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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

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‹ BACK TO ALL 2018 CBECS TABLES
Release date: September 2021
Revised date: September 2022
Table B8.  Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018
Number of buildings (thousand)
  Year constructed
  All
buildings		 Before 1946 1946 to 1959 1960 to 1969 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1989 1990 to 1999 2000 to 2009 2010 to 2018
All buildings 5,918 709 517 685 831 794 921 924 537
Building floorspace (square feet)                  
1,001 to 5,000  2,833 401 267 328 399 372 409 411 246
5,001 to 10,000  1,359 144 114 164 208 206 203 175 145
10,001 to 25,000 981 103 83 116 124 112 174 203 66
25,001 to 50,000 386 32 25 46 54 54 79 63 35
50,001 to 100,000  218 18 19 19 27 31 33 44 27
100,001 to 200,000  93 8 7 7 11 13 16 18 13
200,001 to 500,000  40 3 2 5 6 5 6 8 5
Over 500,000  9 1 Q 1 1 1 1 2 1
Principal building activity                  
Education 437 35 65 51 59 55 86 60 26
Food sales  163 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Food service  286 64 Q 32 26 26 34 50 32
Health care  137 11 6 11 17 27 18 32 15
Inpatient  9 Q 1 1 1 1 0 2 1
Outpatient  129 Q Q Q 16 25 18 30 14
Lodging  207 11 14 28 16 26 36 27 49
Mercantile  517 45 48 95 65 63 49 100 52
Retail (other than mall)  350 42 Q 63 43 40 30 59 33
Enclosed and strip malls  167 Q Q 32 22 22 19 41 19
Office  970 163 54 82 159 164 130 152 67
Public assembly  488 104 33 61 63 35 70 78 43
Public order and safety  81 Q Q Q Q Q Q 18 Q
Religious worship  439 98 44 59 74 34 58 55 Q
Service  867 67 68 135 143 108 125 139 82
Warehouse and storage  1,004 38 113 68 121 150 235 162 117
Other  113 Q Q 11 Q 12 35 16 Q
Vacant  208 41 Q 17 Q Q Q Q Q
Census region                  
Northeast 793 171 80 122 79 92 107 82 59
Midwest 1,719 259 135 207 256 180 237 281 164
South 2,143 182 170 204 311 329 354 377 215
West 1,264 98 132 152 184 193 223 183 99
Climate zonea                  
Cold or very cold 539 87 61 54 72 65 65 93 42
Cool 1,727 267 127 219 253 190 235 247 190
Mixed mild 1,216 180 119 128 133 155 214 193 94
Warm 1,606 132 136 213 244 249 239 281 111
Hot or very hot 831 43 74 71 128 134 169 111 101
Number of floors                  
1 4,106 259 348 484 610 590 696 719 400
2 1,286 244 117 154 184 153 176 155 103
3 370 164 40 32 24 33 30 26 20
4 to 9 142 39 12 15 12 14 17 22 12
10 or more 16 4 Q 1 2 4 1 2 1
Elevators and escalators
(more than one may apply)		                  
Any elevators 503 89 32 49 45 61 68 104 56
1 elevator 366 67 26 39 31 38 50 76 38
2 to 5 elevators 121 20 6 9 11 19 16 26 16
6 or more elevators 16 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 2
Any escalators 14 Q Q 1 1 2 1 Q Q
Number of workers (main shift)                  
Fewer than 5 3,270 453 292 407 465 380 521 478 275
5 to 9 1,116 129 113 133 143 181 147 169 102
10 to 19 713 64 51 68 135 107 120 92 74
20 to 49 492 35 42 42 48 74 79 118 54
50 to 99 201 16 10 26 27 32 32 38 20
100 to 249 90 8 7 7 8 12 16 23 8
250 or more 37 4 2 3 4 8 5 7 4
Weekly operating hours                  
Fewer than 40 1,370 249 146 154 219 163 195 169 75
40 to 48 1,483 165 115 188 220 228 215 247 104
49 to 60 1,250 157 137 151 173 148 217 160 106
61 to 84 645 53 52 76 71 105 89 125 75
85 to 167 465 32 29 55 45 62 78 118 46
Open continuously 705 52 38 61 103 88 127 104 131
Ownership and occupancy                  
Nongovernment owned 4,982 593 442 592 690 682 772 760 452
Owner occupied 3,249 434 310 377 440 405 528 486 269
Leased to tenant(s) 1,581 143 108 203 213 236 231 270 178
Unoccupied 152 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Government owned 937 116 75 94 141 112 149 164 86
Federal 70 Q Q 9 Q Q 8 Q Q
State 256 37 21 30 33 33 34 49 20
Local 610 77 53 54 95 74 107 93 58
Party responsible for operation
of energy systems		                  
Building owner 4,872 619 449 551 639 656 769 749 440
Business owner or tenant 831 65 66 109 169 107 99 151 66
Property management 97 Q Q Q Q Q 38 17 Q
Other 118 20 Q Q 18 18 Q 8 Q
Provider of direct input on energy-
related equipment purchases		                  
