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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

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Release date: September 2021
Revised date: September 2022
Table B4.  Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018
Number of buildings (thousand)
Northeast Midwest South West
  All
buildings		 New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Moun-
tain		 Pacific
All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780
Building floorspace (square feet)                    
1,001 to 5,000  2,833 143 230 539 271 540 164 373 203 370
5,001 to 10,000  1,359 59 98 250 166 192 89 178 128 199
10,001 to 25,000 981 47 98 180 108 165 55 118 91 118
25,001 to 50,000 386 13 44 80 35 63 18 47 32 53
50,001 to 100,000  218 7 23 39 18 45 12 31 18 23
100,001 to 200,000  93 4 15 12 7 19 8 9 8 10
200,001 to 500,000  40 1 7 8 2 8 2 4 2 5
Over 500,000  9 Q 2 2 1 2 Q 1 Q 1
Principal building activity                    
Education 437 21 23 53 37 76 24 53 38 112
Food sales  163 Q Q 47 Q Q Q Q Q Q
Food service  286 Q Q 55 Q 52 Q 40 36 40
Health care  137 6 17 15 Q 24 12 13 25 20
Inpatient  9 Q 1 1 Q 2 Q 1 Q 1
Outpatient  129 Q 16 13 Q 22 Q Q 23 19
Lodging  207 16 18 46 22 29 11 15 14 36
Mercantile  517 Q 37 76 62 94 38 75 56 56
Retail (other than mall)  350 Q 28 40 57 63 35 40 38 28
Enclosed and strip malls  167 Q 9 36 Q 31 Q 35 18 27
Office  970 23 115 172 93 184 47 143 65 129
Public assembly  488 47 44 96 44 101 Q 56 31 57
Public order and safety  81 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 16
Religious worship  439 Q 48 80 42 106 44 50 Q 36
Service  867 45 99 184 120 110 29 98 77 104
Warehouse and storage  1,004 50 70 206 101 154 75 136 81 131
Other  113 Q 13 27 Q 11 Q Q Q Q
Vacant  208 Q Q 44 Q 50 Q Q Q Q
Year constructed                    
Before 1920 329 41 60 82 Q 48 Q Q Q Q
1920 to 1945 379 27 43 90 53 57 Q 29 20 38
1946 to 1959 517 Q 59 93 42 90 30 49 43 89
1960 to 1969 685 33 88 167 41 86 44 75 41 111
1970 to 1979 831 22 57 154 102 140 56 116 85 100
1980 to 1989 794 35 57 90 90 186 39 105 77 115
1990 to 1999 921 41 66 146 91 164 41 149 81 142
2000 to 2009 924 32 50 183 99 177 77 123 81 102
2010 to 2018 537 Q 38 106 Q 86 28 102 38 61
Climate zonea                    
Cold or very cold 539 102 15 136 190 N N N Q Q
Cool 1,727 161 231 740 280 N N N 180 135
Mixed mild 1,216 Q 271 235 140 186 Q Q Q Q
Warm 1,606 N N N N 595 270 244 Q 411
Hot or very hot 831 N N N N 253 Q 394 97 Q
Number of floors                    
1 4,106 125 241 729 416 743 272 621 373 586
2 1,286 83 174 273 146 207 56 112 84 151
3 370 48 69 79 42 58 14 18 Q 25
4 to 9 142 19 28 27 6 23 4 10 9 16
10 or more 16 0 6 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Elevators and escalators
(more than one may apply)		                    
Any elevators 503 36 83 90 45 90 18 46 38 57
1 elevator 366 27 60 72 36 62 14 31 26 40
2 to 5 elevators 121 8 20 16 8 24 4 14 11 15
6 or more elevators 16 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 1 2
Any escalators 14 Q 2 Q Q 2 Q Q Q 3
Number of workers (main shift)                    
Fewer than 5 3,270 158 303 654 385 550 192 398 242 387
5 to 9 1,116 51 63 197 97 217 78 155 72 187
10 to 19 713 30 62 118 68 123 34 102 78 99
20 to 49 492 20 44 91 42 77 30 68 53 66
50 to 99 201 11 24 33 11 38 9 25 26 24
100 to 249 90 4 15 14 4 19 3 10 8 13
250 or more 37 1 7 4 2 8 2 4 4 5
Weekly operating hours                    
Fewer than 40 1,370 Q 122 318 174 241 100 146 71 165
40 to 48 1,483 61 95 259 128 278 80 237 126 218
49 to 60 1,250 74 159 199 122 221 61 127 118 169
