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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

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Release date: September 2021
Revised date: September 2022
Table B14.  Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018
Total floorspace (million square feet)
Principal building activity
Health care Public
order and
safety
  All
buildings		 Food
service		 Lodging Food
sales		 All health care In-
patient		 Out-
patient
All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538
Building floorspace (square feet)                
1,001 to 10,000  18,229 1,159 377 454 424 N 424 Q
10,001 to 100,000 45,098 Q 3,706 449 1,195 199 997 704
Over 100,000  33,096 Q 2,893 Q 2,399 2,060 339 615
Year constructed                
Before 1946 9,246 254 333 Q 305 Q Q Q
1946 to 1979 30,358 338 1,993 247 1,220 895 325 273
1980 to 1999 29,000 340 2,268 227 925 426 499 580
2000 to 2018 27,819 453 2,383 464 1,568 771 798 557
Census region                
Northeast 15,951 138 1,207 Q 779 367 412 Q
Midwest 25,932 279 1,661 404 1,076 712 364 Q
South 34,907 563 2,379 249 1,173 716 457 673
West 19,633 405 1,729 Q 990 463 527 323
Climate zonea                
Cold or very cold 7,044 131 416 Q 246 Q Q Q
Cool 26,768 337 1,944 291 1,200 725 475 354
Mixed mild 25,096 318 1,860 Q 1,173 647 526 547
Warm 25,085 402 1,879 202 961 494 467 421
Hot or very hot 12,429 197 877 Q 438 268 170 Q
Number of floors                
1 43,576 963 908 832 683 Q 570 549
2 23,300 292 1,399 Q 598 Q 465 Q
3 10,516 Q 1,145 Q 423 168 255 Q
4 to 9 13,031 Q 2,100 Q 1,711 1,307 404 280
10 or more 6,000 N 1,424 N 602 537 Q 197
Elevators and escalators
(more than one may apply)		                
Any elevators 36,501 Q 4,723 Q 3,117 2,138 979 803
1 elevator 14,215 Q 1,144 Q 338 Q 316 Q
2 to 5 elevators 13,316 Q 2,472 Q 977 399 578 305
6 or more elevators 8,970 N 1,107 N 1,801 1,717 Q 332
Any escalators 3,753 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Number of workers (main shift)                
Fewer than 10 31,388 680 1,912 519 255 N 255 441
10 to 99 40,441 678 3,949 433 1,191 213 978 418
100 or more 24,594 Q 1,115 Q 2,572 2,046 527 680
Weekly operating hours                
Fewer than 49 29,601 201 N Q 689 N 689 369
49 to 84 37,572 694 Q Q 813 N 813 123
85 to 167 10,038 429 N 488 Q N Q Q
Open continuously 19,213 Q 6,951 276 2,437 2,259 179 1,039
Ownership and occupancy                
Nongovernment owned 74,728 1,098 6,564 1,006 3,556 1,893 1,663 Q
Owner occupied 45,355 663 4,574 708 2,812 1,776 1,036 Q
Leased to tenant(s) 28,382 435 1,990 298 744 Q 627 Q
Unoccupied 990 N N N N N N N
Government owned 21,695 Q 412 N 462 365 Q 1,269
Federal 1,946 Q Q N 173 Q Q Q
State 6,888 Q Q N Q Q Q 457
Local 12,861 Q Q N 158 Q Q 731
Party responsible for operation
of energy systems		                
Building owner 79,282 1,104 6,319 846 3,616 2,154 1,462 1,378
Business owner or tenant 12,842 260 Q Q 271 Q 247 Q
Property management 1,994 Q 294 N Q Q Q N
Other 2,306 Q 238 Q Q Q Q Q
Provider of direct input on energy-
related equipment purchases		                
Building owner 82,862 1,137 6,369 876 3,679 2,144 1,535 1,445
Business owner or tenant 7,585 184 Q Q 162 Q Q Q
Property management 1,072 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Other 4,904 Q 387 Q 160 Q Q Q
Number of establishments                
1 65,391 1,253 5,717 765 2,398 1,494 904 1,076
2 to 5 16,431 Q 1,000 242 1,200 622 578 362
6 to 10 5,539 Q Q N 233 Q Q Q
11 to 20 3,894 N Q N Q Q Q Q
More than 20 3,999 N Q N Q Q Q Q
Currently unoccupied 1,168 N N N N N N N
Campus or complex activity                
Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 1,026 4,395 866 1,724 643 1,081 853
Primary or secondary school 5,106 Q N N N N N N
College or university 3,761 Q 576 N Q Q Q Q
Office complex 3,823 Q N N Q N Q Q
Retail complex 4,573 Q Q Q Q N Q N
Storage complex 5,684 N N N N N N N
Religious campus or complex 3,209 Q Q N N N N N
Health care complex 2,838 Q 272 N 2,190 1,609 581 Q
Lodging or resort complex 1,575 Q 1,155 N N N N N
