owner 4,872 2,344 1,149 769 307 184 78 34 7
Business owner or tenant 831 379 182 169 61 24 10 4 1
Property management 97 Q Q Q Q 4 2 1 Q
Other 118 Q Q 28 10 5 3 1 Q
Provider of direct input on energy-related equipment purchases                  
Building owner 5,127 2,445 1,211 837 321 189 80 35 7
Business owner or tenant 483 234 103 84 38 14 7 3 1
Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 Q
Other 260 128 41 50 23 13 4 2 1
Number of establishments                  
1 4,719 2,456 1,068 679 280 150 61 21 4
2 to 5 811 263 218 212 59 34 15 8 2
6 to 10 135 N Q 67 25 16 6 4 1
11 to 20 63 Q Q Q 15 11 6 2 1
More than 20 19 N Q Q Q 5 4 4 2
Currently unoccupied 170 111 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Campus or complex activity                  
Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 1,841 771 560 239 128 56 24 4
Primary or secondary school 247 101 60 42 18 17 7 3 Q
College or university 103 Q Q Q 15 15 7 2 Q
Office complex 141 61 Q Q 12 8 6 2 1
Retail complex 250 103 Q 54 21 11 5 2 Q
Storage complex 418 157 133 98 Q 8 4 2 Q
Religious campus or complex 253 82 79 69 16 5 Q Q Q
Health care complex 60 Q Q Q Q 4 2 2 1
Lodging or resort complex 102 55 Q Q 16 Q Q Q Q
Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Government complex 124 80 Q Q Q Q 2 1 Q
Other type of campus or complex 563 291 138 87 27 14 3 2 Q
Predominant exterior wall material                  
Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 1,050 574 469 205 121 50 18 3
Concrete (block or poured) 935 370 224 177 84 48 22 9 2
Concrete panels 137 Q Q 31 22 20 10 7 2
Siding or shingles 948 661 179 71 29 Q Q 1 Q
Metal panels 1,250 647 333 204 42 17 4 2 1
Window glass 19 Q Q Q Q Q 3 2 1
Other 139 73 Q Q Q Q 2 2 Q
Predominant roof material                  
Metal surfacing 2,198 1,157 555 355 86 33 8 3 1
Synthetic or rubber 940 327 166 172 121 84 46 20 4
Built-up 708 259 149 145 65 55 22 10 3
Slate or tile shingles 376 200 83 62 22 6 3 0 Q
Wooden materials (including
shingles)		 166 90 Q 35 Q Q Q Q Q
Asphalt, fiberglass, or
other shingles		 1,311 698 319 191 66 24 8 4 0
Concrete 83 Q Q Q 12 Q 3 1 Q
Other 136 56 Q Q Q 8 3 2 0
Roof tilt                  
Flat 1,914 719 404 337 200 146 69 32 7
Shallow pitch 2,313 1,117 589 406 123 52 17 7 1
Steeper pitch 1,691 997 365 237 63 20 6 1 Q
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)                  
White/reflective coating or paint 1,285 478 267 273 119 87 39 18 4
White/reflective tiles or shingles 140 69 Q Q 14 7 4 1 Q
Aluminum coating 528 276 134 73 27 11 4 1 Q
Ballasted roof system 114 Q Q 31 15 14 7 4 1
Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 0
Renovations since 2000
(more than one may apply)		                  
Any type of renovation 2,032 855 454 362 176 103 51 24 6
Addition or annex 327 95 81 62 44 24 15 5 2
Reduction in floorspace 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 1
Roof replacement 847 347 201 142 71 49 22 13 3
Interior wall reconfiguration 709 261 149 139 72 49 23 12 4
Window replacement 484 198 122 91 32 24 10 5 2
HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 333 268 197 97 59 31 17 4
Lighting upgrade 1,012 366 242 178 105 66 32 18 5
Electrical upgrade 565 225 151 82 43 31 18 10 3
Plumbing system upgrade 584 245 143 87 49 31 16 10 3
Insulation upgrade 307 136 67 57 18 13 10 4 1
Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 196 105 117 65 48 24 14 3
Structural upgrade 147 54 Q Q 13 6 4 2 1
Other 43 Q Q Q Q Q 2 1 Q
No renovations 3,530 1,832 795 575 186 95 33 12 2
Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 146 110 44 23 19 9 4 1
Energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 5,613 2,631 1,288 949 385 217 93 40 9
Natural gas 2,974 1,123 679 595 291 171 75 33 7
Fuel oil 583 242 104 107 48 39 23 14 5
District heat 86 Q Q Q 10 15 7 5 2
District chilled water 55 Q Q Q 8 11 6 3 1
Propane 676 358 140 110 35 19 8 4 1
Solar   99 Q Q 29 10 5 5 2 1
Wood, coal, and other 180 76 71 Q Q Q Q Q Q
Space-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 2,563 1,195 540 450 205 105 46 19 4
