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State Profiles and Energy Estimates

Changes to the State Energy Data System (SEDS) Notice: In October 2023, we updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal). Visit our Changes to 1960—2022 conversion factor for renewable energy page to learn more.

Data and methodology changes

Tables and data files in the State Energy Data System (SEDS) supply a new year of data each production cycle. Changes made to consumption and price source data for prior years are also regularly incorporated into SEDS. The latest data may be preliminary and, therefore, revised the following cycle.

Changes in SEDS content beyond the standard updates are shown below.

2022 cycle

Production


Renewable energy

  • Geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, and wind

    For 1960 forward, SEDS updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (geothermal, hydroelectric power, solar, and wind) to use the captured energy approach instead of the fossil fuel equivalency approach. The captured energy approach uses the constant heat conversion factor for electricity, which is 3,412 British thermal units per kilowatthour (Btu/kWh). The captured energy approach is more consistent with international energy statistics standards than the fossil fuel equivalency approach. EIA assumes that production of these noncombustible energy sources is equal to their consumption. For more information about the consumption of noncombustible renewable energy sources, see the SEDS consumption technical notes. For more information on the captured energy approach and fossil fuel equivalency approach, see EIA’s Monthly Energy Review (MER) Appendix E.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Petroleum

Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    For 2022 forward, SEDS changes the source used to allocate conventional and reformulated motor gasoline by state, which SEDS uses to estimate fuel ethanol consumption. After data year 2021, EIA suspended its survey EIA-782 and Prime Supplier Report that provided prime supplier sales of conventional and reformulated motor gasoline by state. Instead for 2022 forward, SEDS uses unpublished shipments from refineries and terminals data from surveys EIA-810 and EIA-815 to estimate conventional and reformulated motor gasoline by state. See the SEDS technical notes for more information.

  • Geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, and wind

    For 1960 forward, SEDS updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (geothermal, hydroelectric power, solar, and wind) to use the captured energy approach instead of the fossil fuel equivalency approach. The captured energy approach uses the constant heat conversion factor for electricity, which is 3,412 British thermal units per kilowatthour (Btu/kWh). The captured energy approach is more consistent with international energy statistics standards than the fossil fuel equivalency approach. For more information about the consumption of noncombustible renewable energy sources, see the SEDS consumption technical notes. For more information on the captured energy approach and fossil fuel equivalency approach, see EIA’s Monthly Energy Review (MER) Appendix E.

Total energy and other indicators

  • Capacity factors and usage factors

    State data are available in SEDS for capacity factors (2008 forward) and usage factors (2013 forward). The SEDS capacity factors and usage factors data are a total for all sectors, including the electric power, commercial, and industrial sectors, and include any utility-scale combined-heat-and-power (CHP) units, for the year in thousand kilowatts. The data are from EIA’s Form EIA-860 and Form EIA-923. For more information, see Section 8: Other indicators of the SEDS technical notes.

  • Electric vehicle charging infrastructure

    State data are available in SEDS for electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure for 2015 forward. The data are for non-single-family residential EV charging locations and include breakouts of the number of private vs. public and networked vs. non-networked locations, and number of Level 1, Level 2, DC fast, and Legacy charging ports at the end of the calendar year. The data are from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). For more information, see Section 8: Other indicators of the SEDS technical notes.

  • Electric vehicle stocks

    State data are available in SEDS for electric vehicle (EV) stocks for 2016 forward. The SEDS EV stocks data are for the number of registered light-duty vehicles at the end of the calendar year, including breakouts for battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), total EVs, and total (all fuels) light-duty vehicles. The U.S.-level data are from S&P Global Mobility Vehicles in Operation, except the 2017 data that are estimates interpolated by EIA. The state-level estimates use state shares from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) to allocate the U.S.-level data to the states. For more information, see Section 8: Other indicators of the SEDS technical notes.

2021 cycle

Production


Renewable energy

  • Renewable diesel

    For 2011 forward, renewable diesel production estimates by state are available. For 2011 forward, EIA publishes U.S.-level renewable diesel production data in the Monthly Energy Review (MER) and SEDS estimates state-level production using various sources. For 2011 through 2020, SEDS estimates historical plant-level renewable diesel production using available public information on individual plant start dates, shutdowns, and capacity testing ramp ups, expansions, and reductions. For 2021 forward, SEDS estimates state-level renewable diesel production using unpublished monthly data on plant-level operating status from EIA survey Form EIA-819, “Monthly Report of Biofuels, Fuels from Non-Biogenic Wastes, Fuel Oxygenates, Isooctane, and Isooctene”, which generates the annual U.S. Renewable Diesel Fuel and Other Biofuels Plant Production Capacity report. For full methodology, see the SEDS production technical notes.

  • Other biofuels

    For 2014 forward, other biofuels (including renewable jet fuel, renewable naphtha, renewable propane, etc.) production estimates are available only for the United States. The U.S. total other biofuels production is from EIA’s Monthly Energy Review (MER). Currently, there is not enough information available to estimate individual fuels in this category or allocate production volumes to the states.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Petroleum

  • Distillate fuel oil

    For 2021 forward, SEDS changes the method for estimating state-level distillate fuel oil consumption for the residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. EIA suspended its survey EIA-821 and Fuel Oil and Kerosene Report (FOKS) after data year 2020. For the residential and commercial sectors, SEDS uses linear regression models with historical FOKS state consumption and Heating Degree Days (HDD) data. For the industrial sector, SEDS uses historical FOKS consumption shares. For the transportation sector, SEDS uses a combination of state-level on-highway diesel sales data from the Federal Highway Administration, U.S.-level railroad sales data from the U.S. Surface Transportation Board, and historical FOKS consumption shares. For more information, see Section 4: Petroleum of the SEDS technical notes.