Building owner 5,127 628 476 583 693 683 799 799 466
Business owner or tenant 483 41 32 66 71 77 70 85 41
Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other 260 38 Q 33 63 32 31 34 Q
Number of establishments                  
1 4,719 576 414 552 631 591 761 733 462
2 to 5 811 96 64 95 140 121 110 132 54
6 to 10 135 7 14 19 14 21 23 29 8
11 to 20 63 Q Q Q 8 14 7 Q Q
More than 20 19 2 Q 3 3 6 1 3 Q
Currently unoccupied 170 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Campus or complex activity                  
Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 494 335 464 566 516 485 477 286
Primary or secondary school 247 15 32 34 16 20 68 42 19
College or university 103 7 16 14 11 11 12 Q Q
Office complex 141 17 Q 32 Q 27 14 30 Q
Retail complex 250 Q Q Q 18 36 47 62 29
Storage complex 418 Q Q Q 39 42 146 98 50
Religious campus or complex 253 45 48 32 49 Q 25 33 Q
Health care complex 60 Q Q Q 6 6 13 18 4
Lodging or resort complex 102 Q Q Q Q 10 Q Q Q
Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Government complex 124 17 Q Q Q Q Q 29 Q
Other 563 71 Q 48 75 86 73 104 81
Predominant exterior wall material                  
Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 432 238 367 299 283 322 365 186
Concrete (block or poured) 935 59 161 124 210 123 122 85 51
Concrete panels 137 Q Q 12 13 23 24 34 16
Siding or shingles 948 165 71 71 126 153 155 119 87
Metal panels 1,250 Q 31 96 168 186 274 281 183
Window glass 19 N Q Q 2 4 2 7 4
Other 139 Q Q Q 13 21 23 33 Q
Predominant roof material                  
Metal surfacing 2,198 150 105 173 297 314 482 432 245
Synthetic or rubber 940 131 123 127 124 111 101 124 98
Built-up 708 99 87 126 106 95 74 82 40
Slate or tile shingles 376 63 44 46 45 61 50 47 Q
Wooden materials (including
shingles)		 166 Q Q Q Q Q Q 36 Q
Asphalt, fiberglass, or
other shingles		 1,311 218 120 173 205 145 176 176 99
Concrete 83 Q Q Q Q Q Q 9 Q
Other 136 11 Q 22 23 22 14 18 Q
Roof tilt                  
Flat 1,914 223 193 298 314 233 256 252 145
Shallow pitch 2,313 191 184 243 347 330 393 391 234
Steeper pitch 1,691 296 140 144 170 231 272 280 159
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)                  
White/reflective coating or paint 1,285 121 124 124 179 176 214 232 115
White/reflective tiles or shingles 140 13 Q 21 Q 20 12 33 11
Aluminum coating 528 48 Q 66 86 75 104 97 36
Ballasted roof system 114 17 Q 13 18 11 17 11 9
Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q 7 Q
Renovations since 2000
(more than one may apply)		                  
Any type of renovation 2,032 349 234 293 326 281 308 225 16
Addition or annex 327 40 43 37 44 34 58 62 9
Reduction in floorspace 35 Q Q Q 4 Q Q Q Q
Roof replacement 847 198 105 130 132 118 108 52 Q
Interior wall reconfiguration 709 111 64 81 119 108 120 102 5
Window replacement 484 120 80 88 84 39 49 22 Q
HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 193 131 158 156 137 143 82 7
Lighting upgrade 1,012 188 123 164 150 129 168 84 6
Electrical upgrade 565 148 76 80 89 57 70 41 Q
Plumbing system upgrade 584 146 60 80 110 88 63 35 Q
Insulation upgrade 307 81 59 28 50 31 24 31 Q
Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 114 65 81 94 88 73 52 Q
Structural upgrade 147 42 18 26 19 7 13 19 Q
Other 43 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
No renovations 3,530 360 283 392 505 513 613 698 165
Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 N N N N N N N 357
Energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 5,613 691 496 673 787 752 844 860 508
Natural gas 2,974 356 310 420 400 372 412 454 250
Fuel oil 583 105 56 57 87 69 73 94 41
District heat 86 21 20 14 8 6 8 6 4
District chilled water 55 7 Q 10 6 4 10 6 4
Propane 676 114 52 61 115 85 113 91 45
Solar 99 4 Q 19 Q 21 14 21 11
Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q Q 25 Q Q Q Q
Space-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 2,563 225 211 285 328 410 405 421 279
Natural gas 2,587 325 277 375 352 307 343 403 205
Fuel oil 266 79 40 39 23 28 27 Q Q
District heat 83 21 19 13 8 6 6 6 3
Propane 431 95 Q 38 78 66 58 40 27
Other sources1 127 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Primary space-heating
