Last Updated: August 15, 2024

Overview

Missouri is a transportation hub for the United States at the junction of the nation's two longest rivers, the Missouri and the Mississippi.¹ Missouri and Tennessee are the only two states that border eight states.² The state's infrastructure and location give shippers the ability to move raw materials and agricultural and manufactured products by rail, river, highway, and air to destinations across the country.^3,4 Missouri has little fossil fuel production, but it does have fossil fuel resources, including coal deposits, petroleum-bearing tar sands, and oil shales.⁵

The rich soils of the plains, the rolling hills north of the Missouri River, and the southeastern lowlands form the state's fertile agricultural regions.^6,7 Missouri's large corn and soybean crops are feedstocks for the state's biofuels industry.^8,9 South of the Missouri River, the heavily forested Ozark Plateau has abundant biomass resource potential, and the open prairies of northern and western Missouri have the state's best wind resources.^10,11,12 Three of the largest earthquakes in U.S. history were centered in southeastern Missouri over a two-month period in 1811-12, reaching a magnitude of 7.5.¹³ The potential for further tremors in that geologically active part of the state is taken into consideration in siting nuclear power plants throughout the Midwest.^14,15

Missouri has a moderate climate, and extended periods of very cold or very hot weather are uncommon.¹⁶ The state's total energy consumption per capita is close to the midpoint of the states. However, the state ranks third in the nation in per capita energy consumption in the residential sector.¹⁷ Missouri uses eight times more energy than it produces.¹⁸ The transportation and residential sectors are the two largest energy-consuming end-use sectors, with each accounting for about three-tenths of the state's total energy use. The commercial sector accounts for about one-fifth of Missouri's energy consumption. The industrial sector—which includes manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and mining—accounts for about one-sixth of the state's energy consumption.^19,20

Petroleum

Missouri does not have significant crude oil reserves. The state's crude oil production has mostly been in decline since 2014, although annual oil output increased in 2022 for the first time in nearly a decade, rising to 69,000 barrels. However, production was 66,000 barrels in 2023, down significantly from its peak of 285,000 barrels in 1984.²¹ The first crude oil production in the state came from wells drilled near Kansas City, Missouri, in the late 1860s. Today, crude oil is still produced in western Missouri near the state's border with Kansas and Nebraska, and also in eastern Missouri near St. Louis. Cass County, in western Missouri, just south of Kansas City, is the source of 6 out of every 10 barrels of crude oil produced in the state.^22,23

Six major crude oil pipelines pass through Missouri on their way to refining centers elsewhere in the Midwest.²⁴ The last petroleum refinery in the state closed in 1982.^25,26 Missouri receives finished petroleum products from several interstate pipelines, most of which originate at refining centers along the Gulf Coast.²⁷ Some petroleum products also arrive at the state's inland ports by barge on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers.^28,29

Missouri's petroleum consumption per capita is near the national average.³⁰ Three-fifths of the state's petroleum consumption is in the form of motor gasoline.³¹ Missouri is one of only two Midwestern states—the other is Minnesota—that require statewide use of motor gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.^32,33 In order to reduce emissions, the St. Louis and Kansas City metropolitan areas have stricter motor gasoline requirements than the rest of the state, allowing the use of fuel blended with 15% ethanol year round.^34,35 Few Missouri residents use heating oil for home heating, but about 1 in every 11 state households depend on propane for their primary heating fuel.³⁶ In addition, Missouri is a top 10 corn-producing state, and, in wet years, propane is used in wet years to dry the corn crop after the harvest.^37,38

Coal

Missouri holds 1.5% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves, but the state's coal production is small and accounts for less than 0.1% of U.S. total coal output. The state has one operating surface mine that produces a minor amount of coal for industrial use.³⁹ All of Missouri's mined coal is bituminous, which has a high heat content when burned and is used to generate electricity and to make iron and steel.^40,41 Nearly all of the state's mined coal is sent out of the state by truck and rail to industrial plants in Kansas.^42,43 Missouri has a rich coal mining history dating back to the 1880s, but coal production declined significantly from a high of 6.7 million tons in 1984 to about 140,000 tons in 2023, although the state's coal production nearly doubled from 2022.^44,45,46

In 2023, about 24 million tons of coal were burned for electricity generation in Missouri, the second-most in any state, only behind Texas.⁴⁷ Nearly all the coal that fuels Missouri's coal-fired power plants comes by rail from Wyoming. Minor amounts of coal also arrive by rail from Illinois. Additional small amounts of coal from Illinois, Colorado, Indiana, Utah, and Kentucky are delivered by river barges, rail, and trucks to industrial and commercial users in the state.⁴⁸