Transportation complex 774 N N N N N N N
Government complex 1,706 Q N N N N N 194
Other 6,765 Q 505 Q Q N Q Q
Predominant exterior wall material                
Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 923 4,136 333 2,796 1,608 1,188 540
Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 231 1,262 316 408 225 183 334
Concrete panels 8,331 Q 148 Q 361 263 Q Q
Siding or shingles 5,992 146 973 Q 215 Q 192 Q
Metal panels 12,198 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Window glass 2,192 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Other 2,219 Q 242 Q Q Q Q Q
Predominant roof material                
Metal surfacing 20,936 300 400 330 Q Q Q Q
Synthetic or rubber 31,563 347 1,763 424 2,062 1,378 684 503
Built-up 19,308 267 1,372 Q 1,012 568 444 411
Slate or tile shingles 3,997 Q 648 Q Q Q Q Q
Wooden materials (including
shingles)		 1,568 Q 329 Q Q Q Q Q
Asphalt, fiberglass, or
other shingles		 14,058 195 1,910 Q 577 215 362 Q
Concrete 1,968 Q 294 Q Q Q Q Q
Other 3,026 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Roof tilt                
Flat 54,253 675 3,568 563 3,334 2,074 1,260 888
Shallow pitch 27,609 349 1,781 271 305 Q 244 456
Steeper pitch 14,561 361 1,627 Q 379 Q 256 Q
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)                
White/reflective coating or paint 32,799 450 2,116 347 1,675 1,123 552 379
White/reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 Q 348 Q 195 Q Q Q
Aluminum coating 6,149 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Ballasted roof system 6,277 Q 592 Q 513 366 147 Q
Other cool roof property 1,603 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
Renovations since 2000
(more than one may apply)		                
Any type of renovation 45,165 586 3,492 382 2,528 1,785 743 716
Addition or annex 10,854 163 531 Q 1,304 1,135 169 Q
Reduction in floorspace 1,784 Q Q Q 255 Q Q N
Roof replacement 20,862 281 1,954 Q 1,465 1,087 377 378
Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 140 1,165 Q 1,810 1,259 551 291
Window replacement 10,977 186 987 Q 675 575 Q Q
HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 362 2,118 Q 1,981 1,432 549 403
Lighting upgrade 29,098 339 2,505 280 1,901 1,463 439 391
Electrical upgrade 15,761 257 1,108 Q 1,339 1,043 296 Q
Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 280 1,380 Q 1,278 1,032 246 338
Insulation upgrade 7,980 88 658 Q 730 555 175 Q
Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 276 2,052 Q 1,532 1,182 350 Q
Structural upgrade 4,203 Q Q Q 503 415 Q Q
Other 1,168 Q Q N Q N Q Q
No renovations 43,832 673 2,793 509 1,064 279 784 791
Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 126 691 Q 427 Q Q Q
Energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 94,844 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538
Natural gas 67,722 987 5,842 662 3,370 2,105 1,265 1,271
Fuel oil 21,185 Q 2,161 Q 2,499 2,040 458 896
District heat 6,745 Q 813 N 887 743 Q Q
District chilled water 4,288 Q 371 N 665 535 Q Q
Propane 10,157 219 1,101 Q 234 186 Q Q
Solar 3,820 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Wood, coal, and other 2,113 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
Space-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 45,603 657 4,725 550 1,845 905 939 546
Natural gas 58,042 694 3,879 584 2,725 1,670 1,055 1,105
Fuel oil 4,134 Q Q Q 478 457 Q Q
District heat 6,547 Q 794 N 784 641 Q Q
Propane 3,896 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other sources1 927 N Q Q Q Q Q N
Primary space-heating
energy source		                
Electricity 27,618 523 3,378 259 851 153 698 Q
Natural gas 50,060 650 2,695 540 2,291 1,401 890 1,024
Fuel oil 2,223 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
District heat 6,090 Q 682 N 762 618 Q Q
Propane 2,290 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other sources1 380 N N Q Q Q N N
Cooling energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 84,526 1,319 6,696 916 3,610 2,013 1,597 1,501
Natural gas 400 Q Q N Q Q Q N