61 to 84 645 37 55 85 60 123 42 100 52 92
85 to 167 465 18 41 97 41 77 Q 57 48 57
Open continuously 705 52 46 152 85 92 35 95 69 79
Ownership and occupancy                    
Nongovernment owned 4,982 253 455 955 529 870 285 648 396 592
Owner occupied 3,249 186 303 635 387 586 198 420 223 310
Leased to tenant(s) 1,581 66 146 295 117 247 83 203 159 265
Unoccupied 152 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Government owned 937 22 63 155 81 164 62 114 88 188
Federal 70 Q Q 6 Q Q Q Q Q Q
State 256 Q 12 Q 14 50 24 33 27 60
Local 610 13 45 116 57 105 34 64 55 121
Party responsible for operation
of energy systems		                    
Building owner 4,872 242 441 924 539 845 269 632 395 585
Business owner or tenant 831 24 68 143 56 155 66 106 65 147
Property management 97 Q Q Q Q 20 Q Q Q 28
Other 118 Q Q 33 Q 14 Q Q Q Q
Provider of direct input on energy-
related equipment purchases		                    
Building owner 5,127 236 473 972 549 896 288 666 415 631
Business owner or tenant 483 Q 32 63 41 91 37 60 39 97
Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Other 260 Q 10 68 Q 40 Q 34 21 40
Number of establishments                    
1 4,719 220 409 887 495 821 299 587 392 608
2 to 5 811 45 82 149 65 144 33 121 58 115
6 to 10 135 Q 13 28 15 15 Q 14 12 25
11 to 20 63 Q 5 6 Q 13 Q 12 Q 10
More than 20 19 Q 2 Q Q 4 Q 2 Q 4
Currently unoccupied 170 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Campus or complex activity                    
Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 143 351 732 367 680 210 460 296 384
Primary or secondary school 247 Q 4 16 Q 32 Q 42 20 102
College or university 103 Q 8 Q Q 22 Q Q 2 23
Office complex 141 Q 16 Q 14 17 Q 27 8 30
Retail complex 250 Q 19 43 Q 22 Q 42 32 47
Storage complex 418 Q Q 72 Q 61 Q 55 Q 48
Religious campus or complex 253 Q Q 38 Q 72 Q 33 Q Q
Health care complex 60 Q Q 8 4 11 Q Q 10 4
Lodging or resort complex 102 Q Q Q Q 12 Q Q Q Q
Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Government complex 124 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 13
Other 563 37 64 112 70 84 Q 52 45 74
Predominant exterior wall material                    
Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 58 244 433 180 455 175 384 250 310
Concrete (block or poured) 935 36 117 184 52 201 28 107 83 128
Concrete panels 137 Q 6 13 16 25 7 26 9 35
Siding or shingles 948 106 112 190 143 144 36 Q 29 149
Metal panels 1,250 49 35 270 215 184 86 192 84 136
Window glass 19 Q 1 1 Q 4 Q Q Q 3
Other 139 Q Q 20 Q 21 Q Q 25 18
Predominant roof material                    
Metal surfacing 2,198 57 103 363 302 435 155 352 147 285
Synthetic or rubber 940 46 142 191 81 150 36 79 98 116
Built-up 708 13 49 117 74 107 40 110 74 126
Slate or tile shingles 376 Q 45 67 Q 68 Q 58 Q 76
Wooden materials (including
shingles)		 166 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 42 29
Asphalt, fiberglass, or
other shingles		 1,311 105 152 342 125 208 77 109 82 110
Concrete 83 Q Q Q Q 32 Q Q Q 10
Other 136 Q 20 6 Q 16 Q 34 Q 28
Roof tilt                    
Flat 1,914 53 206 326 136 296 96 251 225 326
Shallow pitch 2,313 104 143 430 314 428 124 339 176 254
Steeper pitch 1,691 118 169 354 159 309 127 172 83 199
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)                    
White/reflective coating or paint 1,285 20 74 194 177 212 51 171 156 230
White/reflective tiles or shingles 140 Q 9 14 Q 26 Q Q Q 17
Aluminum coating 528 Q 32 75 32 132 33 103 29 65
Ballasted roof system 114 1 19 26 10 12 Q 10 21 Q
Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Renovations since 2000
