ÿþ<html xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:my="http://localhost/namespace"> <head> <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-16"> <title>Russia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal</title> <meta name="description" content="Russia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"> <meta name="keywords" content="Russia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"> <LINK HREF="../cabs.css" TYPE="text/css" REL="StyleSheet"> </head> <body> <table width="670px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:solid 1px #000000"> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" colspan="2"><img src="../images/PrintHeader.jpg" alt="Country Analysis Briefs Header"><br> <span class="cssPrintHeader" style="padding-left:10px;">Russia<br> </span><span class="cssContent">Last Updated: November 2010 <p></p> </span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="545" height="1"></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Background</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway">Russia holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second largest coal reserves, and the eighth largest crude oil reserves. </td> <td class="cssContent"><div><span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span> is a major exporter of oil and natural gas and its economic growth over the past decade has been driven primarily by energy exports, given the increase in Russian oil production and relatively high world oil prices during the period. Internally, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> gets over half of its domestic energy needs from natural gas. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div align="center"> <div align="center" title="Map of Russia" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Russia Map 2010.gif" alt="Map of Russia" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Oil</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway">Russia was the largest producer of crude oil in 2009, surpassing Saudi Arabia . </td> <td class="cssContent"><div>According to the <span style="font-style: italic;">Oil and Gas Journal</span>, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>s proven oil reserves were 60 billion barrels as of the beginning of 2010. Most of <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s resources are located in Western Siberia, between the <span class="place">Ural Mountains</span> and the Central Siberian Plateau. <span class="place">Eastern Siberia</span> holds some reserves, but the region has had little exploration. <p></p> </div> <div>In 2009 <span class="country_region">Russia</span> produced an estimated 9.9 million bbl/d of oil, and consumed roughly 2.9 million bbl/d. Russia exported around 7 million bbl/d in 2009 including roughly 4.0 million bbl/d of crude oil and the remainder in products. <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s oil exports fall under the jurisdiction of the state-owned pipeline monopoly, Transneft. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Russian Liquids Production and Consumption 1999 to 2009 " style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Production and Consumption 99-09.gif" alt="Russian Liquids Production and Consumption 1999 to 2009 " border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Exploration and Production</span><br> <div>Most of <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s oil production comes from Western Siberia, more specifically from Priobskoye, Prirazlomnoye, Mamontovskoye, Malobalykskoye, and <span class="place">Surgut</span> group of fields. The Sakhalin group of fields in the Far East is expected to contribute to most of <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>s oil production in the near term. In the longer-term, untapped oil reserves in Eastern Siberia, the <span class="place">Caspian Sea</span>, and Sahkalin are expected to play a larger role and several international oil companies, including ExxonMobil, Shell, and BP are actively working in this area. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Table showing Russia's production by region in 2009 in thousands of barrels per day" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Oil Production Table.gif" alt="Table showing Russia's production by region in 2009 in thousands of barrels per day" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Source: Eastern Bloc Research</span> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Sector Organization</span><br> <div>Most of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s production remains dominated by domestic firms. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia undertook privatization of the oil industry, however the consolidation that followed transformed the sector into one dominated by a few privately-owned companies that drove the growth in the sector starting in the late 1990s. In 2003, BP invested in TNK, forming TNK-BP, one of countrys major oil producers. This was followed by the entrance of ConocoPhillips into the Russian oil exploration and production. Subsequent attempts by foreign firms to increase their investment in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> were unsuccessful. The state-run Rosneft acquired most or the Yukos assets, and became the largest oil producer in <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>. While foreign companies can invest in <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>, this is generally done with a Russian company, usually Rosneft. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Refinery Sector</span><br> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> has 40 oil refineries with a total crude oil processing capacity of 5.4 million bbl/d, according to OGJ. Rosneft, the largest refinery operator controls 1.3 million bbl/d and operates <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s largest refinery, the 385,176-bbl/d <span class="place">Angarsk</span> facility. Other companies with sizeable refining capacity in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> include Lukoil (975,860 bbl/d), and TNK-BP (690,000 bbl/d). <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Oil Exports</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway"> Russias Transneft currently has a monopoly over Russia s pipeline network.