Last Updated: April 18, 2024

Overview

Oregon sits on the U.S. Pacific Coast between the more populous states of Washington and California.¹ The Columbia River forms much of Oregon's northern border with Washington. The river cuts through both the Cascade Mountain Range and the Coastal Ranges, forming the Columbia Gorge, an area of high wind energy potential.^2,3 Large dams along the Columbia River produce most of the hydroelectric power in Oregon and throughout the Pacific Northwest. High annual rainfall in the western part of the state coupled with runoff from the snowpack in the state's mountains make it possible for Oregon to generate substantial amounts of hydropower.^4,5 Mild temperatures and abundant rainfall in western Oregon also contribute to rapid tree growth, which, along with agricultural residues, are ample sources of biomass for power generation.^6,7 The Cascade Mountains reach more than 11,000 feet in height and separate water-rich western Oregon from the eastern part of the state. The Cascades are volcanic in origin and, in addition to containing the nation's deepest lake, they have the state's greatest wind and geothermal resources.^8,9 More than half of Oregon lies east of the Cascades and most of it is occupied by the Columbia Plateau, an area that was formed by lava flows thousands of years ago.¹⁰ Like the Basin and Range area along Oregon's southeastern border with California, the Plateau is more arid than the areas west of the mountains.¹¹ The high desert country and uplands of southern and eastern Oregon are potential sites for solar and geothermal energy development.^12,13 Oregon has only minor fossil energy reserves and no nuclear power reactors.^14,15

Energy use per capita in Oregon is less than in more than two-thirds of the states.¹⁶ In 2021, the transportation sector accounted for about three-tenths of the state's total energy consumption. The industrial sector, Oregon's second-largest energy consumer, used about one-fourth.¹⁷ Although Oregon's agriculture, food processing, and forestry activities, including the manufacture of forest products, are energy-intensive, most of the state's gross domestic product (GDP) comes from non-energy-intensive service-providing businesses. Computers and electronic products account for two-fifths of Oregon's manufacturing GDP, and the industrial sector's per capita energy consumption was less than in three-fifths of the states in 2021.^18,19 The residential sector accounted for one-fourth of the state's total energy consumption, and the commercial sector used nearly one-fifth.²⁰ In part because most of Oregon's population centers are in mild climate zones in the Willamette Valley and along the Pacific Coast west of the Cascades, the state's residential sector energy use per capita ranked 39th in the nation in 2021.^21,22,23

Electricity

Hydroelectric power typically provides more than half of Oregon's in-state total electricity net generation. However, because of abnormally dry weather and drought in recent years, hydroelectric power supplied less than half of Oregon's in-state total electricity generation in three of the past five years.²⁴ Nevertheless, the state is one of the four largest hydroelectric power producers in the nation. In 2023, hydroelectric power accounted for 42% of Oregon's total electricity generation, and the state was the nation's fourth-largest hydroelectric power producer, after Washington, California, and New York.^25,26 Oregon's four largest power plants by capacity and generation—John Day, The Dalles, Bonneville, and McNary—are on the Columbia River and are all at federally owned and operated dams. Those plants collectively account for two-thirds of the generating capacity from the 10 largest power plants in the state.²⁷ Many smaller hydroelectric plants along Oregon's rivers also supply the state with power. Oregon has more than 60 utility-scale hydropower facilities.²⁸

Natural gas fuels the second-largest share of Oregon's electricity generation. In 2023, natural gas-fired power plants provided 38% of the state's total net generation. Nonhydroelectric renewable resources—wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power—provide almost all the rest of Oregon's total generation, about 21% in 2023. Two decades ago, coal fueled about 10% of Oregon's in-state net generation. However, Oregon's only coal-fired power plant closed in 2020, and coal no longer fuels any in-state generation.^29,30 There are no commercial nuclear power plants in the state.³¹ Oregon's only nuclear power plant shut down after cracks in the steam tubes were detected in 1992. The plant was decommissioned and demolished in 2006.³²

Oregon's total electricity sales per capita are less than in about half the states.³³ The residential sector, where more than half the state's households heat with electricity, accounted for 38% of Oregon's electricity sales in 2023.³⁴ The commercial sector accounted for 32% and the industrial sector used 30%. The transportation sector consumed a minimal amount of electricity for rail use.³⁵