Natural gas 2,587 952 590 549 251 145 66 28 5
Fuel oil 266 153 52 36 Q 7 4 2 1
District heat 83 Q Q Q 10 15 7 4 2
Propane 431 253 96 60 15 Q 2 Q Q
Other sources1 127 64 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Primary space-heating
energy source		                  
Electricity 1,856 948 385 291 127 69 23 10 2
Natural gas 2,344 871 567 486 216 118 57 24 4
Fuel oil 222 143 Q 31 Q Q 2 Q Q
District heat 78 Q Q Q 9 14 7 4 2
Propane 338 224 68 Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other sources1 63 Q Q Q Q N Q Q N
Cooling energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 4,584 2,025 1,025 844 357 203 86 35 8
Natural gas 4 Q N N Q Q Q Q Q
District chilled water 55 Q Q Q 8 11 6 3 1
Water-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 2,785 1,295 618 501 203 99 45 20 4
Natural gas 1,885 638 451 388 196 128 56 24 4
Fuel oil 72 Q Q Q Q Q 3 1 0
District heat 38 N Q Q Q 9 5 3 1
Propane 145 64 Q 37 Q 5 Q Q Q
Cooking energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 1,216 477 285 206 117 72 38 17 4
Natural gas 727 220 148 143 89 63 40 19 4
Propane 159 77 Q 33 Q 9 4 1 Q
Energy end uses
(more than one may apply)		                  
Buildings with space heating 4,901 2,229 1,093 869 366 208 90 39 9
Buildings with cooling 4,631 2,033 1,032 853 363 211 90 38 9
Buildings with water heating 4,595 1,984 1,053 848 363 209 90 39 9
Buildings with cooking 1,738 695 390 307 159 103 55 24 6
Buildings with manufacturing 322 139 56 65 35 17 6 3 1
Buildings with electricity
generation		 706 189 156 152 80 66 37 20 6
Buildings with lighting 5,509 2,583 1,238 948 382 217 92 40 9
Percent of floorspace heated                  
Not heated 1,017 604 266 112 20 10 3 2 Q
1 to 50% 693 328 156 140 34 19 10 4 1
51 to 99% 905 329 246 167 83 47 20 10 3
100% 3,303 1,572 691 561 248 141 60 25 5
Percent of floorspace cooled                  
Not cooled 1,288 800 327 127 23 7 3 2 N
1 to 50% 1,111 419 298 251 70 45 17 7 2
51 to 99 998 353 239 184 108 66 31 14 4
100 2,522 1,261 495 419 185 100 43 17 3
Percent lit when open                  
0% Q Q Q N Q N Q Q N
1 to 50% 1,280 595 348 249 60 19 6 2 1
51 to 99% 1,784 712 387 360 161 96 43 20 4
100% 2,272 1,170 452 329 157 99 43 17 4
Building never open/electricity
not used		 513 332 129 Q Q Q Q Q Q
Percent lit during off hours                  
0% 2,054 1,222 508 239 64 16 4 2 Q
1 to 50% 3,243 1,276 720 665 285 181 77 32 7
51 to 100% 238 108 Q 40 24 16 9 5 1
Building always open with
no "off hours"		 78 Q Q Q Q 4 3 2 0
Electricity not used 305 201 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Heating equipment (more than one may apply)                  
Packaged heating units 2,187 845 473 429 237 122 55 21 4
Furnaces 1,621 846 391 263 74 32 12 3 Q
Individual space heaters 1,246 554 283 233 102 46 18 8 2
Boilers 703 174 107 164 110 85 43 17 3
Heat pumps 673 265 145 145 55 35 18 9 2
District heat 83 Q Q Q 10 15 7 4 2
Duct reheat 134 Q Q 31 18 17 9 6 2
Other 17 N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Cooling equipment (more than one may apply)                  
Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 927 602 530 270 145 62 24 6
Residential-type central air
conditioners		 1,309 676 272 226 73 40 14 6 1
Individual air conditioners 735 358 143 124 54 33 17 5 1
Central chillers 202 Q Q 42 37 42 27 16 4
Heat pumps 492 177 121 120 28 27 12 6 2
District chilled water 55 Q Q Q 8 11 6 3 1
Swamp coolers 85 Q Q Q Q 6 2 1 Q
Other Q Q N Q Q N Q Q Q
HVAC features
(more than one may apply)		                  
Economizer cycle 747 155 135 181 113 87 48 22 6
Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 193 164 128 73 73 41 20 6
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 82 46 54 27 21 10 6 2
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 122 79 65 38 26 10 7 2
Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 1,401 824 701 300 196 86 38 9
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling 933 261 147 211 116 104 60 27 7
Internet-connected/smart thermostat 325 117 84 73 28 15 6 2 Q
Programmable thermostat 1,545 692 398 273 117 48 11 6 1