</td> <td class="cssContent"><div>During 2009, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> exported 7 million bbl/d of oil. The majority of Russian exports (80 percent) are destined for European markets, particularly <span class="country_region">Germany</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Netherlands</span></span>. Around 12 percent of <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s oil exports go to Asia, while 6 percent are exported to North and South America, with the majority of those exports going to the <span class="country_region"><span class="place">United States</span></span> (5 percent of total exports). <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Russian Crude Oil Exports, 2009." style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/2010 Russian Exports Grph (2009 Data).gif" alt="Russian Crude Oil Exports, 2009." border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Top Importer of Russian Crude Oil, 2009 " style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Top Importing Countries 2009.gif" alt="Top Importer of Russian Crude Oil, 2009 " border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Note: Data discrepancies can be attributed to definitions and conversion factors used to define Russian crudes. </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Source: Global Trade Atlas, FACTS, and EIA.</span> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading1">Pipelines</span><br> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> has an extensive domestic distribution and export pipeline network. <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s entire pipeline network is dominated by the state-run Transneft, which transports 90 percent of all oil produced in <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>, according to IHS Global Insight. These include a number of domestic pipeline networks, pipelines that transport oil to export terminals such as Novorossiisk on the Black Sea and Primorsk on the <span class="place">Baltic Sea</span>, as well as a number of export pipelines that deliver oil to western European markets. Russian export pipelines include Druzhba, Baltic Pipeline System, North-Western Pipeline System, Tengiz-Novorossiisk, and Baku-Novorossiisk. All of these pipelines with the exception of the Tengiz-Novorossiisk are Transneft-controlled pipelines. Druzhba is <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s largest pipeline, transporting oil to European markets on two routes, (1) northern via <span class="country_region">Belarus</span>, <span class="country_region">Poland</span>, and <span class="country_region">Germany</span>, and (2) southern via <span class="country_region">Belarus</span>, <span class="country_region">Ukraine</span>, <span class="country_region">Slovakia</span>, Czech Republic, and <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Hungary</span></span>. Druzhba is more than 2,300 miles long and has the capacity to carry up to 1.4 million bbl/d of oil. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading2">Proposed Oil Pipeline Routes and Pipeline Expansion Projects</span><br> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tengiz</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> to </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Novorossiisk</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Expansion</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span> The Tengiz to Novorossiisk pipeline, operated by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), was commissioned in November 2001. This pipeline transports crude oil from the western Kazakh oilfield Tengiz to the Russian Black Sea port Novorossiisk. CPC shareholders in late 2008 approved an expansion of the pipeline, which would increase its peak design throughput to 1.34 million bbl/d by 2013. The pipelines current capacity is 565,000 bbl/d. <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Eastern</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Siberia-Pacific</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ocean</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (ESPO)</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">: Taishet - Skovorodino - </span><span class="place"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kozmino</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bay</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span><span style=""></span>Transneft is building the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline in two stages, with the first phase (1,491-mile, 600,000 bbl/d) completed in September 2010. ESPO blend is a high-quality light (34.8 API) and sweet (0.54 percent sulphur) mix of crude oil from 22 different Russian oilfields. Eventually this pipeline will deliver crude oil from Eastern Siberia to <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s Pacific Coast, giving <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>s crude oil easier access to Asia-Pacific markets. Once completed, this pipeline will be able to transport 1.6 million bb/d of crude oil and it will be approximately 2,610 miles long. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/2010 ESPO Route.gif" alt="" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Source: Centre for Global Energy Studies/Market Watch </span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span> <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kharyaga-Indiga</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Pipeline</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span> Transnefts proposed Kharyaga-Indiga pipeline would serve as an export line for crude oil produced in the Timan-Pechora region and oilfields in northern <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>. If built, the 267-mile pipeline is expected to transport 240,000 bbl/d. No timeline has been set for construction. Oil from Timan-Pechora has a lower sulfur content and is lighter than the rest of the Urals blend. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Ports</span><br> <div>There are eight ports in <span class="country_region">Russia</span> serving as export outlets for Russian oil to various markets, including Europe, North and South America, as well as <span class="place">Asia</span>. The largest Russian port is Primorsk with a capacity of 1.5 million bbl/d. Other ports include DeKastri, Kozmino Bay, and Prigorodnoye (located in the Far East), as well as Novorossiysk, Yuzhny, and Tuapse (<span class="place">Black Sea</span>). <p></p> </div> <div>Currently, there are a few proposals for expansions and new terminal constructions in <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>. These include the proposed expansion to Primorsk, where throughput capacity has steadily increased, with additional capacity being added once the Baltic Pipeline System II (BPS-II) comes online. The construction on BPS-II began in June 2009. <p></p> </div> <div>An export terminal in the <span class="place">Gulf of Finland</span>, Ust-Luga, is also under construction. Once completed, the terminal will be mainly served by rail and will have the capacity to export up to 500,000 bbl/d. