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Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

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Release date: September 2021
Revised date: September 2022
Table B12.  Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018
Total floorspace (million square feet)
Principal building activity
  All
buildings		 Warehouse
and
storage		 Office Service Mercantile Public assembly Religious worship Education
All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623
Building floorspace (square feet)                
1,001 to 5,000  8,025 1,409 1,380 1,428 534 655 463 396
5,001 to 10,000  10,204 1,885 1,446 1,644 804 886 825 761
10,001 to 25,000 15,838 3,049 2,172 1,505 2,181 1,545 2,028 1,224
25,001 to 50,000 13,957 2,199 1,899 846 1,736 1,514 1,383 1,510
50,001 to 100,000  15,302 2,254 2,380 569 1,752 1,024 595 4,018
100,001 to 200,000  13,003 2,056 2,412 Q 1,854 470 Q 3,321
200,001 to 500,000  11,776 2,588 2,541 Q 1,325 416 Q 2,157
Over 500,000  8,317 2,043 2,432 Q 596 683 N 236
Year constructed                
Before 1920 3,600 Q 1,109 Q Q 465 505 428
1920 to 1945 5,646 436 1,716 369 Q 589 Q 942
1946 to 1959 6,937 1,208 582 455 606 537 498 1,995
1960 to 1969 10,360 1,350 1,282 1,040 1,108 669 816 1,999
1970 to 1979 13,061 2,800 2,268 1,042 1,288 944 696 1,584
1980 to 1989 13,465 2,325 3,441 680 1,541 532 595 1,247
1990 to 1999 15,535 3,527 2,505 970 1,799 1,222 898 2,148
2000 to 2009 17,500 3,087 2,346 986 2,767 1,482 906 2,241
2010 to 2018 10,319 2,491 1,413 656 1,269 753 Q 1,038
Census region and division                
Northeast 15,951 2,398 3,196 1,268 1,394 1,107 585 2,545
New England  3,749 469 454 323 Q 424 Q 621
Middle Atlantic 12,202 1,929 2,741 944 1,044 682 510 1,924
Midwest 25,932 4,714 4,336 2,223 2,625 1,890 1,444 3,837
East North Central 17,561 3,402 2,943 1,312 1,756 1,384 963 2,435
West North Central 8,372 1,312 1,393 911 869 506 482 1,402
South 34,907 6,365 5,703 1,684 4,463 2,711 2,569 4,967
South Atlantic  17,923 3,034 3,253 755 2,159 1,655 1,322 2,345
East South Central 5,404 1,250 545 310 706 Q 628 822
West South Central 11,580 2,080 1,905 619 1,598 893 619 1,800
West 19,633 4,006 3,427 1,066 2,300 1,485 873 2,275
Mountain 7,680 1,049 1,358 462 1,125 570 Q 895
Pacific 11,952 2,958 2,069 605 1,174 915 530 1,379
Climate zonea                
Cold or very cold 7,044 1,219 1,252 586 742 435 Q 1,279
Cool 26,768 3,896 4,442 2,762 2,884 2,046 1,453 3,748
Mixed mild 25,096 4,829 5,307 953 2,050 1,695 1,070 3,931
Warm 25,085 5,314 3,648 1,418 3,295 1,829 1,797 2,947
Hot or very hot 12,429 2,226 2,013 522 1,810 1,187 814 1,718
Number of floors                
1 43,576 12,093 3,334 4,686 8,287 2,847 1,990 4,930
2 23,300 4,098 3,684 1,308 1,734 1,923 2,296 4,333
3 10,516 845 2,223 Q 705 1,125 989 2,000
4 to 9 13,031 Q 3,877 Q Q 1,273 Q 2,282
10 or more 6,000 N 3,544 N N Q N Q
Elevators and escalators
(more than one may apply)		                
Any elevators 36,501 2,330 11,215 Q 1,071 2,974 1,330 6,928
1 elevator 14,215 1,520 2,839 Q 428 1,379 1,123 4,371
2 to 5 elevatorse 13,316 597 4,496 Q Q 772 Q 2,423
