Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: December 18, 2025
Overview
Alabama is an energy-rich state with reserves of coal, crude oil, and natural gas, as well as renewable energy resources.1,2 Located along the Gulf of America, southern Alabama consists of a coastal plain with a humid, subtropical climate. The state's north includes the southern edge of the Appalachian Mountains, where below-zero temperatures occur every few years and measurable snow is common.3,4 Alabama's many rivers flow from the Appalachian highlands toward the Gulf of America, and dams along those rivers generate hydroelectric power. The Tennessee River that runs through north Alabama has several hydroelectric dams operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).5,6,7 Forests cover about 70% of Alabama, and the state has the third-largest commercial timberland acreage in the nation at nearly 23 million acres, which gives the state plentiful biomass resources.8,9
Alabama ranks among the top 10 states in industrial sector energy consumption.
Alabama ranks among the 10 states with the highest total industrial sector energy use, and its industrial sector accounts for two-fifths of the state's total energy consumption.10 Alabama is among the top five states in the energy-intensive manufacture of cars and light trucks, with a production capacity of 1.3 million vehicles annually. Vehicles are Alabama's top export, and it is the second-largest auto-exporting state.11,12 The manufacture of automobiles and other transportation equipment; primary metal and fabricated metal products; chemicals; food and beverages; paper; and mining and oil and natural gas extraction are all major contributors to Alabama's economy.13 The transportation sector accounts for almost three-tenths of the state's total energy consumption. The residential sector makes up about one-sixth of the state energy use, with high energy use for cooling during the state's hot, humid summers and widespread home heating in the winter. The commercial sector represents about one-eighth of state energy consumption.14,15 Overall, Alabama consumes 69% more energy than it produces.16
Electricity
Alabama ranks seventh among the states in the production of electricity.17 Natural gas has fueled the largest share of electricity in Alabama since 2014 and accounted for 45% of the state's net generation in 2024.18 Of the 10 largest power plants in Alabama by capacity and by actual yearly electricity generation, 7 are natural gas-fired.19
Alabama is the nation's fifth-largest producer of electricity from nuclear power.20 Alabama's two nuclear power plants, with a total of five reactors, produced 31% of the electricity generated in the state in 2024. The three reactors at TVA's Browns Ferry nuclear power plant in north Alabama have nearly 3,700 megawatts of combined generating capacity. Browns Ferry is the third-largest U.S. nuclear power plant, after Georgia's Vogtle nuclear power plant with about 4,500 megawatts of capacity from four reactors and Arizona's Palo Verde nuclear power plant with 3,900 megawatts from three reactors.21,22,23
Coal historically fueled the largest share of electric power generation in Alabama, but many of the state's older coal-fired generating plants have shut down. About 4,600 megawatts of the state's coal-fired generating capacity have retired since 2014.24 The contribution of coal-fired power plants to Alabama's net generation dropped by more than half since 2014, declining to about 15% of the state's total generation in 2024.25
The Browns Ferry power plant has the third-largest nuclear power generating capacity in the nation.
Twenty-three hydroelectric dams on Alabama's rivers and lakes provided about 6% of the state's net generation in 2024.26,27 Alabama is the eighth-largest U.S. conventional hydroelectric power producer and third-largest east of the Rocky Mountains, after New York and Tennessee.28 Although only about 2% of the state's total generation is fueled by biomass, Alabama ranks fourth among the states in electricity generation from biomass. Almost all of that generation comes from burning wood and wood-derived fuels from the state's substantial forest products industry.29,30
Alabama's electricity production exceeds its consumption, and almost one-third of the electricity generated in the state is sent to neighboring states over the regional electric grid.31 In 2024, Alabama's residential sector accounted for 38% of the electricity sold in the state, followed closely by the industrial sector at 36%. The commercial sector made up 26% of the state's electricity sales.32 Total electricity consumption per capita in Alabama is the eighth-highest in the nation, and per capita electricity use in the residential sector ranks fourth, due in part to the high demand for air conditioning during the state's hot summers and the widespread use of electricity for home heating in the winter.33,34 About 7 out of 10 Alabama households heat with electricity.35
Alabama had about 530 public electric vehicle charging locations in October 2025. Most of these charging locations are in and around the state's major cities of Birmingham, Huntsville, Montgomery, and Mobile.36,37 Alabama plans to invest about $79 million in federal funds over five years to build charging locations along its interstate highways and major state roads.38
Coal
Mobile is the fourth-largest seaport for U.S. coal exports.