(more than one may apply)		                    
Any type of renovation 2,032 116 227 365 200 359 123 266 149 227
Addition or annex 327 Q 28 68 44 56 22 37 20 24
Reduction in floorspace 35 Q 5 5 Q Q Q Q Q Q
Roof replacement 847 59 103 142 61 166 61 123 53 80
Interior wall reconfiguration 709 30 73 134 78 116 37 109 53 78
Window replacement 484 45 59 93 Q 74 24 47 27 56
HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 64 117 159 94 198 72 122 68 111
Lighting upgrade 1,012 77 116 205 98 155 52 118 82 111
Electrical upgrade 565 52 58 95 Q 106 39 65 47 54
Plumbing system upgrade 584 43 70 83 68 114 38 66 41 62
Insulation upgrade 307 26 53 45 32 52 25 35 21 18
Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 47 73 94 56 102 27 70 38 63
Structural upgrade 147 Q 25 13 11 29 Q 14 Q 10
Other 43 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
No renovations 3,530 149 266 682 366 622 202 438 302 504
Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 Q 25 63 Q 53 22 59 33 49
Energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                    
Electricity 5,613 274 496 1,074 573 987 313 711 431 755
Natural gas 2,974 65 308 712 270 361 200 333 292 433
Fuel oil 583 103 127 69 Q 83 18 42 45 44
District heat 86 16 13 10 Q Q Q 8 3 14
District chilled water 55 Q 3 3 Q 18 Q 11 2 12
Propane 676 101 56 86 139 138 25 56 18 57
Solar   99 9 11 4 Q 5 Q Q Q 47
Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q 37 Q 27 Q Q Q Q
Space-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                    
Electricity 2,563 85 179 333 202 612 177 396 200 380
Natural gas 2,587 54 280 679 251 280 185 247 259 352
Fuel oil 266 88 95 Q Q 26 Q Q Q Q
District heat 83 16 13 10 Q Q Q Q 3 14
Propane 431 60 Q 71 120 77 Q Q Q 26
Other sources1 127 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Primary space-heating
energy source		                    
Electricity 1,856 47 87 190 138 530 107 352 133 271
Natural gas 2,344 48 264 633 245 232 165 218 238 300
Fuel oil 222 83 79 Q N 15 Q Q Q Q
District heat 78 16 13 9 Q Q Q Q 3 13
Propane 338 48 Q 62 101 55 Q Q Q Q
Other sources1 63 Q Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q
Cooling energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                    
Electricity 4,584 184 396 804 403 897 293 647 378 582
Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q Q Q N Q Q
District chilled water 55 Q 3 3 Q 18 Q 11 2 12
Water-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                    
Electricity 2,785 130 238 453 260 628 175 381 165 356
Natural gas 1,885 32 183 458 155 233 101 223 207 293
Fuel oil 72 42 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
District heat 38 Q 8 5 Q Q Q 6 Q 4
Propane 145 32 Q Q Q 34 Q Q Q Q
Cooking energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                    
Electricity 1,216 70 82 247 135 229 76 140 93 144
Natural gas 727 20 74 152 45 99 37 87 76 137
Propane 159 28 Q Q Q 47 Q Q Q 35
Energy end uses
(more than one may apply)		                    
Buildings with space heating 4,901 249 461 921 497 857 291 607 391 628
Buildings with cooling 4,631 187 398 807 403 913 295 657 379 593
Buildings with water heating 4,595 225 430 862 422 839 271 580 354 612
Buildings with cooking 1,738 101 141 337 162 305 97 213 128 255
Buildings with manufacturing 322 Q 23 70 36 44 16 41 38 43
Buildings with electricity generation 706 63 77 118 77 114 36 86 55 81
Buildings with lighting 5,509 274 484 1,029 565 974 303 708 430 744
Percentage of floorspace heated                    