6 or more elevators 8,970 Q 3,880 Q Q 823 Q 134
Any escalators 3,753 Q 1,274 Q 616 848 Q Q
Number of workers (main shift)                
Fewer than 5 21,065 5,467 1,027 2,810 1,424 2,673 3,179 599
5 to 9 10,323 1,766 1,260 1,091 872 1,171 932 1,034
10 to 19 11,348 2,121 1,427 993 1,295 761 846 1,226
20 to 49 16,132 3,447 2,098 921 2,114 1,009 389 2,897
50 to 99 12,961 2,012 2,099 Q 1,797 725 Q 4,162
100 to 249 12,442 1,778 2,463 Q 2,765 345 N 3,141
250 or more 12,152 891 6,289 Q 513 508 N 564
Weekly operating hours                
Fewer than 40 10,776 1,838 920 610 Q 1,281 3,038 838
40 to 48 18,826 4,345 4,244 2,325 1,291 972 846 3,454
49 to 60 22,845 4,012 5,968 1,766 2,745 1,192 635 5,405
61 to 84 14,727 2,075 2,566 727 3,397 1,393 511 2,615
85 to 167 10,038 2,622 754 515 2,058 1,423 Q 1,185
Open continuously 19,213 2,592 2,210 299 1,074 931 Q Q
Ownership and occupancy                
Nongovernment owned 74,728 16,866 13,301 5,115 10,766 4,418 5,471 3,015
Owner occupied 45,355 8,867 6,701 3,252 4,455 3,743 5,308 2,603
Leased to tenant(s) 28,382 7,999 6,600 1,863 6,312 675 Q 412
Unoccupied 990 N N N N N N N
Government owned 21,695 616 3,361 1,125 Q 2,774 N 10,608
Federal 1,946 237 762 344 Q Q N Q
State 6,888 Q 1,035 Q Q 1,001 N 3,178
Local 12,861 Q 1,563 626 Q 1,709 N 7,313
Party responsible for operation
of energy systems		                
Building owner 79,282 11,799 14,432 5,016 6,298 6,432 5,379 13,097
Business owner or tenant 12,842 4,836 1,232 1,160 3,663 475 Q Q
Property management 1,994 404 567 Q Q Q Q Q
Other 2,306 443 431 Q Q Q Q 358
Provider of direct input on energy-
related equipment purchases		                
Building owner 82,862 13,237 14,801 5,230 7,455 6,528 5,386 13,086
Business owner or tenant 7,585 2,658 673 720 2,240 Q Q Q
Property management 1,072 Q 222 Q Q Q N Q
Other 4,904 1,317 966 Q 893 351 Q 353
Number of establishments                
One 65,391 12,657 7,319 5,451 3,594 5,399 5,099 12,656
2 to 5 16,431 3,620 3,403 624 2,702 1,159 Q 915
6 to 10 5,539 805 2,017 Q 1,777 Q N Q
11 to 20 3,894 322 1,726 Q 1,378 Q N Q
More than 20 3,999 Q 2,197 N 1,330 Q N Q
Currently unoccupied 1,168 N N N N N N N
Campus or complex activity                
Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 10,046 10,342 3,962 7,157 3,756 3,208 6,835
Primary or secondary school 5,106 N Q N N 420 N 4,417
College or university 3,761 Q 511 Q Q 629 N 1,548
Office complex 3,823 Q 3,311 Q Q Q Q Q
Retail complex 4,573 491 Q Q 3,337 Q N N
Storage complex 5,684 4,904 Q Q Q Q N N
Religious campus or complex 3,209 Q Q Q N Q 2,126 479
Health care complex 2,838 Q Q Q N Q N Q
Lodging or resort complex 1,575 Q Q N Q Q N N
Transportation complex 774 Q Q Q N 279 N Q
Government complex 1,706 Q 572 390 N Q N N
Other 6,765 1,303 985 1,236 Q 1,147 Q Q
Predominant exterior wall material                
Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 3,068 8,892 1,633 4,748 3,576 3,806 10,285
Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 3,609 2,166 1,509 3,970 1,649 636 2,155
Concrete panels 8,331 4,027 1,876 Q 417 301 Q 282
Siding or shingles 5,992 851 787 395 422 546 613 412