Coal has been mined commercially in Alabama since the 1850s and supported development of the state's iron and steel industry.39 Alabama holds 1% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves. The state ranks ninth in the nation in total coal production and sixth in bituminous coal output, the second most abundant type of coal found in the United States. Bituminous coal is used to generate electricity and to make steel.40,41 About 94% of the coal produced in Alabama comes from 8 underground mines, and the rest comes from 10 surface mines.42 About 88% of the coal mined in Alabama is exported to other countries.43 During 2024, the state's Mobile seaport ranked fourth in the nation for shipping coal, handling about 12% of total U.S. coal exports. Mobile typically was the largest U.S. seaport for coal imports. However, coal imports to the port declined sharply in 2024, falling nearly 99% to just 20,000 tons from nearly 1.5 million tons the year before. The drop in coal imports to Mobile alone accounted for almost three-fourths of the decline in U.S. total coal imports during 2024.44
About 12% of the coal mined in Alabama is used in the state, and about seven-tenths of that coal is burned at power plants to generate electricity. Minor amounts of Alabama coal are delivered to coking plants and other industrial plants in Alabama, South Carolina, and Tennessee.45,46 Wyoming supplies more than four-fifths of the domestically mined coal consumed in Alabama. All of the Wyoming coal is delivered to power plants, which are the largest coal consumers in Alabama. The rest of the domestic coal consumed in Alabama arrives by train, river barge, and truck from about a half dozen other states.47,48
Petroleum
Alabama's economically recoverable crude oil reserves are small—only about 0.1% of the U.S. total.49 Oil was discovered near Gilbertown in west-central Alabama in the mid-1940s a few miles from the border with Mississippi.50 Today, a small amount of crude oil is produced from fields in the northwestern and southwestern areas of the state.51,52 Since reaching a peak of about 22 million barrels in 1980, the state's annual crude oil production has generally declined during the last four decades. Although the state's crude oil production increased slightly between 2010 and 2013, output has fallen every year since then. Production in 2024 dropped to 3.4 million barrels, the lowest level since 1956.53,54,55
Alabama’s three oil refineries combined can process about 142,000 barrels of crude oil per day.
Alabama has three petroleum refineries with a combined processing capacity of about 142,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. The state's largest refinery is located near Mobile. The second-largest refinery is in Tuscaloosa on the Black Warrior River, and the third and smallest refinery is in Atmore, located northeast of Mobile near the Florida Panhandle border.56 The refineries can process a range of domestic and imported crude oils into refined products that include feedstocks for chemical plants, motor gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, residual fuel, and asphalt for local and regional markets. The Mobile refinery began producing diesel fuel from renewable sources in 2023.57,58,59,60 Alabama receives additional petroleum products from Texas and Louisiana refineries via two major interstate pipelines—the Colonial Pipeline and the PPL Pipeline (formerly known as the Plantation Pipeline). These pipelines move gasoline and other petroleum products through Alabama to supply half a dozen other southern and eastern states.61,62,63
About 87% of the petroleum used in Alabama was consumed in the transportation sector, mainly as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.64,65 Conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold throughout the state, although almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with at least 10% ethanol.66,67 Alabama has the third-lowest average gasoline prices among the states, but it ranks second for the highest gasoline expenditures per capita.68 Alabama does not have any ethanol production plants, but the state consumes about 321 million gallons of fuel ethanol per year.69,70 Alabama has one biodiesel production plant, which can produce 20 million gallons a year, about two-fifths less than the 32 million gallons of biodiesel the state consumes annually.71,72 The industrial sector consumes 9% of the state's petroleum, the commercial sector accounts for 2%, and the residential sector makes up about 1% of petroleum use.73 About 5 out of 100 Alabama households heat with petroleum products, mainly propane.74
Natural gas
Alabama produces natural gas both onshore and offshore in state waters, including in Mobile Bay. The state's proved reserves of natural gas have fallen to about one-sixth of their peak estimate in the early 1990s and now comprise about 0.2% of U.S. total natural gas reserves.75,76,77 Alabama's annual marketed natural gas production has steadily declined during the past two decades. In 2024, the state's natural gas output fell to its lowest level since the early 1980s and contributed about 0.2% to the nation's total marketed natural gas production.78 Three-fifths of Alabama's natural gas production comes from onshore wells, and most of that onshore production is in the form of coalbed methane—a natural gas produced in coal seams. The state's coalbed methane wells are located primarily in the Black Warrior Basin in northwestern Alabama.79,80,81
Alabama's natural gas production meets about one-tenth of the state's total gas demand.82,83 The state receives additional natural gas through interstate pipelines, mainly from Mississippi, but large volumes are also shipped south through Tennessee from Pennsylvania and Ohio natural gas fields in the Marcellus and Utica shales. More than four-fifths of the natural gas that enters Alabama continues on to other states, primarily Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi.84
An increasing amount of the natural gas consumed in Alabama goes to power plants as fuel for electricity generation. Since 2007, the electric power sector has been the largest natural gas-consuming sector in the state. The sector received 62% of total natural gas deliveries in 2024. The industrial sector consumed the second-largest amount of natural gas, about 30% of the state's total.85,86 The residential sector, where one-fourth of Alabama households use natural gas for heating, accounted for about 4% of the state's natural gas consumption. The commercial sector accounted for about 3% of the state's natural gas use.87,88
Renewable energy
Hydropower accounts for about 65% of Alabama’s renewable electricity generation.