Not heated 1,017 Q 57 189 113 176 56 155 93 152
1 to 50% 693 Q 52 114 Q 154 37 79 43 122
51 to 99% 905 46 85 142 51 163 66 133 100 118
100% 3,303 169 323 665 388 540 188 395 248 388
Percentage of floorspace cooled                    
Not cooled 1,288 88 120 303 207 120 53 105 105 186
1 to 50% 1,111 63 106 211 100 207 72 114 81 155
51 to 99% 998 58 110 195 52 188 54 146 86 109
100% 2,522 65 181 401 251 518 169 397 212 329
Percentage lit when open                    
0% Q N N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
1 to 50% 1,280 70 133 311 144 190 56 179 89 108
51 to 99% 1,784 95 154 352 148 306 83 222 133 291
100% 2,272 109 184 325 222 442 160 297 206 326
Building never open/electricity
not used		 513 Q 46 86 Q 89 Q 60 Q Q
Percentage lit during off hours                    
0% 2,054 123 181 416 214 305 127 226 140 322
1 to 50% 3,243 141 287 581 319 622 167 455 274 395
51 to 100% 238 Q 19 46 36 45 15 27 10 31
Building always open with
no "off hours"		 78 Q 8 Q Q 14 Q Q Q Q
Electricity not used 305 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Heating equipment
(more than one may apply)		                    
Packaged heating units 2,187 51 161 294 173 428 177 359 225 320
Furnaces 1,621 78 143 474 269 151 77 175 111 142
Individual space heaters 1,246 60 125 282 110 182 84 114 96 192
Boilers 703 95 131 167 50 63 20 47 66 65
Heat pumps 673 32 58 70 42 231 29 54 40 117
District heat 83 16 13 10 Q Q Q Q 3 14
Duct reheat 134 Q Q 19 Q 39 Q 22 Q 15
Other 17 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Cooling equipment
(more than one may apply)		                    
Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 84 215 367 202 498 189 402 252 355
Residential-type central air conditioners 1,309 52 80 360 181 217 55 188 79 97
Individual air conditioners 735 59 109 128 41 124 55 79 36 104
Central chillers 202 9 28 46 8 35 15 15 16 31
Heat pumps 492 27 57 48 Q 158 36 23 26 79
District chilled water 55 Q 3 3 Q 18 Q 11 2 12
Swamp coolers 85 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 36 28
Other Q N Q N N Q Q Q Q Q
HVAC features
(more than one may apply)		                    
Economizer cycle 747 36 80 135 67 100 17 82 68 161
Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 22 52 141 77 119 22 106 68 90
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 14 25 29 32 40 20 22 11 54
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 18 51 61 19 71 12 31 28 57
Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 182 314 573 330 707 197 460 313 478
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling 933 48 85 151 78 161 28 144 86 153
Internet-connected/smart thermostat 325 Q 26 29 24 57 19 72 40 42
Programmable thermostat 1,545 59 187 280 125 267 86 164 146 232
Main equipment replaced since
2000 (more than one may apply)		                    
Heating 1,937 112 194 339 218 377 118 200 124 253
Cooling 1,269 87 156 249 116 234 71 144 83 130
Water-heating equipment                    
Centralized system 3,538 151 332 708 337 674 217 406 276 438
Distributed system 782 Q 80 110 63 116 32 136 62 125
Combination of centralized and
distributed system		 274 16 17 45 22 49 Q 38 16 50
Generation technologies (more than one may apply)                    
Reciprocating engine generators 580 49 64 106 Q 102 34 78 46 35
Solar panels 94 9 11 4 Q 5 Q Q Q 42
Other generation technology 43 Q 4 11 Q Q Q Q Q 5
Lighting equipment types
(more than one may apply)		                    
Incandescent 1,100 64 128 243 138 184 67 107 43 127
Standard fluorescent 4,019 202 350 759 372 735 247 514 320 520
Compact fluorescent 1,133 71 111 269 94 180 37 137 77 157