District chilled water 4,288 Q 371 N 665 535 Q Q
Water-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 47,125 610 1,973 484 1,240 477 763 477
Natural gas 46,652 757 4,921 534 2,881 1,772 1,109 1,002
Fuel oil 1,807 Q Q Q 271 251 Q Q
District heat 4,206 Q 529 N 487 427 Q Q
Propane 1,947 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Cooking energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 30,509 823 3,528 611 1,737 1,475 263 681
Natural gas 27,705 900 3,574 438 2,017 1,887 129 606
Propane 3,101 179 479 Q Q Q N Q
Energy end uses
(more than one may apply)		                
Buildings with space heating 88,661 1,274 6,850 919 4,006 2,249 1,757 1,507
Buildings with cooling 87,506 1,343 6,907 916 4,009 2,259 1,750 1,519
Buildings with water heating 87,717 1,385 6,904 986 4,014 2,256 1,757 1,528
Buildings with cooking 43,580 1,358 5,527 816 2,437 2,109 328 1,008
Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Buildings with electricity
generation		 29,457 Q 2,908 370 2,864 2,241 623 1,044
Buildings with lighting 94,122 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538
Percentage of floorspace heated                
Not heated 7,762 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
1 to 50% 10,623 Q 448 Q Q Q Q Q
51 to 99% 20,174 264 1,650 334 729 450 279 445
100% 57,864 893 4,752 551 3,139 1,744 1,395 1,049
Percentage of floorspace cooled                
Not cooled 8,917 Q Q Q Q N Q Q
1 to 50% 19,722 203 373 Q Q Q Q Q
51 to 99% 26,277 315 2,309 477 1,138 734 404 543
100% 41,507 825 4,226 383 2,828 1,521 1,307 542
Percentage lit when open                
0% Q N N N N N N N
1 to 50% 14,172 200 940 Q Q N Q Q
51 to 99% 38,847 426 3,375 415 1,833 1,081 752 590
100% 39,877 759 2,662 534 2,119 1,178 942 738
Building never open/electricity
not used		 2,998 N N N N N N Q
Percentage lit during off hours                
0% 15,537 358 Q Q Q N Q Q
1 to 50% 69,761 950 4,633 551 2,484 966 1,517 1,004
51 to 100% 7,237 Q 1,400 Q 1,238 1,117 121 Q
Building always open with
no "off hours"		 2,309 Q 861 Q 212 176 Q Q
Electricity not used 1,579 N N N N N N N
Heating equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Packaged heating units 48,064 871 3,586 669 1,873 846 1,027 773
Furnaces 17,272 220 1,110 Q 270 Q 185 Q
Individual space heaters 21,122 139 2,494 Q 655 435 219 Q
Boilers 28,831 188 3,026 Q 2,243 1,612 631 598
Heat pumps 15,110 Q 1,796 Q 681 318 363 Q
District heat 6,547 Q 794 N 784 641 Q Q
Duct reheat 7,418 Q 445 Q 563 473 Q Q
Other 821 N Q Q Q Q N N
Cooling equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 1,033 3,378 732 2,493 1,309 1,184 903
Residential-type central air
conditioners		 18,270 232 1,589 Q 974 657 317 539
Individual air conditioners 13,619 135 3,358 Q 596 518 Q Q
Central chillers 17,926 Q 1,361 Q 1,829 1,524 305 419
Heat pumps 11,098 Q 1,281 Q 720 443 276 282
District chilled water 4,288 Q 371 N 665 535 Q Q
Swamp coolers 2,070 Q 214 Q Q Q Q Q
Other Q Q N N Q Q Q N
HVAC features
(more than one may apply)		                
Economizer cycle 34,087 363 2,561 308 2,819 1,981 838 668
Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 272 1,782 Q 2,837 2,025 811 546
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 Q 1,203 Q 1,004 870 Q Q
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 Q 685 Q 597 505 Q Q
Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 1,138 6,490 752 3,784 2,254 1,530 1,415
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling 40,462 306 2,439 441 3,033 2,119 914 691
Internet-connected/smart thermostat 5,966 Q 575 Q Q Q Q Q
Programmable thermostat 20,882 455 1,381 249 541 Q 487 Q
Main equipment replaced since
2000 (more than one may apply)		                
Heating 32,451 469 2,300 214 967 478 489 379
Cooling 23,013 263 2,719 Q 1,111 763 349 271
Water-heating equipment                
Centralized system 59,280 1,030 5,825 766 2,800 1,372 1,428 1,325
Distributed system 14,307 266 482 Q 369 201 168 Q
Combination of centralized and
distributed system		 14,129 Q 597 Q 844 682 162 153
Generation technologies