energy source		                  
Electricity 1,856 156 118 169 244 302 327 319 221
Natural gas 2,344 299 263 358 320 272 307 343 181
Fuel oil 222 71 33 34 Q Q Q Q Q
District heat 78 20 17 13 8 6 5 6 3
Propane 338 84 Q Q Q 57 51 37 Q
Other sources1 63 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Cooling energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 4,584 558 409 545 643 650 677 710 392
Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
District chilled water 55 7 Q 10 6 4 10 6 4
Water-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 2,785 341 272 289 409 395 376 436 269
Natural gas 1,885 211 152 309 247 257 259 298 151
Fuel oil 72 19 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
District heat 38 7 11 4 5 Q Q 2 2
Propane 145 Q Q Q Q Q 28 Q Q
Cooking energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                  
Electricity 1,216 150 102 113 149 174 184 217 126
Natural gas 726 114 62 109 79 83 83 129 67
Propane 159 33 Q 19 20 Q 24 29 6
Energy end uses
(more than one may apply)		                  
Buildings with space heating 4,901 635 462 598 661 668 724 729 425
Buildings with cooling 4,631 563 416 552 650 653 686 715 396
Buildings with water heating 4,595 579 430 573 635 632 634 699 412
Buildings with cooking 1,738 254 157 211 209 225 240 284 158
Buildings with manufacturing 322 30 38 23 58 34 47 53 38
Buildings with electricity
generation		 706 67 29 65 115 83 130 136 81
Buildings with lighting 5,509 682 478 666 784 752 827 839 481
Percentage of floorspace heated                  
Not heated 1,017 74 55 88 169 126 197 195 112
1 to 50% 693 96 106 77 73 88 111 68 74
51 to 99% 905 160 92 115 104 124 113 137 60
100% 3,303 379 264 405 484 455 499 524 292
Percentage of floorspace cooled                  
Not cooled 1,288 146 102 133 181 141 235 208 142
1 to 50% 1,111 124 140 132 168 185 186 114 61
51 to 99% 998 184 85 151 122 115 118 138 85
100% 2,522 254 191 269 359 353 383 463 250
Percentage lit when open                  
0% Q N Q Q N N Q Q Q
1 to 50% 1,280 216 118 158 216 125 206 142 98
51 to 99% 1,784 251 160 238 223 243 229 294 146
100% 2,272 191 179 256 318 342 375 383 227
Building never open/electricity
not used		 513 50 Q 29 73 84 100 84 Q
Percentage lit during off hours                  
0% 2,054 305 173 245 300 201 349 316 165
1 to 50% 3,243 363 296 401 429 520 453 475 305
51 to 100% 238 22 23 21 45 24 33 51 20
Building always open with
no "off hours"		 78 Q Q Q 12 8 8 18 Q
Electricity not used 305 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Heating equipment
(more than one may apply)		                  
Packaged heating units 2,187 161 168 261 304 313 342 388 250
Furnaces 1,621 293 161 192 211 226 237 204 97
Individual space heaters 1,246 129 155 156 182 165 199 174 86
Boilers 703 135 71 120 70 74 79 94 62
Heat pumps 673 62 41 74 72 115 83 119 106
District heat 83 21 19 13 8 6 6 6 3
Duct reheat 134 Q 9 16 17 21 11 35 13
Other 17 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Cooling equipment
(more than one may apply)		                  
Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 246 219 316 371 353 382 452 226
Residential-type central air
conditioners		 1,309 216 115 135 174 167 205 186 113
Individual air conditioners 735 138 87 119 86 101 95 76 35
Central chillers 202 22 19 29 26 38 30 26 13
Heat pumps 492 36 42 61 67 89 48 75 74
District chilled water 55 7 Q 10 6 4 10 6 4
Swamp coolers 85 Q Q Q Q 16 22 12 Q
Other Q Q N Q N Q Q Q Q
HVAC features
(more than one may apply)		                  
Economizer cycle 747 63 47 82 72 100 109 162 111
Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 75 62 59 100 85 99 124 93
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 20 21 41 54 16 27 47 23
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 47 51 29 32 34 48 55 53
Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 406 341 402 483 447 522 597 355
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling 933 66 84 97 106 121 130 192 137
Internet-connected/smart thermostat 325 43 Q 30 43 28 73 58 27
Programmable thermostat 1,545 200 106 157 229 240 237 255 123
Main equipment replaced since
2000 (more than one may apply)		                  