In every year since 2007, Oregonians used less electricity than the state's power plants generated and the excess power went to other states by way of the Western Interconnection—one of North America's principal power grids.³⁶ The Western Interconnection covers an area from western Canada down to Baja California in Mexico and stretches from the Pacific Ocean eastward across the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains.³⁷ Major transmission lines of the Western Interconnection link Oregon's electricity grid to California's grid, allowing for large interstate electricity transfers between the Pacific Northwest and the Southwest.³⁸ Although originally designed to transmit inexpensive hydroelectricity south to California, the flow sometimes reverses to bring solar power to the Pacific Northwest.³⁹

Oregon partnered with Washington, California, and British Columbia, Canada, to create the West Coast Electric Highway corridor, a network of public charging stations for electric vehicles that are located every 25 to 50 miles along Interstate 5 and other major roads in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon is part of the West Coast Green Highway system that spans more than 1,300 miles from British Columbia to Baja, Mexico.^40,41 As of February 2024, there were more than 1,200 electric vehicle charging locations with more than 3,200 charging ports in service across Oregon.⁴² In 2022, Oregon had about 41,000 registered battery electric vehicles and in 2023, light-duty electric vehicles consumed about 152,000 megawatthours of electricity.^43,44

Renewable energy

In 2023, renewable energy resources, led by hydroelectric power, accounted for about 62% of Oregon's total in-state electricity net generation. However, that was less than the previous year because hydropower's contribution fell. In 2023, hydroelectric power accounted for about two-thirds of the state's total renewable generation, but at 42%, it provided the smallest share of the state's total generation this century.⁴⁵

Electricity generation from nonhydroelectric renewable sources has more than doubled since 2011. Wind accounts for the largest share of the increased generation.⁴⁶ In 2023, wind power accounted for 15% of Oregon's total in-state electricity generation.⁴⁷ Most of the state's wind farms are along Oregon's northern border near the Columbia Gorge and in eastern Oregon's Blue Mountains.⁴⁸ By December 2023, Oregon had almost 4,000 megawatts of wind power capacity.⁴⁹ A 200-megawatt wind farm in northern Oregon came online in 2022, and a 600-megawatt combined wind and solar farm is in development and is scheduled to come online in 2025.^50,51

In 2023, solar energy, including small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) customer-sited solar installations, supplied about 4% of Oregon's total electricity generation, surpassing the contribution from biomass for the fourth year in a row. All of Oregon's solar powered electricity generation is photovoltaic (PV). The state's first utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar facilities came online in late 2011. Several larger utility-scale solar projects have come online since then, including four with capacities of 50 megawatts or more. A 162-megawatt solar PV facility began operating in April 2023.⁵² Almost 2,000 megawatts of additional solar PV capacity are scheduled to come online between 2024 and 2027. One of the solar farms in development will have 800-megawatts of capacity.⁵³

Biomass generates most of the rest of Oregon's renewable-sourced electricity—less than 2% of the state's total net generation in 2023.⁵⁴ Wood and wood waste fuel more than two-thirds of the state's biomass generation, but landfill gas, municipal solid waste, and other biomass-fueled facilities also contribute.^55,56 Forests cover almost half of the state, and many industrial facilities in western Oregon use woody biomass to generate electricity.^57,58 Biomass is also a thermal energy source, and some commercial facilities in the state, including schools and hospitals, use wood for space heating.⁵⁹ About 1 in 22 Oregon households heat with wood.⁶⁰ The state has five operating wood pellet manufacturing facilities with a combined production capacity of almost 275,000 tons per year, or about 2% of the nation's total. Wood pellets are used for space heating as well as for electricity generation.⁶¹

Although geothermal energy accounts for less than 0.5% of Oregon's net generation, the state has some of the nation's best geothermal resources, and it is one of seven states with utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal energy.^62,63,64 A U.S. Department of Energy study ranked the state's geothermal potential third in the nation, after Nevada and California. Oregon's Cascade Mountains are an active volcanic region and, along with other high-temperature geothermal areas in the state, have an estimated 2,200 megawatts of electricity generating potential.^65,66 Oregon has two geothermal power plants, but only one is operational. The state's larger geothermal power plant, built in 2012, is active and has about 18 megawatts of capacity. The second has a capacity of about 2 megawatts and has been offline for several years.⁶⁷ Oregon residents have used low-to-moderate temperature geothermal resources for more than a century in direct heat applications. Almost the entire state east of the Cascade Range has ample low- to mid-temperature geothermal resources, and there are more than 2,000 thermal wells and springs in Oregon that furnish direct heat to buildings, communities, and other facilities in the state.^68,69