Metal panels 12,198 5,707 498 2,477 894 768 Q Q
Window glass 2,192 N 1,541 N Q 203 N Q
Other 2,219 Q 902 Q Q Q Q Q
Predominant roof material                
Metal surfacing 20,936 7,114 1,526 3,645 1,556 1,803 913 1,822
Synthetic or rubber 31,563 5,113 6,370 850 4,868 2,284 545 5,130
Built-up 19,308 2,439 4,590 732 2,284 967 377 3,901
Slate or tile shingles 3,997 Q 731 Q Q 594 633 391
Wooden materials (including
shingles)		 1,568 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Asphalt, fiberglass, or
other shingles		 14,058 1,408 1,990 763 1,307 1,031 2,638 1,583
Concrete 1,968 Q 601 Q Q Q Q 266
Other 3,026 645 632 Q Q Q Q 362
Roof tilt                
Flat 54,253 7,689 12,050 2,500 7,407 3,111 738 9,406
Shallow pitch 27,609 8,364 2,922 2,732 2,910 2,158 1,432 2,649
Steeper pitch 14,561 1,430 1,691 1,008 464 1,924 3,302 1,569
Cool roof characteristics (more than one may apply)                
White/reflective coating or paint 32,799 6,493 6,036 1,651 4,403 2,361 769 4,782
White/reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 Q 373 Q Q Q Q 485
Aluminum coating 6,149 1,624 474 911 864 471 Q 513
Ballasted roof system 6,277 861 1,898 Q 517 353 Q 881
Other cool roof property 1,603 N 730 Q Q Q Q Q
Renovations since 2000
(more than one may apply)		                
Any type of renovation 45,165 5,232 9,706 2,246 4,933 3,575 2,690 7,335
Addition or annex 10,854 1,079 1,106 607 868 1,139 690 2,931
Reduction in floorspace 1,784 Q 482 Q Q Q Q Q
Roof replacement 20,862 2,367 4,101 642 1,935 1,388 1,492 3,842
Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 2,000 6,873 1,015 1,689 1,619 730 2,935
Window replacement 10,977 875 2,573 606 853 948 665 2,185
HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 2,548 6,647 931 2,780 2,069 1,743 4,725
Lighting upgrade 29,098 3,211 7,057 1,411 2,933 2,280 1,114 4,608
Electrical upgrade 15,761 1,677 3,799 582 1,400 1,381 535 2,615
Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 996 4,034 550 1,084 1,418 653 2,866
Insulation upgrade 7,980 657 2,011 436 642 726 Q 1,385
Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 1,711 4,743 769 1,309 1,595 861 4,049
Structural upgrade 4,203 339 997 Q Q 265 Q 651
Other 1,168 Q Q Q 581 Q Q Q
No renovations 43,832 10,093 6,016 3,506 4,842 3,108 2,580 5,658
Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 2,157 940 488 1,006 509 Q 630
Energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 94,844 16,335 16,662 6,208 10,776 7,192 5,471 13,623
Natural gas 67,722 10,309 11,283 3,343 8,992 5,233 4,083 10,254
Fuel oil 21,185 2,098 5,419 1,463 925 1,359 393 2,709
District heat 6,745 Q 1,853 Q Q 942 Q 1,375
District chilled water 4,288 Q 786 N N 916 Q 1,049
Propane 10,157 2,749 664 681 807 844 730 1,182
Solar 3,820 412 724 Q 501 553 Q 847
Wood, coal, and other 2,113 Q Q 590 Q Q Q Q
Space-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 45,603 6,605 9,108 2,041 7,228 2,901 2,473 5,398
Natural gas 58,042 9,245 9,283 3,187 8,667 4,280 3,606 9,096
Fuel oil 4,134 Q 537 794 Q Q Q 1,151
District heat 6,547 Q 1,845 Q Q 915 Q 1,335
Propane 3,896 558 Q 477 483 248 506 428