    For 2021 forward, SEDS adjusts distillate fuel oil consumption in the transportation sector for the price and expenditure estimates to include the relatively small amount of biodiesel and renewable diesel product supplied, which SEDS assumes are all consumed mixed with petroleum diesel. For more information, see Section 7: Consumption Adjustments for Calculating Expenditures of the SEDS technical notes.

  • Kerosene

    For 2021 forward, SEDS changes the method for estimating state-level kerosene consumption for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. EIA suspended its survey EIA-821 and Fuel Oil and Kerosene Report (FOKS) after data year 2020. For the residential and commercial sectors, SEDS uses linear regression models with historical FOKS state consumption and Heating Degree Days (HDD) data. For the industrial sector, SEDS uses historical FOKS consumption shares. For more information, see Section 4: Petroleum of the SEDS technical notes.

  • Residual fuel oil

    For 2021 forward, SEDS changes the method for estimating state-level residual fuel oil consumption for the commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. EIA suspended its survey EIA-821 and Fuel Oil and Kerosene Report (FOKS) after data year 2020. For the commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors, SEDS uses historical FOKS consumption shares. For more information, see Section 4: Petroleum of the SEDS technical notes.

  • Other Petroleum Products

    For 2021 forward, SEDS redefines “other petroleum products” to include the relatively small amount of biofuels (excluding fuel ethanol) product supplied and assigns it to the transportation sector. Biofuels product supplied include data for biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels from EIA’s Petroleum Supply Annual, but exclude fuel ethanol. For more information, see Section 4: Petroleum of the SEDS technical notes.

Renewable energy

  • Renewable diesel

    For 2011 forward, renewable diesel consumption estimates by state are available. U.S. total renewable consumption from EIA’s Monthly Energy Review (MER) is allocated to states proportionally to state-reported data. Although there is some small renewable diesel use in other sectors, all renewable diesel consumption is assigned to the transportation sector.

  • Other biofuels

    For 2014 forward, other biofuels (including renewable jet fuel, renewable naphtha, renewable propane, etc.) consumption estimates for the United States only are available. The U.S. total other biofuels consumption is from EIA’s Monthly Energy Review (MER). Currently, not enough information is available to estimate individual fuels in this category or allocate volumes to the states. Although there are some small other biofuels use in other sectors, all other biofuels consumption is assigned to the transportation sector.

Total energy and other indicators

  • Electric net summer capacity

    Electric net summer capacity (all sectors) data by state are available in SEDS for 2008 forward. The SEDS net summer capacity data are a total for all sectors, including the electric power, commercial, and industrial sectors, and include any utility-scale combined-heat-and-power (CHP) units, for the end of the year (December) in thousand kilowatts. The U.S.-level data are from EIA’s Monthly Energy Review (MER) and the state-level data are from EIA’s State Electricity Profiles. For more information, see Section 8: Other indicators of the SEDS technical notes.

2020 cycle

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Total energy and other indicators

  • Degree days

    Cooling degree days (CDD) and heating degree days (HDD) by state are available in SEDS for 1960 forward. SEDS degree day data are population-weighted. For state-level data, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses within-state climate division populations as weights. For U.S.-level data, EIA applies annual state-level population weights from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau. For more information, see the new Section 8: Other indicators of the SEDS technical notes, which includes degree days, GDP, and population, as well as the Short-Term Energy Outlook Supplement: Change in Regional and U.S. Degree-Day Calculations technical document.

Petroleum

  • Asphalt and road oil

    For 2009 forward, SEDS incorporates new price data for three states (Arkansas, Iowa, and Nebraska) and refines the method for estimating state-level asphalt and road oil prices. For states with no reported data, SEDS uses the simple average prices of a selected set of neighboring states to estimate their prices.

  • Jet fuel

    For 2010 forward, SEDS refines the method for estimating state-level jet fuel consumption. In addition to commercial and general aviation use, SEDS also includes military and federal government kerosene-type jet fuel volume data from the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). The new estimates are not compatible with estimates before 2010.

2019 cycle

Production


Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    For 2010 forward, SEDS uses a new method to estimate state-level fuel ethanol production. SEDS uses unpublished Form EIA-819 fuel ethanol production data for selected states in which the release of the state estimates would not result in a disclosure of identifiable data reported by respondents of the survey form. For the remaining states, SEDS proportionally allocates the remainder of the PADD region production to the states according to their operating production capacities. The new estimates cause a break in time series and are not compatible with estimates before 2010.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Petroleum

  • Distillate fuel oil

    For 2019 forward, SEDS estimates distillate fuel oil prices for the residential sector by applying the annual growth rates of weekly residential heating oil prices from EIA’s Heating Oil and Propane Update to the previous year’s estimates.

  • Jet fuel

    For 2010 forward, SEDS uses a new method to estimate state-level jet fuel consumption. SEDS develops state allocators using jet fuel volume data for selected airports from Airlines for America, T-100 Segment (All Carriers) data from the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, and state-level general aviation data from the Federal Aviation Administration. New estimates are not compatible with estimates before 2010.

2018 cycle

Production


Renewable Energy

  • Biodiesel

    Biodiesel production estimates by state are available for 2001 forward. For 2009 forward, total biodiesel production by state is estimated using (1) reported data for specific states, (2) published biodiesel plant production data by Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) and biodiesel plant capacity data by state from EIA’s Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, and (3) unpublished plant-level operating status data from Form EIA-22M, “Biodiesel Monthly Production Survey.” For 2001 through 2008, SEDS calculates the state estimates using (1) reported data for specific states, (2) information on individual biodiesel plant operating capacity, start date, and capacity expansions, and (3) the 2009 biodiesel plant operating capacity by state. For full methodology, see the production technical notes.

  • Biofuels, wood and waste, and noncombustible renewable energy

    SEDS defines primary renewable energy production estimates into three categories: (1) biofuels, which include biodiesel and fuel ethanol; (2) wood and waste, which include wood, wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste; and (3) noncombustible renewable energy, which include hydroelectric power and geothermal, solar, and wind energy. For full definitions and methodology, see the production technical notes.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Petroleum

  • Aviation gasoline

    Beginning in 2015, a new method is used to estimate state-level aviation gasoline consumption. State allocators are developed using EIA’s prime supplier sales volumes and information on Alaska and Hawaii from the Alaska Department of Revenue and Federal Aviation Administration, respectively.

  • Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL)

    Beginning in 2010, a new method is used to estimate state-level ethane consumption, causing a revision in total HGL consumption and expenditures. Unpublished ethane plant capacity data in Louisiana is revised and the remainder is allocated to Texas.

  • Kerosene

    Beginning in 2018, kerosene prices for the residential and commercial sectors are estimated using published state and PADD-level refiner prices of kerosene sales to end users. The U.S. price is used for all other states.

  • Still gas

    EIA has revised the heat content of still gas from 2016 forward. The factor to convert still gas consumption from barrels to British thermal units (Btu) is assumed to be 6.287 million Btu per barrel.

Renewable energy

  • Biodiesel

    Biodiesel consumption estimates by state are available for 2001 forward. For 2011 forward, total biodiesel consumption by state is estimated using (1) reported data for specific states, (2) assumptions based on biodiesel blend ratio mandates for selected states, and (3) distillate fuel oil shares among the remaining states in the same Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD). For 2001 through 2010, the state estimates are calculated using the 2011 state consumption shares. Although there is biodiesel use in other sectors, all biodiesel consumption is assigned to the transportation sector.

Key statistics and indicators


    A new section is added to the SEDS Complete webpage, including new data series, current year PDF and HTML rankings tables, and full time series Excel data files.

    New data series include: petroleum consumption per capita, natural gas consumption per capita, total electricity retail sales per capita, and residential electricity retail sales per capita.

    New current year rankings tables and accompanying full time series Excel data files include: renewable energy consumption by source; petroleum consumption, total and per capita; natural gas consumption, total and per capita; electricity retail sales; total, residential, and per capita; total energy expenditures by end-use sector; and total energy prices by end-use sector.

    A new Excel data file is also added for the population and GDP data series.


2017 cycle

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Petroleum

  • Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL)

    Beginning in 2017, propane sales data from the Propane Education & Research Council (PERC) Retail Propane Sales Report are used to estimate odorized propane consumption.

    For all years, EIA calculated a new set of factors to convert consumption of the nine individual products from barrels to British thermal units (Btu), including aggregated HGL conversion factors before 2010. Prices in dollars per million Btu are also revised. See Appendix B of the consumption technical notes.

Renewable energy

  • Wood

    For 2015 forward, a new methodology is used to estimate state-level residential wood consumption. State allocators are developed using the product of state-level population-weighted heating degree-days and the number of housing units that use wood as primary heating fuel from the American Community Survey.

    Residential wood consumption in physical units (thousand cords) is no longer presented in SEDS tables and data files. Data before 2015 may be calculated using the conversion factor of 20 million Btu per cord.


2016 cycle

Production


Other renewable energy

  • Wood

    For 2016 forward, wood energy production is the sum of wood energy consumption and densified biomass exports. Before 2016, data on densified biomass exports are not available and wood energy production is assumed to equal wood energy consumption.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Petroleum

  • Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL)

    For all years, “hydrocarbon gas liquids” (which covers butylene, ethane, ethylene, isobutane, isobutylene, natural gasoline, normal butane, propane, and propylene) replaces “liquefied petroleum gases” (LPG), which includes all HGL except natural gasoline (formerly pentanes plus), as a petroleum product. Natural gasoline (pentanes plus), which was included in “other petroleum products” through 2015 SEDS reports, is now included in HGL.

    For 2010 forward, SEDS has developed new methodology to estimate state-level consumption values for each of the nine HGL products. SEDS estimates state-level HGL consumption using a combination of EIA estimates, American Petroleum Institute’s Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases, and Oil and Gas Journal ethylene steam cracker capacity data.

    Prior to 2010, SEDS assumes HGL consumption is equal to historical LPG consumption plus historical pentanes plus (natural gasoline) consumption.

    For 2010 forward, SEDS has revised all sector consumer grade propane price estimates using data from survey forms EIA-782A, “Refiners’/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report,” and EIA-782B, “Resellers’/Retailers’ Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report.” Regression equations are used to estimate propane prices for 2011 forward; residential sector regression equations use EIA’s State Heating Oil and Propane Price survey prices while the commercial, industrial, and transportation sector regression equations use EIA-782A wholesale propane prices. Industrial sector prices are developed for two components: propane and other HGL. Industrial sector HGL prices are the consumption-weighted average prices of the two series. Other HGL prices in the industrial sector are estimated using daily Bloomberg spot prices.

    Prior to 2010, SEDS assumes HGL prices are equal to historical SEDS LPG prices, which are represented by consumer grade propane in all sectors except for a few exceptions in the industrial sector in the early period.

    For expenditure calculations, propane and other HGL products consumption values are taken from SEDS. Prior to 2010, industrial sector consumption was adjusted to exclude natural gasoline (pentanes plus). However, for 2010 forward, natural gasoline is no longer excluded in the calculation of industrial sector HGL expenditures.

    For full HGL methodology, see Section 4 of the technical notes.

  • Lubricants

    Beginning in 2010, the U.S. consumption of lubricants in the industrial and transportation sectors are derived by applying the share of finished lubricant demand for each sector to total consumption. State estimates for the industrial sector are calculated using state allocators derived from the benchmark input-output accounts and real state gross domestic products by industry. State estimates for the transportation sector are calculated using state allocators derived from select SEDS consumption series. Estimates for lubricant consumption and expenditures from 2010 forward are not compatible with data before 2010.