High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 Q 33 51 23 40 18 14 17 32
Halogen 552 27 44 79 Q 102 22 98 41 89
LED 2,592 156 283 495 221 432 126 294 197 389
Other Q N N Q N Q N Q N Q
Refrigeration equipment
(more than one may apply)		                    
Any refrigeration 3,850 190 343 712 349 731 213 509 302 501
Walk-in units 706 41 60 144 57 127 40 71 73 93
Cases or cabinets 837 35 72 182 61 162 44 112 61 107
Large cold storage areas 69 Q 7 Q Q 13 Q 11 Q 8
Commercial ice makers 872 35 53 162 58 175 47 125 105 112
Residential-type or compact units 3,321 168 293 625 313 637 174 450 240 421
Vending machines 800 35 70 138 69 170 57 110 84 66
No refrigeration 2,068 85 174 398 260 302 134 253 182 279
Office equipment
(more than one may apply)		                    
Desktop computers 3,804 170 355 652 327 705 223 521 307 544
With multiple monitors 1,504 60 152 282 139 274 75 194 116 212
Laptop computers 2,786 131 263 546 249 501 161 376 197 361
Dedicated servers 1,400 55 136 239 122 218 74 220 128 207
Tablets charged in building 1,556 88 146 284 125 270 79 228 128 208
Large floor-standing office devices2 1,456 53 164 267 114 280 84 193 116 184
Smaller desktop office devices2 3,560 176 332 659 303 658 187 499 277 469
Interactive whiteboards 262 Q 19 48 19 50 25 18 29 39
Televisions/video displays 2,451 100 247 452 212 433 142 365 197 304
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers 1,420 73 124 243 133 259 76 197 153 163
Food preparation or serving areas
in non-food service buildings
(more than one may apply)		                    
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop 144 5 6 33 13 23 Q 21 10 28
Fast food/small restaurant 160 8 10 37 11 28 3 17 11 35
Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 12 16 22 17 19 7 12 11 14
Commercial kitchen/
food preparation area		 284 18 33 41 27 60 18 29 18 40
Small kitchen area 1,018 63 86 202 113 173 54 118 66 142
Separate computer areas
(more than one may apply)		                    
Server closet 1,237 41 118 216 110 228 59 194 107 164
Data center 116 9 15 12 5 18 Q 20 Q 17
Computer-based training room 228 5 18 33 21 46 10 33 24 37
Student or public computer center 236 5 17 36 16 45 13 34 16 54
Window and interior lighting
features (more than one may
apply)		                    
Multipaned windows 3,527 175 337 704 404 602 182 408 292 424
Tinted window glass 1,679 43 103 247 139 332 108 284 135 289
Reflective window glass 497 15 35 99 38 77 21 66 53 93
External overhangs or awnings 1,513 45 86 244 135 292 98 211 113 290
Skylights or atriums 509 24 42 79 26 104 19 66 38 111
Light scheduling 910 42 90 162 65 161 47 107 97 139
Occupancy sensors 1,025 52 97 219 84 156 29 105 88 194
Multi-level lighting or dimming 332 25 31 60 Q 57 15 34 36 41
Daylight harvesting 138 Q 7 21 11 34 6 14 15 23
Plug-load control 58 Q Q 11 Q Q Q Q Q 15
Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q 9 Q Q Q 15
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting 317 8 23 35 23 58 10 56 27 77
Electric vehicle (EV) charging                    
Charging stations associated with the building 132 9 12 19 5 25 Q Q 11 35
 
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/.
Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.
aClimate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.
bOther sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.
cOffice devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.
Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 20 buildings in reporting sample.
N = No buildings in reporting sample.