Main equipment replaced since 2000 (more than one may apply)                  
Heating 1,937 818 506 346 153 67 32 14 2
Cooling 1,269 566 288 251 82 46 23 10 3
Water-heating equipment                  
Centralized system 3,538 1,562 836 650 262 144 59 22 4
Distributed system 782 357 173 137 60 35 12 7 2
Combination of centralized and distributed system 274 65 44 61 41 30 20 10 3
Generation technologies (more than one may apply)                  
Reciprocating engine generators 580 157 132 116 64 57 30 17 6
Solar panels 94 Q Q 29 10 5 5 2 1
Other generation technology 43 Q Q Q Q Q 4 1 0
Lighting equipment types
(more than one may apply)		                  
Incandescent 1,100 491 268 181 78 49 21 10 2
Standard fluorescent 4,019 1,832 895 717 294 170 72 31 7
Compact fluorescent 1,133 388 235 240 121 83 40 21 5
High-intensity discharge 238 Q Q 55 30 26 14 7 2
Halogen 552 177 129 128 59 31 16 9 2
LED 2,592 1,006 554 531 239 154 68 33 8
Other Q Q N Q N Q Q Q N
Refrigeration equipment
(more than one may apply)		                  
Any refrigeration 3,850 1,696 828 692 320 186 84 36 8
Walk-in units 706 250 140 98 68 79 45 22 5
Cases or cabinets 837 301 176 144 81 71 39 19 5
Large cold storage areas 69 Q Q Q Q 9 5 2 1
Commercial ice makers 872 269 157 175 106 89 47 23 6
Residential-type or compact units 3,321 1,481 685 621 284 148 66 28 7
Vending machines 800 168 95 190 135 115 61 29 7
No refrigeration 2,068 1,137 531 289 66 32 9 4 Q
Office equipment
(more than one may apply)		                  
Desktop computers 3,804 1,467 900 751 346 204 88 38 8
With multiple monitors 1,504 462 292 332 177 139 63 32 8
Laptop computers 2,786 957 668 579 281 177 80 36 8
Dedicated servers 1,400 345 292 314 199 146 65 31 7
Tablets charged in building 1,556 478 331 347 166 134 65 28 6
Large floor-standing office devices2 1,456 326 302 354 210 154 70 31 8
Smaller desktop office devices2 3,560 1,490 769 696 305 178 79 35 8
Interactive whiteboards 262 Q Q 50 40 55 27 12 3
Televisions/video displays 2,451 878 531 508 252 163 79 32 8
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers 1,420 656 282 224 118 75 40 20 5
Food preparation or serving areas
in non-food service buildings
(more than one may apply)		                  
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop 144 Q Q 29 22 19 13 8 3
Fast food/small restaurant 160 46 Q 31 23 14 12 8 3
Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 N Q Q 23 37 23 11 4
Commercial kitchen/
food preparation area		 284 Q Q 93 45 43 26 14 3
Small kitchen area 1,018 426 252 175 91 43 21 8 2
Separate computer areas
(more than one may apply)		                  
Server closet 1,237 284 267 254 182 147 67 29 7
Data center 116 Q Q Q 13 17 14 10 4
Computer-based training room 228 Q Q 48 34 45 25 12 4
Student or public computer center 236 Q Q 46 34 40 22 10 1
Window and interior lighting
features (more than one may
apply)		                  
Multipaned windows 3,527 1,437 800 699 292 180 80 32 8
Tinted window glass 1,679 552 386 391 162 110 49 25 6
Reflective window glass 497 113 102 142 61 40 24 11 2
External overhangs or awnings 1,513 679 311 288 122 70 28 12 3
Skylights or atriums 509 146 102 121 63 38 22 14 4
Light scheduling 910 255 179 213 108 83 47 21 5
Occupancy sensors 1,025 219 195 257 132 123 62 30 7
Multi-level lighting or dimming 332 88 78 65 35 35 18 11 3
Daylight harvesting 138 Q Q 32 14 12 9 7 2
Plug-load control 58 Q Q Q Q Q 3 1 0
Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q Q 2 1 0
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting 317 71 Q 84 39 37 25 12 4
Electric vehicle (EV) charging                  
Charging stations associated with the building 132 Q Q 31 24 18 10 8 3
 
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/.
Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.
aClimate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.
bOther sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.
cOffice devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.
Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 20 buildings in reporting sample.
N = No buildings in reporting sample.