  • Other petroleum products

    For all years, SEDS redefines “other petroleum products” to exclude petroleum coke, which is published as a separate petroleum product, and natural gasoline (formerly pentanes plus), which is included in “hydrocarbon gas liquids.” The 11 products now defined as “other petroleum products” are: aviation gasoline blending components, crude oil, motor gasoline blending components, naphtha used as petrochemical feedstocks, other oil used as petrochemical feedstocks, still gas, still gas used as petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, unfinished oils, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.

  • Petroleum coke

    For all years, petroleum coke is no longer included in “other petroleum products” and is now published as a separate petroleum product category.

  • Total petroleum

    For all years, total petroleum products has been updated to equal the sum of 11 products: asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL), lubricants, motor gasoline, petroleum coke, residual fuel, and other petroleum products.

Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    Beginning in 2005, Alaska is assumed to have no fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. As a result, PADD 5 states are revised for 2005 through 2009, and all states revised for 2010 through 2015. See Section 4 of the consumption technical notes.

  

2015 cycle

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Coal

  • For 2001 through 2014, steam coal prices for North Dakota and Oklahoma are updated using data from EIA’s Coal Data Browser. North Dakota’s steam coal prices for 1984 through 2000 are derived using methodology incorporating both the available prices for states in West North Central Census Division and the average West North Central price.

Petroleum

  • Aviation gasoline

    Beginning in 2015, the Federal Highway Administration has revised its method of estimating aviation gasoline use. This, in turn, affected the allocation of U.S. aviation gasoline consumption to the states in SEDS. Estimates for aviation gasoline consumption from 2015 forward are not compatible with data before 2015.

  • Distillate fuel oil

    For 2011 forward, distillate fuel oil prices for the transportation sector are estimated using the retail prices for ultra low sulfur diesel, available for the Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) districts and subdistricts as well as California, from EIA's Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices. Hawaii's prices are taken from Hawaii's government website. Alaska's prices are estimated independently.

  • Kerosene

    For 2015, kerosene prices for the residential and commercial sectors are based on a U.S. end-users price estimate, calculated by applying the growth rate of the U.S. sales for resale price to the previous year's U.S. end-user price.

  • Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

    For 2015, the growth rates for refiner retail prices for propane sold to the end-use sectors are estimated by adjusting the Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) district wholesale price growth rates with the ratio of the U.S. refiner retail price growth rate and the U.S. wholesale price growth rate. The current year’s estimates are then calculated by applying the adjusted growth rates to the prior year’s estimates. The estimated refiner retail prices are then used as independent variables in regression equations to derive propane retail prices.

    For 2015, the growth rates for residential propane prices for states in PAD District 5 are estimated directly using the growth rate of the adjusted wholesale price for PAD District 5.

  • Motor gasoline

    Beginning in 2015, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has revised its methods of estimating non-highway use of motor gasoline. These revisions, including the removal of one category and addition of three new ones, affected the proportion of consumption attributed to individual categories in the FHWA Highway Statistics tables on non-highway use of gasoline. This, in turn, affected the allocation of U.S. motor gasoline consumption to the states and end-use sectors in SEDS. Estimates for motor gasoline consumption by sector from 2015 forward are not compatible with data before 2015.

Renewable energy

  • Solar energy

    Solar energy consumption estimates for the end-use sectors are revised. Commercial and industrial consumption covers solar energy electricity generation at utility-scale facilities and small-scale facilities classified under each sector. Residential consumption includes small-scale photovoltaic electricity generation in the residential sector and solar thermal energy consumed as heat. The revision incorporates new EIA data on state-level small-scale solar electricity generation for 2014 forward, new U.S. estimates of small-scale solar electricity generation by end-use sector before 2014, and revised U.S. solar thermal energy consumed as heat for 1989 forward. State-level small-scale electricity generation before 2014 is estimated using cumulative capacity estimates of photovoltaic installations and state-level solar thermal energy consumed as heat is estimated using cumulative shipments of solar thermal collectors.

  

2014 cycle

Production


Crude oil

  • For 1960 through 1980, data for crude oil production in the federal offshore areas in the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast are reported separately in SEDS and are no longer covered in the crude oil production data series for Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and California. Production data before 1981 are now presented consistently with those from 1981 forward.

Natural gas

  • For 1960 through 1996, data for natural gas production in the federal offshore areas in the Gulf of Mexico are reported separately in SEDS and are no longer covered in the national gas production data series for Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. Production data before 1997 are now presented consistently with those from 1997 forward.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Natural gas

  • For 2013 forward, missing vehicle fuel price is assigned the state's commercial sector price instead of the average price for selected neighboring states.

Petroleum

  • Asphalt and road oil

    For 2009 forward, state-level production of hot-mix asphalt/warm-mix asphalt, excluding reclaimed asphalt pavement, are used to allocate national-level consumption to the states.

    Also beginning in 2009, asphalt physical unit prices are developed by calculating a simple average of the reported weekly or monthly prices from individual state Department of Transportation data. States that do not report prices are assigned their corresponding Census division simple average prices. For states with an incomplete series, the Census division growth rate is applied to available data to estimate missing years.

  • Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

    For 2008 forward, the method of estimating LPG consumed by the industrial sector is revised to account for the use of propane as fuel and the use of propane, ethane, normal butane, and isobutane as petrochemical feedstocks.

  

2013 cycle

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Nuclear energy

  • For 2009 forward, annual average fuel costs are estimated for pressurized water reactors (PWR) and boiling water reactors (BWR) based on fuel cost data of regulated nuclear power plants reported to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. For plants with no reported fuel cost, the average PWR or BWR fuel cost is applied to net generation to derive the total fuel cost estimate.

Petroleum

  • Heat content for distillate fuel oil, motor gasoline, and petroleum coke

    EIA has revised the heat content of motor gasoline (from 1993 forward) and distillate fuel oil (from 1994 forward) to better reflect changes in the non-petroleum content of the products - for example, the increase in fuel ethanol content of motor gasoline. In addition, different heat content values are used for catalyst and marketable petroleum coke from 2004 forward.