(more than one may apply)		                
Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 Q 2,514 Q 2,685 2,138 547 982
Solar panels 3,750 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other generation technology 2,055 Q 293 N 219 Q Q Q
Lighting equipment types
(more than one may apply)		                
Incandescent 21,081 380 2,092 Q 1,314 918 396 396
Standard fluorescent 72,932 940 5,110 558 3,363 2,021 1,341 1,204
Compact fluorescent 33,696 318 3,609 Q 2,365 1,679 686 607
High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 Q 942 Q 829 742 Q 248
Halogen 15,012 217 1,128 Q 1,068 769 299 Q
LED 61,847 910 5,553 688 3,081 2,049 1,032 1,077
Other Q Q N N N N N N
Refrigeration equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Any refrigeration 77,589 1,385 6,529 1,006 3,831 2,259 1,573 1,462
Walk-in units 29,384 1,214 3,458 865 2,316 2,142 174 484
Cases or cabinets 28,517 907 2,819 855 2,084 1,784 300 364
Large cold storage areas 3,592 Q Q Q 250 232 Q Q
Commercial ice makers 34,672 1,080 4,908 533 2,612 2,158 454 712
Residential-type or compact units 64,735 625 5,574 373 3,559 2,083 1,475 1,149
Vending machines 42,071 153 4,100 402 2,838 2,142 695 767
No refrigeration 18,834 N 448 N Q N Q Q
Office equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Desktop computers 82,012 1,041 5,976 918 3,983 2,228 1,755 1,509
With multiple monitors 50,844 209 2,908 Q 3,167 2,125 1,042 954
Laptop computers 69,375 473 5,023 310 3,707 2,198 1,509 973
Dedicated servers 51,595 289 3,449 349 3,360 2,132 1,228 896
Tablets charged in building 48,778 542 3,337 232 3,013 1,907 1,106 700
Large floor-standing office devices2 54,088 Q 3,447 Q 3,355 2,100 1,255 1,023
Smaller desktop office devices2 74,467 826 5,478 692 3,700 2,044 1,656 1,421
Interactive whiteboards 16,939 Q 765 Q 925 775 Q 389
Televisions/video displays 63,618 744 5,880 509 3,444 2,179 1,265 1,250
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers 33,606 1,215 2,229 857 2,299 1,751 548 279
Food preparation or serving areas
in non-food service buildings
(more than one may apply)		                
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop 10,361 N 1,485 Q 1,003 930 Q Q
Fast food/small restaurant 9,759 N 1,113 244 604 561 Q Q
Cafeteria/large restaurant 14,531 N 1,284 Q 1,677 1,611 Q Q
Commercial kitchen/
food preparation area		 17,698 N 3,064 390 1,641 1,574 Q 514
Small kitchen area 20,519 N 3,429 177 999 766 232 532
Separate computer areas
(more than one may apply)		                
Server closet 48,722 187 3,556 429 3,201 2,021 1,180 792
Data center 11,383 N 1,085 Q 1,577 1,348 229 286
Computer-based training room 16,556 Q 929 Q 1,542 1,301 241 400
Student or public computer center 12,527 N 1,291 Q 445 394 Q Q
Window and interior lighting
features (more than one may
apply)		                
Multipaned windows 72,694 1,050 6,091 812 3,544 2,157 1,388 1,112
Tinted window glass 44,363 468 2,144 335 2,659 1,743 916 809
Reflective window glass 17,929 Q 1,298 Q 1,301 1,012 290 430
External overhangs or awnings 28,718 605 2,255 403 1,515 1,053 462 375
Skylights or atriums 19,815 Q 1,574 Q 1,676 1,335 341 358
Light scheduling 33,552 417 2,863 403 1,748 1,129 619 486
Occupancy sensors 44,304 269 2,774 299 2,801 1,877 924 688
Multi-level lighting or dimming 14,424 233 1,481 Q 1,155 957 198 Q
Daylight harvesting 7,244 Q 480 Q 570 464 Q Q
Plug-load control 1,961 Q 216 Q Q Q Q Q
Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting 16,645 Q 1,032 325 881 568 312 Q
Electric vehicle (EV) charging                
Charging stations associated with the building 10,165 N 1,249 Q 649 580 Q Q
 
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/.
Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.
aClimate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.
bOther sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.
cOffice devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.
Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 20 buildings in reporting sample.
N = No buildings in reporting sample.