Oregon is developing its marine and hydrokinetic—wave and tidal—energy resources. A U.S. Department of Energy-funded investigation led by Oregon State University has two marine test sites off the coast of Newport, Oregon. The first, PacWave North, is a stand-alone test site for small-scale technologies. A second site, PacWave South, will be the first full-scale grid-connected, wave energy conversion technology facility in the United States.^70,71

Oregon's renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) requires that at least 50% of the electricity sold in Oregon come from renewable-sourced generation by 2040.⁷² In 2021, Oregon's legislature passed the Clean Energy Standard (CES), which set clean energy targets. The CES calls for an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from a baseline by 2030, 90% by 2035, and 100% by 2040. The baselines for utilities are calculated from the annual average emissions associated with electricity they sold in Oregon in 2010, 2011, and 2012.⁷³

Natural gas

Oregon has the only natural gas field in the Pacific Northwest—the Mist field in northwestern Oregon, discovered in 1979.⁷⁴ Although it produces only a small fraction of the U.S. total, Mist Field's annual production reached a high of 4.6 billion cubic feet of natural gas in the mid-1980s. Annual natural gas production from the field declined to 205 million cubic feet in 2021, and there was no production from December 2021 until June of 2022.⁷⁵ About 13 million cubic feet of natural gas was produced in 2022.⁷⁶ Although the field no longer has any significant natural gas reserves or production, it is used for natural gas storage.^77,78,79 Oregon's natural gas storage reservoirs have a combined capacity of more than 36 billion cubic feet.^80,81 Typically, natural gas is put into storage during warmer months, when prices and demand are low, and removed from storage reservoirs during colder months to meet peak customer heating demand. However, natural gas withdrawals occur at other times to meet the needs of electricity suppliers as they balance intermittent generation from renewable energy resources, particularly wind.⁸²

Natural gas supplies enter Oregon by way of interstate pipelines, primarily from western Canada through Washington and from domestically produced natural gas that arrives through Nevada and Idaho. Almost all of the natural gas that enters Oregon continues on to California markets.^83,84 Several Oregon liquefied natural gas (LNG) import/export terminal projects have been proposed since 2004, but none have been built.^85,86

Oregon's total and per capita natural gas consumption is less than in almost two-thirds of the states.⁸⁷ In 2023, the electric power sector received 53% of the natural gas delivered to Oregon consumers. The industrial sector accounted for 19% of state consumption. The residential sector, where more than one in three Oregon households use natural gas as their primary energy source for home heating, accounted for 16% of natural gas deliveries, and the commercial sector used 11%. The transportation sector used a very small amount of compressed natural gas as vehicle fuel.^88,89

Petroleum

Oregon does not have any crude oil reserves or production and its only crude oil refinery closed in 2008.^90,91,92 The Puget Sound refineries in the state of Washington provide more than 90% of the refined petroleum products, such as motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil (diesel), and jet fuel, used in Oregon. Those petroleum products arrive in the state by way of the Olympic Pipeline and by barge at seven Portland-area terminals. Refineries in Utah also send refined petroleum products to Oregon, and some petroleum products arrive by tanker or rail from California.⁹³

In 2021, the transportation sector used 86% of the petroleum consumed in Oregon, almost three-fifths of it as motor gasoline.^94,95 The industrial sector accounted for 8% of state petroleum consumption and the commercial sector used about 4%. The residential sector, where only about 1 in 30 households use petroleum products—including fuel oil, kerosene, and propane—for home heating, accounted for about 2%.^96,97