  • Motor gasoline

    Beginning in 2011, motor gasoline prices for eight states are estimated by applying state annual average growth rates derived from the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) survey form EIA- 878, "Motor Gasoline Price Survey." For the remaining states, prices are estimated by applying the annual average growth rate of the corresponding Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) district or subdistrict to the previous year's state price.

Refinery capacity and fuel consumption


    Beginning in 2013, operable capacity at refineries is used in place of operating capacity in allocating certain petroleum products and refinery fuels to the states.

    Also beginning in 2013, unpublished state-level refinery fuel consumption data that satisfy statistical disclosure rules are incorporated into SEDS. Fuel consumption for the remaining states is estimated by allocating the remainder of the PAD district fuel consumption to the states according to their operable refining capacities (or, in the case of petroleum coke, catalytic cracking capacities). Refinery fuel consumption data are used in the calculation of energy expenditures; process fuel and intermediate products are removed to eliminate double-counting.

Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    Beginning in 2010, fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline is calculated by first allocating motor gasoline total consumption to conventional and reformulated gasoline using prime supplier sales ratios by state. For each state, the two types of gasoline are then multiplied by the estimated share of gasoline blended with fuel ethanol and the estimated "blend ratio," aggregated for each state, and adjusted to sum to the U.S. fuel ethanol total consumption.

  • Wood and waste

    For 2011 forward, the estimation method for industrial waste energy that is consumed by entities other than industrial CHP and electricity-only facilities was refined. Two-thirds of this waste is assumed to be landfill gas and is allocated to the states using data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Landfill Methane Outreach Program. The remaining waste energy consumption is allocated using the existing method. See Section 5 of the consumption technical notes.

    Industrial landfill gas is assigned the average U.S. price for waste used in the electric power sector. The state-level industrial wood and waste prices are consumption-weighted averages of the prices of landfill gas and wood and waste used by the manufacturing industries. See Section 5 of the price technical notes.

Total energy

  • Gross domestic product

    Real and current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP) by state are available in SEDS for 1997 forward. Data for earlier years are removed from SEDS because they are not compatible with the data series for 1997 forward, especially after the comprehensive revision of the state GDP released by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis in 2014.

  

2012 cycle

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Renewable energy

  • Geothermal energy

    Beginning in 2012, estimates for geothermal energy consumed by the commercial, industrial, and residential sectors are no longer available from the Oregon Institute of Technology Geo-Heat Center. U.S. consumption by sector from the Monthly Energy Review (MER) is allocated to the states using each state's average share of U.S. geothermal energy consumption for 2009 through 2011.

  • Solar energy

    The method of allocating U.S. distributed solar energy to the states is revised from 2005 forward. The U.S. consumption is first allotted to distributed photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal energy consumption based on EIA Annual Energy Outlook estimates. Distributed PV consumption is allocated to the states using PV cumulative installed capacity, and state allocations for distributed solar thermal energy are based on shipments of solar thermal collectors as before.

  • Wood and waste

    The prices of wood and waste for 1970 through 1979 for Delaware were corrected to reflect the assumption that wood and waste consumed by the industrial sector was acquired at no cost. The prices of wood and waste for 1970 through 1979 for North Carolina were corrected to reflect the assumption that all wood and waste consumed by the industrial sector was purchased at a cost.

  

2011 cycle

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Coal

  • Beginning in 2008, the residential sector is no longer covered in any EIA surveys on coal consumption and distribution. Consequently, residential coal consumption is assumed to be zero for 2008 forward. Also, beginning in 2008, the average prices of coal delivered to commercial and institutional users published in the Annual Coal Report are used to estimate commercial coal prices.

Nuclear

  • For 2009 forward, state-level nuclear fuel prices are estimated by EIA based on plant-level fuel cost data compiled by SNL Energy. For states with one nuclear power plant, the average fuel cost of all reactors of the same vintage is used.

Petroleum

  • Asphalt and road oil

    For 2009 forward, state-level asphalt and road oil sales are no longer available from the Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada. The normalized median state shares based on 1996-2008 sales data are used to allocate the U.S. product supplied to the states.

  • Distillate fuel oil

    Beginning in 2011, distillate fuel oil prices based on refiner/reseller/retailer sales are no longer available. Distillate fuel oil prices for each end-use sector are based on regression equations developed for the Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) districts and subdistricts relating historical refiner/reseller/retailer prices to refiner prices. For states that have refiner prices, historical refiner/reseller/retailer prices, and sizable sales volumes, the regression equation for the corresponding PAD district or subdistrict is used to calculate the state price. All other states are assigned the corresponding PAD district or subdistrict estimated price. See Section 4 of the price technical notes.

  • Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

    Beginning in 2011, LPG prices based on refiner/reseller/retailer sales are no longer available. LPG prices for each end-use sector are based on regression equations developed for the Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) districts and subdistricts relating historical refiner/reseller/retailer prices to refiner prices. For states that have refiner prices, historical refiner/reseller/retailer prices, and sizable sales volumes in the residential sector, the regression equation for the corresponding PAD district or subdistrict is used to calculate the state residential LPG price. All other states are assigned the corresponding PAD district or subdistrict estimated end-use price. See Section 4 of the price technical notes.

  • Lubricants

    From 1983 forward, lubricant prices are estimated by applying the annual growth rate of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' producer price index for finished lubricants to the previous year's lubricant price estimate. Previously, lubricant price was estimated by dividing the value of shipments from the U.S. Census Bureau with EIA's lubricant product supplied data, further adjusted to account for trade margin and differences between product supplied and shipments. The new method removes variations caused by incompatibility of two different sources.

  • Motor gasoline

    Beginning in 2011, motor gasoline prices based on resellers and retailers sales are no longer available. Motor gasoline physical unit prices are based on the average annual refiner sales prices (excluding taxes) of finished motor gasoline through retail outlets. Missing state prices are estimated by first calculating the ratio of the old 2010 state price to the corresponding 2010 Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) district or subdistrict price, and then applying that ratio to the current refiner price of the PAD district or subdistrict to which the state belongs.