Heating 1,937 331 238 324 337 397 310 N N
Cooling 1,269 270 166 199 209 204 221 N N
Water-heating equipment                  
Centralized system 3,538 472 332 463 483 481 506 515 285
Distributed system 782 83 82 83 120 110 87 126 91
Combination of centralized and
distributed system		 274 24 17 28 31 40 42 57 36
Generation technologies
(more than one may apply)		                  
Reciprocating engine generators 580 62 24 51 100 58 110 105 69
Solar panels 94 4 Q 14 Q 21 14 21 11
Other generation technology 43 Q Q Q 11 5 6 14 Q
Lighting equipment types
(more than one may apply)		                  
Incandescent 1,100 213 104 140 134 151 134 143 80
Standard fluorescent 4,019 517 346 506 579 605 612 579 275
Compact fluorescent 1,133 148 92 160 132 155 122 191 133
High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 25 12 26 34 30 37 48 26
Halogen 552 68 46 69 85 62 80 92 50
LED 2,592 330 275 301 324 322 374 385 282
Other Q N Q N Q Q Q Q Q
Refrigeration equipment
(more than one may apply)		                  
Any refrigeration 3,850 496 334 483 513 513 572 603 336
Walk-in units 706 88 56 106 78 99 76 130 74
Cases or cabinets 837 134 75 116 93 89 94 150 87
Large cold storage areas 69 10 Q 15 10 Q 3 12 Q
Commercial ice makers 872 96 62 109 107 100 124 166 107
Residential-type or compact units 3,321 423 300 414 448 446 503 497 290
Vending machines 800 50 63 100 95 128 131 140 92
No refrigeration 2,068 212 183 203 318 281 349 321 202
Office equipment
(more than one may apply)		                  
Desktop computers 3,804 417 317 454 528 528 580 620 360
With multiple monitors 1,504 176 120 160 187 206 223 291 142
Laptop computers 2,786 344 255 339 373 368 417 414 274
Dedicated servers 1,400 132 106 157 178 185 224 261 157
Tablets charged in building 1,556 169 128 160 208 184 267 267 174
Large floor-standing office devices2 1,456 163 111 160 200 190 241 265 127
Smaller desktop office devices2 3,560 422 341 415 455 501 532 575 319
Interactive whiteboards 262 18 26 33 23 35 45 55 25
Televisions/video displays 2,451 272 187 289 287 362 394 382 277
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers 1,420 165 122 226 165 181 188 231 142
Food preparation or serving areas
in non-food service buildings
(more than one may apply)		                  
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop 144 7 9 27 14 21 18 24 25
Fast food/small restaurant 160 26 6 21 16 22 19 30 19
Cafeteria/large restaurant 129 13 17 26 11 14 13 21 13
Commercial kitchen/
food preparation area		 284 26 27 38 39 37 32 59 26
Small kitchen area 1,018 148 100 114 127 150 154 147 77
Separate computer areas
(more than one may apply)		                  
Server closet 1,237 106 62 132 152 172 215 247 150
Data center 116 13 10 7 14 10 21 20 21
Computer-based training room 228 15 25 23 24 34 48 39 19
Student or public computer center 236 20 21 35 33 27 44 26 30
Window and interior lighting
features (more than one may
apply)		                  
Multipaned windows 3,527 385 264 371 464 489 530 631 391
Tinted window glass 1,679 147 120 161 252 272 250 295 183
Reflective window glass 497 42 26 46 56 66 81 107 73
External overhangs or awnings 1,513 153 155 186 178 175 231 253 183
Skylights or atriums 509 50 27 61 45 87 100 68 72
Light scheduling 910 78 73 73 98 138 122 196 134
Occupancy sensors 1,025 78 83 102 127 122 150 200 163
Multi-level lighting or dimming 332 66 26 39 33 23 43 61 42
Daylight harvesting 138 Q 11 15 6 17 29 21 30
Plug-load control 58 Q Q Q Q Q 15 6 8
Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q Q Q 10 Q
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting 317 15 14 19 24 22 50 83 91
Electric vehicle (EV) charging                  
Charging stations associated with the building 132 5 Q 15 16 17 22 36 14
 
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/.
Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.
aClimate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.
bOther sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.
cOffice devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.
Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 20 buildings in reporting sample.
N = No buildings in reporting sample.