Oregon's renewable fuel standard requires, with few exceptions, that motor gasoline sold in the state contain a minimum of 10% fuel ethanol.⁹⁸ There is one fuel ethanol production plant in Oregon, which has a capacity of about 40 million gallons per year.⁹⁹ That plant produces enough fuel ethanol annually to meet about one-fifth of the state's needs.^100,101 Additional fuel ethanol supplies primarily come by rail from the Midwest.¹⁰² Diesel fuel sold in Oregon must be blended with at least 5% biodiesel.¹⁰³ Oregon has one biodiesel plant. Located in Portland, it collects used cooking oils and grease from restaurants and other businesses as feedstock.¹⁰⁴ Biodiesel consumption in Oregon is about 10 times greater than state production.^105,106

Coal

Coal was mined in southwest Oregon from the mid-19th century until the 1920s, but the state has few remaining coal reserves.^107,108 Today, there are no active commercial coal mines in Oregon.¹⁰⁹ Limited amounts of coal, shipped by rail from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, fueled Oregon's only coal-fired power plant until October 2020, when the power plant closed.¹¹⁰ In 2022, less than 60,000 tons of coal arrived from Utah for use at industrial plants in Oregon.¹¹¹

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023.
² Geology.com, Oregon Map Collection, Oregon Rivers Map, accessed March 19, 2024.
³ Sharp, Justin, and Clifford F. Mass, "Columbia Gorge Gap Winds: Their Climatological Influence and Synoptic Evolution," Weather and Forecasting, Volume 19, Issue 6 (December 1, 2004), p. 970-992, Introduction.
⁴ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, accessed March 19, 2024.
⁵ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy in Oregon, Hydropower, Hydropower in Oregon, accessed March 19, 2024.
⁶ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, Climate and the Economy, accessed March 19, 2024.
⁷ Oregon Department of Energy, Energy in Oregon, Bioenergy, accessed March 19, 2024.
⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Oregon Land-Based Wind Speed at 100 Meters (July 7, 2022).
⁹ U.S. EIA, Oregon, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Map Layer: Geothermal potential, accessed March 20, 2024.
¹⁰ NETSTATE, Oregon, The Geography of Oregon, updated February 25, 2016.
¹¹ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, Climate and the Economy, accessed March 19, 2024.
¹² Roberts, Billy J., Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
¹³ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program, Oregon, DOE/GO-102004-2036 (February 2005), p. 1.
¹⁴ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Oregon Profile Data, Supply and Distribution, March 20, 2024.
¹⁵ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Oregon, updated March 10, 2021.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
¹⁸ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Tools, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, Oregon, All statistics in table, 2021-22.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2021.
²¹ U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census: Oregon Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
²² Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Oregon, accessed March 20, 2024.
²³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²⁴ National Integrated Drought Information System, Current U.S. Drought Monitor Conditions for Oregon, March 20, 2024.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Small-scale solar photoelectric, Annual, 2001-23.
²⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Geography (Check all), Conventional hydroelectric, Annual, 2022-23.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, Oregon Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
²⁸ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of January 2024.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-23.
³⁰ Oregon Department of Energy, 2022 Biennial Energy Report (November 2022), Energy by the Numbers, p. 4.
³¹ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Oregon, updated March 10, 2021.
³² Oregon Department of Energy, Trojan Nuclear Site Spent Fuel Storage, accessed March 20, 2024.
³³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
³⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Oregon, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Other, Annual, 2023.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Oregon Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
³⁷ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Learn More About Interconnections, Western Interconnection, accessed March 20, 2024.
³⁸ Bonneville Power Administration, Factsheet, Celilo Converter Station, DOE/BP-4757 (April 2016).
³⁹ Harrison, John, Pacific Northwest-Southwest Intertie, Oregon Encyclopedia, accessed March 20, 2024.
⁴⁰ Lundahl, Erika, "The West Coast Electric Highway Enables Zero Emission Road Trips," Yes! (July 20, 2018).
⁴¹ West Coast Green Highway, West Coast Electric Highway, accessed March 20, 2024.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (March 2024), Appendix F.1, Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, monthly state file, XLS.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data Systems, Table F39: Electric light-duty vehicles overview, 2022.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (March 2024), Table D.3, Estimated State and Regional Consumption of Electricity from Light-Duty Vehicles, Annual, 2023.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-23.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Annual, 2011-23.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All Fuels, Wind, Small-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2022.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, Oregon, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Map Layer: Wind Power Plants, National Geographic Style base map, accessed March 20, 2024.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 6.2.B.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of January 2024 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of January 2024.