  • Residual fuel oil

    Beginning in 2011, residual fuel oil prices based on refiner/reseller/retailer sales are no longer available. Residual fuel oil prices for the commercial and industrial sectors are based on regression equations developed for the Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) districts and subdistricts relating historical refiner/reseller/retailer prices to refiner prices. For states that have refiner prices, historical refiner/reseller/retailer prices, and sizable sales volumes, the regression equation for the corresponding PAD district or subdistrict is used to calculate the state price. All other states are assigned the corresponding PAD district or subdistrict estimated price. See Section 4 of the price technical notes.

    For 2011, missing state prices in the electric power sector are estimated by applying the U.S. percentage price change to the previous year's state prices.

Renewable energy

  • Solar energy

    Data for electricity produced from solar energy sources at commercial and industrial facilities with capacity of 1 megawatt or greater are incorporated into the State Energy Data System. Data are available from 2008 forward.

  • Wind energy

    Data for electricity produced from wind energy at commercial and industrial facilities with capacity of 1 megawatt or greater are incorporated into the State Energy Data System. Data are available from 2009 forward.

  

2010 cycle

Production


Crude oil

  • From 1981 forward, federal offshore crude oil production data in Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts 3 and 5 are reported separately in SEDS. Previously, they were assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and California. Federal offshore crude oil production data prior to 1980 were covered in the states and were not available from the data source.

Natural gas

  • From 1997 forward, federal offshore dry natural gas production data in the Gulf of Mexico are reported separately in SEDS. Previously, they were assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. Federal offshore dry natural gas production data prior to 1997 were covered in the states and were not available from the data source.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Total energy

Estimates of total energy consumption by state and end-use sector have been significantly revised because of the following changes:

  • Net interstate electricity trade data in kilowatthours, recently published in EIA's State Electricity Profiles and available from 1990 forward, are now incorporated into SEDS.  A new method is used to estimate the heat content of the energy used to generate electricity that is traded across state lines. "Net interstate flow of electricity," as it is termed in SEDS, is a component of total energy consumption.  See Section 6 of the consumption technical notes.
  • The method of estimating electrical system energy losses, which are included in total energy consumption by end-use sector, is revised from 1990 forward.  The revised energy loss estimates take into account the heat content of the energy sources consumed by the state's electric power sector and the net interstate flow of electricity.  See Section 6 of the consumption technical notes.
  • The method of estimating petrochemical feedstocks has been revised (see explanation under Other Petroleum Products below).  As a result, total energy consumption estimates for Texas and Louisiana are revised upward significantly.  Total energy consumption for other states (those for which petrochemical feedstock estimates previously existed) are revised downward.

Because of these major changes, total energy consumption series published in 2012 should not be compared with series published in earlier years.

Natural gas

For 2008 forward, if the state-level price of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector is not available from the Natural Gas Annual, the average delivered cost of natural gas to regulated electric power plants from Schedule 2 of the EIA-923, Power Plant Operations Report, is used as the secondary source.

Petroleum

  • Asphalt and road oil

    For 2009 forward, state-level asphalt and road oil sales are no longer available. The U.S. total consumption estimate is disaggregated to each state using the state's share of total U.S. asphalt and road oil sales in 2008, as published in the 2008 Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada.

  • Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

    The approximate heat content of propane is used to convert barrels of LPG consumed by the residential, commercial, and transportation sectors to British thermal units (Btu). The conversion factor for the industrial sector is calculated by dividing U.S. industrial LPG consumption in billion Btu by the volume in thousand barrels. The price estimates in dollars per million Btu are also adjusted accordingly.

    Previously, the average heat content of LPG was used to convert LPG consumption and prices for all sectors.

  • Other petroleum products

    • Pentanes plus and petrochemical feedstocks, naphtha less than 401°F

      The U.S. consumption estimates of pentanes plus and naphtha used as petrochemical feedstocks are allocated to the states using a new data series called “state share of capacity of steam crackers using naphtha as feedstocks.” The series is compiled using plant-level information on nameplate capacity and average share of naphtha in the feedstock mixture for steam cracker plants producing ethylene. Data were collected for 1997 through 1999, 2002, 2004, 2008, and 2010. The shares of the interim years are interpolated using the compound annual growth rates of the years with data, and the shares for 1997 are used for the earlier years. The new method allocates the feedstocks consumption to Louisiana and Texas only.

      Three other data series - natural gasoline, plant condensate, and unfractionated streams - that have been discontinued in 1984 were also revised because they were also used as feedstocks for petrochemicals.

      Previously, the U.S. consumption of these products was allocated to the states by the value of shipments or value added of the organic industrial manufacturing industry.

    • Petrochemical feedstocks, other oils equal to or greater than 401°F
    • The U.S. consumption of other oils equal to or greater than 401°F used as petrochemical feedstocks is allocated to the states using a new series called “state share of capacity of steam crackers using other oils as feedstocks.” The series is compiled using plant-level information on nameplate capacity and average share of other oils in the feedstock mixture for steam cracker plants producing ethylene. The new method allocates the feedstocks consumption to Louisiana and Texas only.

      Previously, the U.S. consumption of other oils was allocated to the states by the value of shipments or value added of the organic industrial manufacturing industry.

    • Special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products

      Beginning in 2001, the U.S. total consumption of these products is allocated to the states by using value of shipments data from the Economic Census. Allocations for prior years are based on value added.

Renewable energy

  • Solar energy

    The survey that collects data on shipments of solar thermal collectors, EIA-63A, Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey, was terminated for data year 2010.  State-level residential/commercial consumption of solar energy in 2010 was estimated by applying the 2009 state share to the 2010 U.S. total.

  

2009 cycle

Production


Natural gas

  • Data for natural gas marketed production in physical units for 1960 through 1969 have been incorporated into SEDS. Production estimates in Btu are computed by multiplying the 1970 state-level average heat content of natural gas marketed production to the physical unit data.

Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    For 1981 forward, the Btu content of biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol has been revised to reflect the removal of denaturant in fuel ethanol.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Total energy and other indicators

  • Total end-use energy consumption, prices, and expenditures

    A new set of tables for total end-use energy consumption, price, and expenditure estimates is introduced in this cycle. Estimates for total end-use consumption and expenditures are calculated by summing the consumption and expenditures, respectively, of the four end-use sectors: residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation. Estimates for total end-use prices are calculated by dividing total end-use expenditures by the sum of all end-use consumption with prices associated with them.

  • Gross domestic product

    The source for real and current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP) for the United States has been revised to the national series from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) National Income and Product Accounts. Previously, the United States series in the state GDP dataset were used. Also, real GDP is converted to chained (2005) dollars by BEA.

Petroleum

  • Asphalt and road oil

    For 2009, only the U.S. total of asphalt and road oil sales is available from the Asphalt Institute. To estimate state-level sales, the U.S. total is disaggregated to each state in proportion to the state’s share of total U.S. asphalt and road oil sales in 2008, as published in the 2008 Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada.

  • Other petroleum products

    Beginning in 2006, “other petroleum product” consumption by state is allocated by using value of shipments data from the Economic Census. Allocations for prior years are based on value added.

Electricity

  • The approach for assigning missing state transportation consumption volumes has been revised. Information from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Data (NTD) System, is used to supplement the EIA retail sales data only for states with missing or incomplete volumes in 2003, the first year for which transportation sector data were collected by EIA. In 2003, NTD transportation consumption volumes were assigned to the following states: Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. From 2004 forward, all transportation consumption volumes are from the EIA Electric Sales and Revenues database.

    The approach for assigning missing state transportation consumption volumes has been revised. Information from the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transit Data (NTD) System, is used to supplement the EIA retail sales data only for states with missing or incomplete volumes in 2003, the first year for which transportation sector data were collected by EIA. In 2003, NTD transportation consumption volumes were assigned to the following states: Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. From 2004 forward, all transportation consumption volumes are from the EIA Electric Sales and Revenues database.

Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    For 1981 forward, Btu consumption of fuel ethanol has been revised to reflect the removal of denaturant. Energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol also have been adjusted for these years.

  • Geothermal energy

    Electricity produced from geothermal energy is converted from kilowatthours to British thermal units (Btu) by using the U.S. average heat rate of fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants, FFETKUS, as a conversion factor. This is consistent with the approach followed for other noncombustible renewable energy sources – hydroelectric power, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy. The technology-based geothermal conversion factors are no longer used in Btu calculations.

  • Wood and waste

    Beginning in 2006, wood and waste consumed by the manufacturing sector by state is allocated by using value of shipments data from the Economic Census; allocations for prior years are based on value added. In addition, beginning in 2005, residential wood consumption by state is allocated by using data on housing units that use wood as the primary heating fuel from the American Community Survey; allocations for prior years are based on total housing units.

  

2008 cycle

Production


Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    Beginning in 2005, production estimates for the states with no production data are based on state capacity shares computed from average monthly operating capacity data.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Total energy

  • Beginning in 1981, energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol are incorporated into state and U.S. industrial sector energy consumption. Energy losses for the United States are allocated to the states according to their fuel ethanol production shares. They are then added to the state and U.S. industrial and total energy consumption.

    Subtotals for fossil fuels and renewable energy consumption are presented in the tables on “Total energy by source.” In the fossil fuel subtotal, the double-counting of supplemental gaseous fuels is removed, and fuel ethanol is excluded from petroleum consumption. Fuel ethanol and energy losses and co-products from fuel ethanol production are covered in the renewable energy subtotal. However, in the tables on consumption by sector, estimates for natural gas and motor gasoline are presented as they are consumed, that is, including supplemental gaseous fuels and fuel ethanol, respectively.

Petroleum and fuel ethanol

  • Distillate fuel oil

    Beginning in 2000, state and federal diesel tax rates are taken from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) Petroleum Marketing Monthly, supplemented by information on effective date of rate changes collected from other sources. In addition, the approach for assigning missing state residential distillate prices is revised: states in Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) District 3 with missing prices from 2003 forward are now assigned the PAD District 3 average distillate retail sales price instead of the PAD District 4 residential distillate price.

  • Fuel ethanol

    The heat content of fuel ethanol is revised from 3.539 to 3.563 to account for denaturant (pentanes plus or motor gasoline added to ethanol to make it undrinkable).

    Energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol are now incorporated into state and U.S. industrial sector energy consumption. Beginning in 1981, energy losses for the United States are allocated to each state according to the fuel ethanol production share for each state. Energy losses for each state and the United States are then added to the state and U.S. industrial and total energy consumption.

  • Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

    The 2008 Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases, published by the American Petroleum Institute (API), no longer includes state-level sales estimates for natural gas liquids and liquefied refinery gases. Only propane sales data are available at the state level. A new methodology has been developed to estimate state-level propane consumption and all other LPG consumption in 2008. For propane consumption, API’s state shares of propane sales are applied to the U.S. product supplied published in EIA Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA). For all other LPG, state shares derived from the 2007 API report are used to allocate the 2008 U.S. product supplied of LPG other than propane from PSA.

    In addition, a new variable has been created to estimate LPG sold for residential use as shares of LPG sold for residential and commercial use. Previously, a fixed share of 85% was assumed for all states. State-level estimates from 2003 forward are based on propane sales data in the API report, and the average shares of 2003 through 2008 are applied to the earlier years. Data for LPG sold for residential and commercial use are then split into the two end-use sectors using this new variable.

  • Lubricants

    The method of estimating lubricant price has been enhanced to include the application of the year-on-year growth rate of the composite price of crude oil when the value data from the Economic Census or the Annual Survey of Manufactures are not available.