Other sources1 927 Q Q 504 Q Q N Q
Primary space-heating
energy source		                
Electricity 27,618 4,172 6,261 1,227 3,612 1,877 1,614 2,952
Natural gas 50,060 8,683 7,885 2,936 6,622 3,839 3,125 8,218
Fuel oil 2,223 Q 256 498 Q Q Q 686
District heat 6,090 Q 1,732 Q Q 837 Q 1,233
Propane 2,290 425 Q 263 Q Q 419 Q
Other sources1 380 Q Q Q N Q N Q
Cooling energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 84,526 13,156 15,784 4,418 10,500 6,073 5,267 12,590
Natural gas 400 Q Q N Q Q Q Q
District chilled water 4,288 Q 786 N N 916 Q 1,049
Water-heating energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 47,125 8,759 9,753 3,238 8,587 3,011 2,910 4,749
Natural gas 46,652 5,215 6,923 1,679 6,459 3,848 2,634 8,707
Fuel oil 1,807 Q 374 Q Q Q Q 645
District heat 4,206 N 1,384 Q N 628 N 739
Propane 1,947 Q Q Q Q Q Q 321
Cooking energy sources
(more than one may apply)		                
Electricity 30,509 1,130 4,544 400 5,104 2,370 2,520 6,412
Natural gas 27,705 Q 2,865 Q 4,699 2,639 2,108 6,954
Propane 3,101 Q Q Q Q 553 Q 656
Energy end uses
(more than one may apply)		                
Buildings with space heating 88,661 13,538 16,300 5,211 10,538 6,825 5,311 13,386
Buildings with cooling 87,506 13,180 16,380 4,418 10,500 6,775 5,315 13,324
Buildings with water heating 87,717 13,273 16,332 4,914 10,227 7,023 5,282 13,228
Buildings with cooking 43,580 1,431 6,096 498 5,942 4,119 3,955 9,616
Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 3,191 746 915 412 Q Q 301
Buildings with electricity
generation		 29,457 3,283 6,793 1,134 2,497 2,336 427 4,542
Buildings with lighting 94,122 15,713 16,662 6,139 10,776 7,192 5,471 13,623
Percentage of floorspace heated                
Not heated 7,762 3,945 362 1,029 Q 368 Q Q
1 to 50 10,623 5,332 947 1,056 1,163 478 Q Q
51 to 99 20,174 1,603 4,538 768 3,959 1,680 1,070 2,686
100 57,864 6,603 10,815 3,388 5,416 4,666 3,951 10,622
Percentage of floorspace cooled                
Not cooled 8,917 4,303 Q 1,822 Q 417 Q 299
1 to 50 19,722 9,676 1,114 2,903 1,056 783 571 1,655
51 to 99 26,277 1,599 6,002 609 4,692 2,333 1,228 4,445
100 41,507 1,905 9,264 906 4,753 3,660 3,517 7,224
Percentage lit when open                
Zero Q Q N Q N N N N
1 to 50 14,172 4,403 1,523 1,659 461 1,365 2,171 556
51 to 99 38,847 3,876 8,086 1,360 7,340 3,024 2,111 5,389
100 39,877 7,301 7,053 3,065 2,976 2,730 1,189 7,679
Building never open/electricity
not used		 2,998 1,398 N Q Q Q N N
Percentage lit during off hours                
Zero 15,537 4,779 1,389 2,564 586 1,433 1,901 1,722
1 to 50 69,761 10,340 14,334 3,357 9,658 5,184 3,548 11,277
51 to 100 7,237 928 757 Q 473 406 Q 614
Building always open with
no "off hours"		 2,309 Q Q Q Q Q N Q
Electricity not used 1,579 1,148 N Q Q N N N
Heating equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Packaged heating units 48,064 8,533 7,051 2,091 9,587 3,390 2,390 6,086
Furnaces 17,272 2,881 2,180 1,834 3,789 1,244 1,702 980
Individual space heaters 21,122 4,207 2,821 2,310 3,311 1,019 1,122 1,718
Boilers 28,831 1,350 5,797 907 1,708 2,214 1,497 8,155