In 2024, renewable energy sources generated 9% of Alabama's total in-state electricity. Hydroelectric facilities accounted for about 65% of the state's renewable electricity generation. About 25% of Alabama's renewable generation came from biomass, mostly from wood and wood-derived fuels at industrial facilities, and about 10% was provided by solar energy.89 Alabama's biomass resources also provide feedstock for the state's three commercial wood pellet plants, which have a combined annual production capacity of 683,000 tons—about 5% of the nation's total.90 Wood pellets are burned for electricity generation and for heating.91
Alabama's total solar power generation is small, but has increased in recent years.92 The state's best solar resources are located in the southeast corner of Alabama and along the state's short Gulf Coast shoreline.93 Alabama's first utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar farm, with 30 megawatts of solar photovoltaic (PV) generating capacity, began operating in late 2015 on the Alabama portion of the Fort Benning U.S. Army installation. A 227-megawatt solar farm in northwest Alabama, which is the state's largest, came online in late 2021 to supply power to a large data center. The state had 664 megawatts of installed utility-scale solar power generating capacity as of September 2025. An additional 405 megawatts of generating capacity from six new solar farms are scheduled to come online by the end of 2026.94,95,96 The state currently has little customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar generating capacity, such as solar panel systems on residential and commercial rooftops.97 Alabama has the least installed small-scale solar generating capacity among the states.98
Alabama has no utility-scale wind generation, but a few areas along its Gulf coastline and along stretches of the Appalachian mountain ridges in the northeastern part of the state have modest wind energy resources.99,100
Alabama does not have a renewable portfolio standard, a voluntary renewable energy goal, or a state-wide net metering policy to encourage residential development of renewable-sourced electricity. However, the state's largest electric utility does buy excess solar power generated by residential customers.101,102,103 Alabama does encourage energy savings and efficiency. The state has an energy building code for commercial and residential buildings.104 The state also provides tax incentives to households that convert their primary heating system from natural gas or electricity to a wood-burning system.105
Endnotes
1 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Annual Coal Report (November 19, 2025), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2024.
2 U.S. EIA, State Profile and Energy Estimates, Alabama, Profile Data, Reserves, Supply & Distribution, Environment, accessed November 5, 2025.
3 University of Alabama, Department of Geography, Physiographic Regions, accessed November 5, 2025.
4 Christy, John, "Alabama's Climate, It's the Humidity!," Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, State Climate Series, accessed November 5, 2025.
5 Geology.com, Alabama Lakes, Rivers and Water Resources, accessed November 5, 2025.
6 Alabama Power, Lakes and Dams, accessed November 5, 2025.
7 Encyclopedia of Alabama, Tennessee Valley Authority in Alabama, updated September 21, 2023.
8 Alabama Wildlife Federation, Investigate Alabama's Forests, accessed November 5, 2025.
9 Alabama Forestry Commission, Forest Resource Report 2024, p. 4.
10 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
11 Alabama Department of Commerce, Made in Alabama, Automotive, accessed November 5, 2025.
12 Alabama Department of Commerce, Made in Alabama, "SAC 2025: Gov. Ivey touts growth, innovation in Alabama auto industry," (October 8, 2025).
13 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGPD2 GDP by industry in current dollars, Alabama, All statistics in table, 2024.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
15 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, 2020 RECs Survey Data, State Data, Housing characteristics, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020, and Highlights for space heating in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
17 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 16, 2025), Net Generation, Table 3.7, Table 3.21.
18 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
19 U.S. EIA, Alabama Electricity Profile 2024, Table 2A, Table 2B, available in XLSX format.
20 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 16, 2025), Net Generation, Table 3.13.
21 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
22 U.S. EIA, Nuclear Reactor, State, and Net Capacity (July 2025).
23 U.S. EIA, "Plant Vogtle Unit 4 begins commercial operation," Today in Energy (May 1, 2024).
24 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of October 2025, Plant State: Alabama, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
25 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
26 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
27 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2025, Plant State: Alabama, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
28 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 16, 2025), Net Generation, Table 3.14.
29 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 16, 2025), Net Generation, Table 3.19.