  • Motor gasoline

    Beginning in 2000, motor gasoline prices are based on the average annual sales prices (excluding taxes) of finished motor gasoline to end users through retail outlets, which cover data reported by refiners, resellers, and retailers. State and federal motor gasoline tax rates are added to the prices. The tax rates are taken from the EIA Petroleum Marketing Monthly, supplemented by information on effective date of rate changes collected from additional sources.

  • Petroleum coke

    Beginning in 1993, the series used to allocate petroleum coke consumed by other industrial users, state’s aluminum production capacity adjusted for under-utilization of the plants, is revised.

  • Special naphthas

    Beginning in 1991, the price of special naphthas is estimated by applying the year-on-year growth rate of the average U.S. motor gasoline price to the previous year’s special naphtha price.

  

2007 cycle

Production


Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    Fuel ethanol production is now disaggregated from renewable energy production. Estimates for 1981 forward are calculated using state-level data on production and production capacity and national-level data on production. Estimates of state-level biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol, in billion Btu, are also calculated.

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Total energy

  • Beginning in 1980, supplemental gaseous fuels, which are accounted for both in the fossil fuels from which they are derived and in natural gas, are removed once from total energy consumption for the residential, commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors to prevent double-counting. In addition, beginning in 1981, the industrial sector consumption includes energy losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol in the U.S. total. Individual state estimates are not available because reliable state allocators have not been identified.

Natural gas

  • Natural gas consumption estimates in Btu are revised to include the small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels that are commingled with natural gas. Price and expenditure estimates are also based on this definition.

Nuclear

  • For 2007, nuclear fuel prices are computed using plant-level fuel cost and net generation data extracted from the Ventyx Velocity Suite.

Petroleum and fuel ethanol

  • Fuel ethanol

    The method for estimating fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline by state is revised beginning in 2005. The state estimates are now based on several data series: (1) prime supplier sales of conventional and reformulated gasoline; (2) production of conventional and reformulated gasoline with and without alcohol; (3) a standard ethanol-to-motor-gasoline “blend ratio” of 10% for all states except California and Minnesota; and (4) estimated fuel ethanol “product supplied.” See Section 5 of the consumption technical notes for detailed information.

  • Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)

    In 2000, the general sales tax rates were corrected in the computation of prices of LPG consumed by the industrial sector. For 2000, 2005, and 2006, the prices of LPG consumed by the petrochemical industry that are not available from the data source are now assigned the U.S. average price.

  • Lubricants

    The method of estimating U.S. lubricant prices described in Section 4 of the price technical notes cannot be used for 2007, as the 2007 Economic Census data for lubricating oils and greases were not available when the lubricant data were processed. Instead, the 2007 U.S. lubricant price is estimated by applying the 2006-to-2007 growth rate of the composite refiner acquisition cost of crude oil, published in EIA Petroleum Supply Annual, to the 2006 price.

  • Motor fuel taxes

    Corrections are incorporated in the average tax rates for motor gasoline and diesel from 2004 through 2006 and liquefied petroleum gases for 2004 and 2005, which causes revisions to the corresponding transportation, commercial, and industrial sector prices.

  

2006 cycle

Production


Coal

  • The Btu conversion factors for coal production for some states are adjusted for all years to account for the production of metallurgical coal, which has a higher Btu content than steam coal used in electric power generation.

Natural gas

  • The Btu conversion factors for natural gas extraction loss for 1970 through 1980 are revised using the same methodology employed for all other years.

Renewable energy

Consumption, prices, and expenditures


Natural gas

  • Beginning in 1980, natural gas consumption in Btu is revised to remove supplemental gaseous fuels (SGF). Since SGF are mostly derived from fossil fuels, which are already accounted for, they are removed to eliminate double counting in total energy consumption. Price and expenditure estimates are also based on the new definition. Consumption estimates in physical units continue to include small amounts of SGF, as reported by the data source.

Petroleum

  • Distillate fuel oil

    Beginning in 1997, the methodology for assigning a residential price estimate to a state without a price in the Petroleum Market Annual is simplified by assigning the state its corresponding Petroleum Administration Defense (PAD) district or subdistrict price.

  • Kerosene

    Kerosene consumed by all sectors for 1984 is revised to incorporate the use of unadjusted sales in the estimation methodology. The revised data are available in the EIA Petroleum Navigator but were not published in Petroleum Marketing Monthly.

  • Petroleum coke

    Beginning in 1993, state-level aluminum production capacity data, which are used as state allocators for petroleum coke use in the industrial sector other than refineries and combined-heat-and-power plants, have been adjusted to account for under-utilization of the plants.

  • Motor fuel taxes

    Corrections were made to the average tax rates for motor gasoline and diesel for 2004 and 2005, and those for liquefied petroleum gas for 2002 through 2005. The corresponding transportation sector prices are revised. Commercial and industrial prices for motor gasoline, which are the same as those for the transportation sector, are also affected.

Renewable energy

  • Fuel ethanol

    Fuel ethanol consumption is now allocated to the commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors using the motor gasoline consumption share for each sector. Previously, all fuel ethanol consumption was assigned to the transportation sector.

  • Waste

    The definition of waste is revised to exclude non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels) beginning in 2001. Because this portion is mostly derived from fossil fuels, which are already accounted for, it is removed from total energy to eliminate the previous double counting. See article, “Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy,” on the Renewable & Alternative Fuels - Analysis & Projections website.

Real and nominal gross domestic product by state

  • Real gross domestic product (GDP) by state (beginning in 1977), and nominal GDP by state (beginning in 1970), from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, are incorporated into SEDS for the first time. The real GDP data are used in SEDS to calculate total energy consumed per chained (2000) dollar of output by state. The nominal GDP data are used in SEDS to calculate total energy consumed per nominal dollar of output by state. The GDP data used in SEDS through 1996 are based on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), while the GDP data used in SEDS for 1997 forward are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). See the SEDS technical notes for more information on data sources, estimation procedures, and assumptions.