Natural gas

Missouri has no major economically recoverable natural gas reserves, and except for a few private wells in the northwest corner of the state, commercial production of natural gas has ceased.^49,50 One-third of Missouri, about 24,000 square miles, lies on top of coal seams that potentially could produce coalbed methane. Those coal deposits are located in the northern and western areas of the state.^51,52,53

Missouri is crossed by about a dozen interstate natural gas pipelines.^54,55 Natural gas enters the state from the west and south, mostly by way of Kansas, Arkansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Iowa. Most of that natural gas continues on to Illinois and Iowa for delivery to markets in the Midwest and beyond.⁵⁶ The eastern and western sections of the Rockies Express Pipeline (REX), one of the nation's largest and longest natural gas pipelines, connect in northern Missouri. The REX pipeline's western section originates in Colorado and brings Rocky Mountain natural gas east. The pipeline's eastern section is bidirectional and can bring to Missouri natural gas that is produced from shale areas in Ohio and Pennsylvania.^57,58 Some of the natural gas that enters Missouri is injected into the state's one underground natural gas storage field, which is located near St. Louis. It can hold almost 14 billion cubic feet of gas, which represents about 0.1% of total U.S. storage capacity.^59,60

Missouri's residential sector, where about half of households use natural gas as their primary energy source for heating, consumes more than one-third of the natural gas delivered to end users in the state.^61,62 The electric power sector accounts for three-tenths and the commercial and industrial sectors each account for about one-fifth of the state's natural gas consumption. A small amount of natural gas is used as vehicle fuel in the state's transportation sector.⁶³

Electricity

In 2023, coal fueled 59% of Missouri's electricity net generation, and 7 of the 10 largest power plants in the state are coal-fired.^64,65 Missouri ranks fourth, behind West Virginia, Wyoming, and Kentucky, for the highest share of in-state electricity net generation from coal.⁶⁶ However, coal's share of the state's net generation has declined from a peak of 81% in 2010, as almost 2,000 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity in Missouri have been retired since 2011.^67,68,69

In 2023, Missouri's one nuclear facility, the Callaway nuclear power plant located west of St. Louis, accounted for 14% of in-state generation, slightly more than natural gas with 13% and wind with 10%. Hydropower accounted for about 2% of total in-state generation, while solar, petroleum, and biomass accounted for the rest.⁷⁰

On an annual basis, Missouri typically uses more electricity than it generates and imports power from other states via the regional grid.⁷¹ Electric utilities provide almost all of the electricity generated in Missouri.⁷² There are also about 40 electric cooperatives that serve customers in almost every county in the state.⁷³ However, most of the state's population is concentrated in urban areas—mainly St. Louis and Kansas City—and receives power from investor-owned utilities.⁷⁴ The residential sector uses the most electricity in the state, accounting for almost half of total power sales.⁷⁵ About 4 out of 10 Missouri households rely on electricity as their primary energy source for home heating, and roughly 95% of households have electric air conditioning equipment.^76,77 Missouri's average electricity price is below the national average and its residential sector price is among the lowest one-third of the states.⁷⁸

Missouri currently has over 1,000 public electric vehicle charging locations ⁷⁹ The majority of these charging locations are in and around St. Louis and Kansas City, although many charging locations can also be found along the major highways throughout the state.⁸⁰ The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is looking to expand its charging station network through both public and private investments.⁸¹

Renewable energy

In 2023, renewable sources accounted for 14% of Missouri's total in-state electricity net generation from both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger capacity) and small-scale installations (less than 1 megawatt capacity). The share of renewable electricity exceeded 10% of the state's total net generation for the first time in 2021. Missouri's primary renewable electricity sources are wind energy and hydropower. Wind energy provided about three-fourths of the state's total renewable generation and hydropower accounted for about one-seventh. Solar and biomass provided the remainder.⁸²

At the end of 2023, Missouri had about 2,400 megawatts of wind power generating capacity that provided 74% of the in-state renewable electricity.^83,84 In 2023, Missouri ranked 19th in the nation in wind power generation.⁸⁵ The best wind energy resources are located in the northwest corner of the state, known as the northern plains.^86,87

Missouri had 550 megawatts of conventional hydropower generating capacity that provided about 15% of the state's renewable net generation in 2023. The state's seven conventional hydroelectric power plants were built between 1930 and 1984 and are located on the tributaries of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers.^88,89 Missouri also has three pumped-storage hydroelectric plants with about 660 megawatts of combined capacity. The pumped-storage power plants generate electricity during peak demand periods by using water pumped into an upper reservoir in off-peak periods and then releasing it to flow back to a lower reservoir when additional generating capacity is needed. Power is generated as the water flows through turbines located between the reservoirs. Although the plants use more power than they generate, the plants supply cheaper power in periods of peak demand when electricity prices are highest.^90,91