Heat pumps 15,110 1,435 2,776 389 2,663 830 917 2,638
District heat 6,547 Q 1,845 Q Q 915 Q 1,335
Duct reheat 7,418 Q 2,566 Q 1,284 516 Q 779
Other 821 Q Q N Q Q N Q
Cooling equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 9,613 9,215 2,361 9,743 4,051 3,364 7,799
Residential-type central air
conditioners		 18,270 2,791 2,861 1,176 1,905 1,354 1,455 2,630
Individual air conditioners 13,619 1,584 1,050 787 1,709 867 780 2,093
Central chillers 17,926 420 5,630 Q 624 1,131 414 4,721
Heat pumps 11,098 998 2,234 525 993 734 751 2,034
District chilled water 4,288 Q 786 N N 916 Q 1,049
Swamp coolers 2,070 452 306 Q Q Q Q Q
Other Q Q Q N N N N N
HVAC features
(more than one may apply)		                
Economizer cycle 34,087 2,407 8,553 592 3,470 2,754 1,061 7,400
Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 2,392 8,720 600 1,169 2,402 838 6,094
Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 640 1,500 Q Q 869 Q 2,027
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 1,274 1,845 507 515 924 616 2,615
Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 11,685 15,154 3,078 9,214 5,977 4,075 12,704
Building automation system (BAS) controls heating/cooling 40,462 2,317 9,657 453 4,992 3,089 1,639 9,686
Internet-connected/smart thermostat 5,966 1,197 852 Q 676 492 793 503
Programmable thermostat 20,882 5,776 3,453 1,733 2,152 1,538 1,445 1,364
Main equipment replaced since
2000 (more than one may apply)		                
Heating 32,451 5,238 6,153 2,042 4,021 2,124 2,622 4,978
Cooling 23,013 3,308 4,746 1,409 948 1,400 1,776 4,254
Water-heating equipment                
Centralized system 59,280 7,936 10,207 3,626 5,124 5,148 3,943 9,764
Distributed system 14,307 3,835 2,446 1,059 3,025 748 617 1,041
Combination of centralized and
distributed system		 14,129 1,502 3,679 Q 2,078 1,127 722 2,423
Generation technologies
(more than one may apply)		                
Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 2,803 6,066 1,033 1,718 1,823 369 3,729
Solar panels 3,750 412 721 Q 501 553 Q 836
Other generation technology 2,055 Q 479 Q Q Q Q Q
Lighting equipment types
(more than one may apply)		                
Incandescent 21,081 1,687 3,575 637 3,771 2,115 2,033 2,353
Standard fluorescent 72,932 11,593 13,118 4,434 8,986 5,387 4,469 11,234
Compact fluorescent 33,696 2,945 7,374 946 5,606 2,975 1,440 4,257
High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 1,850 1,620 715 960 1,200 412 1,836
Halogen 15,012 1,239 2,086 594 3,800 1,372 1,136 1,681
LED 61,847 8,191 12,391 2,758 8,086 4,954 3,503 8,578
Other Q N Q N Q Q N N
Refrigeration equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Any refrigeration 77,589 10,857 13,999 3,724 9,561 6,410 4,812 12,094
Walk-in units 29,384 834 3,482 Q 5,345 2,440 415 7,984
Cases or cabinets 28,517 1,492 3,845 Q 5,883 2,993 858 5,584
Large cold storage areas 3,592 777 Q N 730 Q N 239
Commercial ice makers 34,672 2,240 5,452 444 4,900 3,764 1,224 6,349
Residential-type or compact units 64,735 9,207 12,596 3,557 7,576 5,026 4,387 9,388
Vending machines 42,071 6,178 7,829 1,446 6,185 2,678 663 7,891