30 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours, Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
31 U.S. EIA, Alabama Electricity Profile 2024, Table 10, available in XLSX format.
32 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
33 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (2020), RECS Survey Data, State Data, Housing Characteristics, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020 and Highlights for space heating in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
34 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
35 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Alabama, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
36 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (October 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
37 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Alabama, accessed November 10, 2025.
38 Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program, accessed November 10, 2025.
39 Mining Artifacts, Alabama Mines, accessed November 10, 2025.
40 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (November 19, 2025), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2024; Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2024.
41 U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Coal explained, Types of coal, Bituminous, updated October 24, 2023.
42 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (November 19, 2025), Table 2, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State, County, and Mine Type, 2024.
43 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (November 19, 2025), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Domestic and foreign distribution of U.S. coal by origin State, Alabama, 2024.
44 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, 4th Quarter 2024 (April 2025), Table 13, U.S. Coal Exports by Customs District; Table 20, Coal Imports by Customs District.
45 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (November 19, 2025), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Domestic and foreign distribution of U.S. coal by origin State, Alabama, 2024.
46 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (November 19, 2025), Domestic Distribution of U.S. coal by: Origin state, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Alabama, Table OS-1, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2024.
47 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (November 19, 2025), Domestic Distribution of U.S. coal by: Destination state, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Alabama, Table DS-1, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2024.
48 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total consumption (short tons), Alabama, Annual, 2021-24.
49 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
50 Rural SW Alabama, First Oil Well in Alabama at Gilbertown, AL (oil struck in 1944), accessed November 14, 2025.
51 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
52 U.S. EIA, Alabama Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Layer List: Oil Wells, accessed November 14, 2025.
53 U.S. EIA, Alabama Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels), 1981-2024.
54 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Alabama, 1960-2023.
55 State of Alabama Oil & Gas Board, State of Alabama Calendar Year Oil and Gas Production, 1944-2022.
56 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 20, 2025), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2025.
57 Vertex Energy, Refining Operations, Mobile, AL, accessed November 14, 2025.
58 Goodway Refining, LLC, accessed November 14, 2025.
59 Hunt Refining Company, Refining Operations, Tuscaloosa Refinery, accessed November 14, 2025.
60 Brelsford, Robert, "Vertex Energy's Mobile refinery begins renewable diesel production," Oil & Gas Journal (May 1, 2023).
61 Colonial Pipeline Company, About us, System Map, accessed November 14, 2025.
62 Kinder Morgan, Inc., Products (SE) Pipe Line Corporation, accessed November 14, 2025.
63 Kinder Morgan, Inc., Form 10-K, For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, Products Pipeline, Southeast Refined Products, PPL Pipeline, p. 10, footnote c.
64 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
65 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2023.
66 Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
67 U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
68 U.S. EIA, Table E20, Motor Gasoline Price and Expenditure Estimates, Ranked by State, 2023.
69 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
70 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2023.
71 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
72 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
74 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Alabama, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
75 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
76 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Wet NG, Annual-Billion Cubic Feet, 1979-2021.
77 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 8, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
78 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual, 1967-2023.
79 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
80 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals from Coalbed Wells, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
81 Encyclopedia of Alabama, Alabama Oil and Gas Regions, accessed November 17, 2025.
82 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
83 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Alabama, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
84 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Alabama, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
85 U.S. EIA, Alabama Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Customers (Million Cubic Feet), 1997-2024.
86 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Alabama, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
87 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Alabama, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
88 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Alabama, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2019-24.
89 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
90 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (October 29, 2025), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, July 2025.
91 U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today in Energy (December 14, 2016).
92 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
93 National Laboratory of the Rockies, Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance (February 22, 2018).
94 Smith, Tom, "River Bend Solar Energy Center operational, selling solar power," Times Daily (November 20, 2016).
95 Sylvia, Tim, "Project enters service in Alabama, nearly doubling the state's installed solar capacity," PV Magazine (September 20, 2021).
96 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2025 and Inventory of Planned Operating Generators as of September 2025, Plant State: Alabama, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
97 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
98 U.S. EIA., Electric Power Monthly (October 24, 2025) Capacity, Table 6.2.B, Net Summer Capacity Using Primarily Renewable Energy Sources and by State, August 2025 and 2024 (Megawatts), Small Scale Capacity, Estimated Solar Photovoltaic.
99 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Alabama, Maps & Data, accessed November 18, 2025.
100 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Alabama, Annual, 2001-24.
101 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Renewable & Clean Energy Standards, updated December 2023.
102 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Programs, Alabama, accessed November 18, 2025.
103 Alabama Power, Solar Power: A Renewable Energy Source, Rooftop Solar, accessed November 18, 2025.
104 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Alabama Energy Code, updated March 10, 2023.
105 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Wood-Burning Heating System Deduction, updated January 2, 2025.