The amount of electricity generated from utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) installations in the state has more than tripled since 2017, and generated 10% of the state's renewable electricity in 2023.⁹² More than four-fifths of the state's solar power comes from small-scale generating systems, many of which are installed on rooftops at both businesses and homes.⁹³ About 220 megawatts of solar power are scheduled to come online in 2024.⁹⁴

A small amount of the state's renewable electricity generation comes from biomass.⁹⁵ Missouri has significant biomass potential from agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and the 15 million acres of forest that cover roughly one-third of the state.^96,97 Electricity generation from biomass has remained stable over the last five years and accounted for 1% of the state's renewable electricity in 2023.⁹⁸ Missouri's forests and biomass resources also provide feedstock for the state's wood pellet industry. The state had three wood pellet manufacturing plants with a combined production capacity of about 157,000 tons per year. However, the largest of these, Ozark Hardwood Pellets, was damaged in a fire in February 2024, reducing the capacity to 16,000 tons per year.^99,100 The state offers a wood energy production tax credit that provides a state income tax credit of $5 for each ton of wood pellets manufactured.¹⁰¹ Wood pellets are used as fuel for generating electricity and for space heating.¹⁰²

Missouri produces significant amounts of both biodiesel and fuel ethanol. The state is the second-largest biodiesel producer in the nation, with a production capacity of 247 million gallons annually at 5 biodiesel plants.^103,104 The biodiesel plants use mostly soy oil or animal fats as feedstocks.¹⁰⁵ Missouri's biodiesel consumption of 30 million gallons is among the top one-third of the states.¹⁰⁶ The state is the 13th-largest fuel ethanol producer. Its six ethanol manufacturing plants use corn as a feedstock to produce over 300 million gallons of ethanol a year.^107,108,109 Missouri ranks among the top one-third of states in fuel ethanol consumption and uses 316 million gallons.¹¹⁰

Some of Missouri's large pig farms provide methane from manure lagoons that is converted into renewable natural gas (RNG). This RNG is then delivered by pipeline to cities and towns in the state.^111,112

In 2008, Missouri voters approved a mandatory renewable portfolio standard (RPS) to replace a voluntary goal. The RPS required investor-owned electric utilities to meet 15% of their electricity sales with power generated from renewable sources by 2021 and each year thereafter. Missouri's largest utility has met this requirement.¹¹³ The standard also required that solar power account for at least 0.3% of total electricity retail sales by 2021. State regulators implemented cost caps to keep electricity retail rates from rising more than 1% in any year because of the mandate.¹¹⁴ Since 2007, Missouri has required all electricity suppliers to offer net metering to residents with customer-sited renewable electricity generating systems up to 100 kilowatts in capacity, with the value of excess generation sent to the grid credited to the customer's next bill.¹¹⁵