⁵¹ Oregon Department of Energy, Nolin Hills Wind Power Project, accessed March 20, 2024.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860) Inventory of Operating Generators as of January 2024.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of January 2024.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal, All solar, Small-scale photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Utility-scale thermal, Annual, 2001-23.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, Biomass, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Annual, 2001-23.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of January 2024.
⁵⁷ Oregon Department of Forestry, About Oregon's Forests, accessed March 22, 2024.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for wood and wood-derived fuels, Oregon, all sectors, 2023.
⁵⁹ Oregon Department of Energy, 2022 Biennial Energy Report (November 2022), Energy by the Numbers, p. 19.
⁶⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, December 2023.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Oregon, All Fuels, Geothermal, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
⁶³ Roberts, Billy J., Geothermal Resources of the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
⁶⁴ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.16.B.
⁶⁵ U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Hazards Program, Cascades Volcano Observatory, accessed March 24, 2024.
⁶⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program, Oregon, DOE/GO-102004-2036 (February 2005), p. 1.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of January 2024.
⁶⁸ Roberts, Billy J., Geothermal Resource of the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
⁶⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program, Oregon, DOE/GO-102004-2036 (February 2005), p. 1.
⁷⁰ Klampe, Michelle, "OSU-led wave energy testing facility reaches key construction milestones," OSU Press Release (January 19, 2023).
⁷¹ PacWave, Construction Updates, accessed March 24, 2024.
⁷² Oregon Department of Energy, Renewable Portfolio Standard, accessed March 24, 2024.
⁷³ Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Oregon Clean Energy Targets, accessed March 24, 2024.
⁷⁴ Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Mineral Land Regulation & Reclamation, Program Overview, Oil & Gas Program, updated April 21, 2022.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Oregon Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Monthly, January 1996-December 2022.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, Oregon Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 1979-2022.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Proved Nonproducing Reserves, Total Gas, Annual, 2016-21.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Dry Production, Annual, 2018-22.
⁷⁹ Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Mineral Land Regulation & Reclamation, Program Overview, Oil & Gas Program, updated April 21, 2022.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, 2022.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2022.
⁸² Robinson, J., et al., "Natural gas in transition: Grid-balancing tactics in flux as battery costs fall," S&P Global (June 8, 2021).
⁸³ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Oregon and Washington, 2022.
⁸⁴ Williams Company, Northwest Pipeline, accessed Maech 22, 2024.
⁸⁵ Rosbach, Molly, "Oregonians perceive greater risk than benefit from natural gas export in state, study finds," Phys.org (April 7, 2022).
⁸⁶ U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, "U.S. LNG Export Terminals - Existing, Approved not Yet Built, and Proposed," Press Release (March 19, 2024).
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use, Oregon, Annual, 2023.
⁸⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁹⁰ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of December 31, 2021.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2023.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Oregon Number of Operable Refineries as of January 1, 1982-2023.
⁹³ Oregon Department of Energy, Biennial energy Report, 2022 Biennial Energy Report (November 2022), Chapter: Energy 101, p. 244.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C8, Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁹⁷ U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁹⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Biodiesel Laws and Incentives in Oregon, Renewable Fuels Mandate, accessed March 22, 2024.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2023.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2021.
¹⁰² Oregon Department of Energy, 2018 Biennial Energy Report (November 2018), Chapter 1, Energy by the Numbers, p. 18.
¹⁰³ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Biodiesel Laws and Incentives in Oregon, Renewable Fuels Mandate, accessed March 22, 2024.
¹⁰⁴ Oregon Oils, About Our Company in Portland, Oregon, accessed March 22, 2024.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2021.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2022 (October 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
¹⁰⁸ Duncan, Donald C., Geology and Coal Deposits in Part of the Coos Bay Coal Field, Oregon, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Bulletin 982-B (Washington, 1953), p. 53.
¹⁰⁹ Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Mineral Land Regulation and Reclamation, Program Overview, Surface Mining Program, accessed March 20, 2024.
¹¹⁰ Oregon Department of Energy, 2022 Biennial Energy Report (November 2022), Energy by the Numbers, p. 4.
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2022 (October 2023), By Coal Destination State, Oregon Table DS-33, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.