No refrigeration 18,834 6,626 2,663 2,516 1,220 782 660 1,529
Office equipment
(more than one may apply)		                
Desktop computers 82,012 12,656 16,044 4,051 10,542 5,993 4,148 13,041
With multiple monitors 50,844 8,225 13,212 1,610 6,036 3,257 1,749 7,510
Laptop computers 69,375 9,944 14,370 3,155 8,371 4,628 3,767 12,362
Dedicated servers 51,595 7,189 12,578 1,464 6,593 2,831 1,139 9,688
Tablets charged in building 48,778 5,538 10,248 1,498 7,758 2,979 1,902 9,679
Large floor-standing office devices2 54,088 7,357 13,050 1,459 5,079 3,651 2,579 11,199
Smaller desktop office devices2 74,467 11,642 14,029 3,877 9,960 5,481 3,537 11,668
Interactive whiteboards 16,939 522 3,786 Q 370 533 Q 8,963
Televisions/video displays 63,618 7,548 12,340 2,137 8,475 5,259 3,780 10,984
Point-of-sales devices/cash registers 33,606 1,591 4,932 1,380 9,042 3,681 Q 5,375
Food preparation or serving areas
in non-food service buildings
(more than one may apply)		                
Snack bar/concession stand/coffee shop 10,361 Q 2,100 N 1,377 1,836 Q 1,801
Fast food/small restaurant 9,759 Q 1,733 Q 3,897 1,097 Q 435
Cafeteria/large restaurant 14,531 Q 2,269 Q 735 1,163 Q 6,712
Commercial kitchen/
food preparation area		 17,698 Q 1,398 Q 3,102 1,744 1,206 4,075
Small kitchen area 20,519 1,061 3,705 432 1,424 1,839 2,728 3,670
Separate computer areas
(more than one may apply)		                
Server closet 48,722 6,780 12,156 1,361 5,510 2,769 1,131 9,616
Data center 11,383 1,407 3,700 Q 420 513 Q 1,807
Computer-based training room 16,556 1,500 3,135 Q 1,753 711 Q 6,064
Student or public computer center 12,527 Q 738 Q 1,008 719 Q 7,545
Window and interior lighting
features (more than one may
apply)		                
Multipaned windows 72,694 9,974 13,689 3,836 8,624 5,347 4,483 11,443
Tinted window glass 44,363 6,797 9,721 1,678 6,663 3,065 2,405 6,244
Reflective window glass 17,929 1,728 4,523 509 3,642 858 586 2,105
External overhangs or awnings 28,718 3,348 3,777 1,081 6,593 2,404 1,593 4,083
Skylights or atriums 19,815 3,876 3,284 776 2,079 1,704 550 3,144
Light scheduling 33,552 2,862 7,646 560 7,022 2,433 1,215 4,851
Occupancy sensors 44,304 7,029 10,299 1,510 5,336 2,841 1,289 7,822
Multi-level lighting or dimming 14,424 676 3,458 Q 1,746 1,731 988 2,116
Daylight harvesting 7,244 354 2,478 Q 1,377 530 Q 768
Plug-load control 1,961 Q 379 N Q Q Q 382
Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q 490 Q Q Q Q 432
Building automation system (BAS) for lighting 16,645 848 3,724 Q 4,320 1,334 Q 3,312
Electric vehicle (EV) charging                
Charging stations associated with the building 10,165 2,504 2,764 556 684 920 N 401
 
Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/.
Data are sample survey estimates with RSEs published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.
aClimate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.
bOther sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.
cOffice devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.
Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 20 buildings in reporting sample.
N = No buildings in reporting sample.