Endnotes

¹ Missouri Department of Transportation, A Vision for Missouri's Freight Transportation Future, accessed July 5, 2024.
² WorldAtlas, U.S. States Bordering The Most Other States, accessed July 5, 2024.
³ U.S. Geological Survey, Rivers of the World: World's Longest Rivers, June 11, 2018.
⁴ Missouri Partnership, Perfect Strategic Location, accessed July 5, 2024.
⁵ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System, Missouri Profile Data, updated June 20, 2024.
⁶ Missouri Department of Agriculture, Missouri Ag Highlights, accessed July 5, 2024.
⁷ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Physiographic Regions of Missouri - PUB2515, August 26, 2021.
⁸ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 7, 2023), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLS.
⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 7, 2023), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLS format.
¹⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Benefits of Biofuel Production and Use in Missouri, September 2015.
¹¹ University of Missouri Extension, Woody Biomass for Energy in Missouri, updated May 2017.
¹² U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Missouri, Maps & Data, accessed July 5, 2024.
¹³ U.S. Geological Survey, 1811-1812 New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes, October 2, 2019.
¹⁴ U.S. Geological Survey, The New Madrid Seismic Zone, accessed July 5, 2024.
¹⁵ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Background on Seismic Reviews at U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, updated June 13, 2018.
¹⁶ University of Missouri, Missouri Climate Center, Climate of Missouri, accessed July 5, 2024.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁰ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in Current Dollars, Missouri, All statistics in table, 2023.
²¹ U.S. EIA, Missouri Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 1981-2023.
²² Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas in Missouri-PUB0652 (November 1, 2016).
²³ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 2023 Annual Oil Production Figures - Dec. 31, 2023, accessed July 5, 2024.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Missouri, Crude Oil Pipelines, accessed July 5, 2024.
²⁵ "Amoco to close Sugar Creek refinery," UPI (March 3, 1982).
²⁶ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, Annual (as of January 1), 2019-24.
²⁷ Pipeline 101, Where Are Liquids Pipelines Located? accessed July 5, 2024.
²⁸ Missouri Port Authority, Welcome to Our Waterways, accessed July 5, 2024.
²⁹ Waterways Council, Inc., Missouri, accessed July 5, 2024.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
³¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
³² Missouri Department of Agriculture, The Missouri Renewable Fuel Standard Act, accessed July 5, 2024.
³³ U.S. EIA, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS), How much ethanol is in gasoline, and how does it affect fuel economy?, updated April 1, 2024.
³⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA, Kansas, Missouri Announce Change in Fuel Requirements for Suppliers in KC Metro Region," Press Release (March 12, 2021).
³⁵ Southern States Energy Board, Fuel Regulations - Federal and State, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, updated January 2018.
³⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Missouri.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, "Propane Use for Crop Drying Depends on Weather and Corn Markets as well as Crop Size," Today in Energy, (October 2, 2014).
³⁸ Missouri Department of Agriculture, Missouri Ag Highlights, accessed July 5, 2024.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022; Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Coal Explained, Types of Coal, Bituminous, updated October 24, 2023.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by origin State, Missouri, Table OS-13, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2022.
⁴⁴ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Coal, p. 3-4, updated January 1, 2020.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (April 2024), Table 2, Coal production by state (thousand short tons).
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Production Estimates 1960 Through 2022, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Missouri, 1960-2022, p. 66.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Total consumption for all sectors, annual (thousand tons), 2001-23.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by destination State, Missouri, Table DS-21, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Summary, Production (Million Cubic Feet), 2018-23.
⁵⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Missouri Natural Gas Flaring and Venting Regulations (May 2019).
⁵¹ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Coal, p. 3, updated January 1, 2020.
⁵² Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Oil and Gas in the Show-Me State, The Geologic Column of Missouri, Volume 2, Issue 1 (Summer 2007), p. 2, 4.
⁵³ U.S. Department of Energy, Missouri Natural Gas Flaring and Venting Regulations (May 2019).
⁵⁴ Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, Map, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁵⁵ Missouri Public Service Commission, Missouri Natural Gas Pipelines, updated July 12, 2018.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Missouri, 2017-22.
⁵⁷ Tallgrass Energy, Rockies Express Pipeline map, updated June 7, 2023.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, "First westbound natural gas flows begin on Rockies Express Pipeline," Today in Energy (June 19, 2014).
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2017-22.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, 2017-22.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (million cubic feet), Annual, Missouri, 2018-23.
⁶² U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Missouri.
⁶³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (million cubic feet), Annual, Missouri, 2017-22.
⁶⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2019-23.
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Missouri Electricity Profile 2022, Table 2A, Ten largest plants by capacity, 2022.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables, 1.3.B., 1.4.B., 1.17.B.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-23.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, "Retirements of U.S. electric generating capacity to slow in 2024," Today in Energy (February 20, 2024).
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of May 2024, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
⁷⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Missouri Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022, Missouri.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.3.B.
⁷³ Association of Missouri Electric Cooperatives, Our Co-ops, accessed July 7, 2024.
⁷⁴ Missouri Public Service Commission, Missouri Electric Service Areas (November 8, 2019).
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁷⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Missouri.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 5.6.B.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (June 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS.
⁸⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Finder, Missouri, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁸¹ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁸² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 6.2.B.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.14.B.
⁸⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Missouri, Maps & Data, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁸⁷ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Wind, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2024, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2024, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, "Pumped storage provides grid reliability even with net generation loss," Today in Energy (July 8, 2013).
⁹² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-23.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2024, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁹⁶ Missouri Department of Conservation, Missouri Forest Facts, By the Numbers, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁹⁷ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Biomass, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (July 1, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, April 2024.
¹⁰⁰ Wehmer, Dan, "Pellet pyre!," Webster County Citizen (February 14, 2024).
¹⁰¹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Missouri, Wood Energy Production Credit, updated March 12, 2024.
¹⁰² U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today in Energy (December 14, 2016).
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2022.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 7, 2023), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹⁰⁵ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, Biofuels, Biodiesel, accessed July 8, 2024.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2022.
¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 7, 2023), Detailed nameplate capacity of fuel ethanol plants by Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD District) are available in XLSX.
¹⁰⁹ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, Biofuels, accessed July 8, 2024.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
¹¹¹ TC Energy, "Moving energy from hog waste in Missouri," Press Release (September 13, 2021).
¹¹² Smithfield Foods, Inc., "Largest Renewable Natural Gas Project of Its Kind Implements Manure-to-Energy Technology Across Northern Missouri, Celebrates Construction Completion Ahead of Joint Venture's 10-Year Anniversary," Press Release (August 11, 2021).
¹¹³ Schoeck, Michael, "50 states of solar incentives: Missouri," pv magazine (March 15, 2023).
¹¹⁴ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Missouri, Renewable Energy Standard, updated November 7, 2023.
¹¹⁵ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Missouri, Net Metering, updated March 7, 2024.