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Rail Export Routes </span><br> <div>Rail exports comprise roughly 5 percent of Russian oil exports. Rail is generally used as an alternative to Transnefts pipeline network, although rail shipments generally are costlier than pipeline exports. <span class="country_region">Russia</span> exports crude oil and petroleum products by rail through <span class="country_region">Estonia</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Latvia</span></span>. Additionally, crude oil is transported to <span class="country_region">China</span> via rail to the northeast cities of Harbin and Daqing and to central <span class="country_region">China</span> via <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Mongolia</span></span>. In 2009, <span class="country_region">Russia</span> exported an average of 306,000 bbl/d to <span class="country_region">China</span> via rail, however <span class="country_region">Russia</span> plans on increasing exports to <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span> significantly in the future. The planned ESPO pipeline will stretch from Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean, with a planned spur allowing significant increase in export volumes to <span class="place"><span class="country_region">China</span></span>. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1"> Natural Gas </span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway"> Russia has the largest natural gas reserves in the world and it is the second-largest producer of natural gas. </td> <td class="cssContent"><div>According to the <span style="font-style: italic;">Oil and Gas Journal</span>, Russia holds the worlds largest natural gas reserves, with 1,680 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), and Russias reserves account for about a quarter of the worlds total proven reserves. The majority of these reserves are located in Siberia, with the Yamburg, Urengoy, and Medvezhye fields alone accounting for about 45 percent of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s total reserves. More than half of all reserves are located in <span class="place">Siberia</span>. Significant reserves are also located in northern <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Graph of top proven natural gas reserve holders in 2010 " style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Top NG Reserve Holders 2010.gif" alt="Graph of top proven natural gas reserve holders in 2010 " border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Exploration and Production</span><br> <div>In 2009 <span class="country_region">Russia</span> was the worlds second-largest natural gas producer (19.3 Tcf), second only to the United States (21Tcf), however, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span> was the worlds largest exporter (7.3 Tcf). <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s production decreased in 2009, falling by more than 4 Tcf or 17 percent year over year. The decrease in production led to a lower natural gas exports during the year, as well. At 19.3 Tcf, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s production reached the lowest level since 1992. <p></p> </div> <div>The largest concentration of production is located in Siberia, where about 95 percent of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s natural gas is produced. Some of the most prolific fields in this area include Yamburg, Urengoy, and Medvezhye, all of which are licensed to <span class="place">Gazprom, <span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>s state-run natural gas exploration and production company. These three fields have seen output declines in recent years. In response, the company launched the Yamal Megaproject in late 2008. Additionally, the Zapolyarnoye field, commissioned in 2001, is expected to offset some of the declines of Gazproms big three fields. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading2"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading2">Gas Flaring</span><br> <div>Natural gas associated with oil production is often flared. According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span> flared an estimated 1,432 Bcf of natural gas in 2008, the highest of any country in the world. The Russian government has taken steps to reduce natural gas flaring and setting a target of 95 percent utilization or associated gas by 2012. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Graph showing the amount of natural gas flared in Russia and 8 other countries in 2008" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/2010 Gas Flaring (2008 Data).gif" alt="Graph showing the amount of natural gas flared in Russia and 8 other countries in 2008" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Sector Organization</span><br> <div>The state-run Gazprom dominates <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s upstream, with 90 percent of the total natural gas output produced by Gazprom. Gazprom also controls most of the Russian gas reserves, with more than 65 percent of proven reserves being directly controlled by the company, with additional reserves being controlled by Gazprom in joint ventures with other companies. <p></p> </div> <div>While independent producers have gained importance, with producers such as Novatek and LUKoil contributing increasing volumes to <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s production in recent years, the upstream remains fairly limited to independent producers and other companies, including Russian oil majors. Gazproms position is further cemented by its legal monopoly on Russian gas exports. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading1">Natural Gas Exports </span><br> <div><span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span> exports significant amounts of natural gas to customers in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In addition, Gazprom (through its subsidiary Gazexport) has shifted much of its natural gas exports to serve the rising demand in countries of the EU, as well as <span class="country_region">Turkey</span>, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Japan</span></span>, and other Asian countries. <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Table showing volume of natural gas exported in 2009 from Russia to CIS countries, western and eastern Europe." style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/Export Destinations 2010.gif" alt="Table showing volume of natural gas exported in 2009 from Russia to CIS countries, western and eastern Europe." border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Source: Eastern Bloc Research</span> <p></p> </div> <div>According to Eastern Bloc Research data, <span class="country_region">Russia</span> exported more than 6.5 Tcf of natural gas in 2009, which includes 4.5 Tcf to Eastern and <span class="place">Western Europe</span> and 2.2 Tcf to CIS countries. Included in Russian export estimates are volumes mixed with Central Asian gas exports. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading2"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading2">Export Disputes</span><br> <div><span class="country_region">Russia</span>s natural gas exports to Eastern and Western Europe shipped on pipelines traversing <span class="country_region">Ukraine</span> and <span class="country_region">Belarus</span> have in the past been affected by political and economic disputes between <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span> and these natural gas hubs. The disputes with <span class="country_region">Ukraine</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Belarus</span></span> were centered around natural gas prices in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Disputes between <span class="country_region">Russia</span> and its immediate neighbors resulted in natural gas being cut off to much of <span class="place">Europe</span>. European countries are seeking out alternate sources of natural gas and alternate pipeline routes to ensure security of natural gas supplies. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Pipelines</span><br> <div>In addition to dominating the upstream, Gazprom dominates <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s natural gas pipeline system as well. There are currently nine major pipelines in <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>, seven of which are export pipelines. The Yamal-Europe I, Northern Lights, Soyuz, and Bratrstvo pipelines all carry Russian gas to Eastern and Western European markets via Ukraine and/or Belarus. These four pipelines have a combined capacity of 4 Tcf. Three other pipelines, Blue Stream, North Caucasus, and Mozdok-Gazi-Magomed connect <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s production areas to consumers in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Turkey</span></span> and FSU republics in the east. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading2"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading2">Proposed Natural Gas Pipelines</span><br> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">Yamal</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">-Europe II</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">: </span>The Yamal-Europe I pipeline (1 Tcf), which carries natural gas from <span class="country_region">Russia</span> to <span class="country_region">Poland</span> and <span class="country_region">Germany</span> via <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Belarus</span></span>, would be expanded another 1 Tcf under this proposal. Gazprom and <span class="country_region">Poland</span> currently disagree on the exact route of the second branch as it travels through <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Poland</span></span>. Gazprom is seeking a route via southeastern <span class="country_region">Poland</span> to <span class="country_region">Slovakia</span> and on to Central Europe, while <span class="country_region">Poland</span> wants the branch to travel through its own country and then on to <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Germany</span></span>. <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">South Stream:</span> The first component of the South Stream project plans to send natural gas from the same starting point as the Blue Stream pipeline at Beregovaya for 560 miles under the <span class="place">Black Sea</span>, achieving a maximum water depth of over 6,500 feet. The second, onshore component will cross <span class="country_region">Bulgaria</span> with two alternatives: one directed towards the northwest, crossing <span class="country_region">Serbia</span> and <span class="country_region">Hungary</span> and linking with existing gas pipelines from <span class="country_region">Russia</span>; and the other directed to the southwest through <span class="country_region">Greece</span> and <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Albania</span></span>, linking directly to the Italian network. As a result of the Russia-Ukraine disputes, the pipeline will be constructed through <span class="country_region">Turkey</span>s waters, avoiding <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Ukraine</span></span>s territory altogether. Gazprom expects the pipeline to be completed by 2015. <p></p> </div> <div><span style="font-weight: bold;">N</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">ord</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> St</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">ream</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Pipeline: </span>A northern pipeline extending over 2,000 miles from <span class="country_region">Russia</span> to <span class="country_region">Germany</span> via the <span class="place">Baltic Sea</span>, was initially approved in 2005. Once completed, the pipeline will be the longest sub-sea pipeline, with a capacity to transport 1.9 Tcf of natural gas. Environmental concerns have resulted in delays, and the expected completion date has been moved to 2013 from its original start-up date of 2010. <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><img src="../images/Blank.gif" width="125" height="1"></td> <td align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Electricity</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="125" class="cssTakeAway">Russia is one of the top producers and consumers of electric power in the world, with more than 220 million kilowatts of installed generation capacity. </td> <td class="cssContent"><div>Economic expansion contributed to an increase in total electricity consumption from 675 billion KWh (kilowatt hours) in 1998, to roughly 983 billion kWh in 2008. Thermal power (oil, natural gas, and coal-fired) accounts for roughly 68 percent of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>'s electricity generation, followed by hydropower (16 percent) and nuclear (16 percent). <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>'s power sector includes over 440 thermal (approximately 77 of which are coal-fired) and hydropower plants as well as 31 nuclear reactors. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1">Sector Organization </span><br> <div>There are eight separate regional power systems in the Russian electricity sector, seven of which are connected to an integrated power system. These systems are: Northwest, Center, South, Volga, Urals, Western Siberia, Siberia, and <span class="place">Far East</span>. The <span class="place">Far East</span> region is the only one not connected to an integrated power system. Federal Grid Company (FGC), which is more than 70 percent owned by the Russian government, controls most of the transmission and distribution in <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>. The grid comprises almost 2 million miles of power lines, 73,000 miles of which are high-voltage cables over 220 kilovolts (Kv). <p></p> </div> <div>The Russian power sector was recently restructured and much of it was privatized. The reform divided the electricity sector into wholesale companies that participate in a new wholesale market. The countrys transmission grid remains mostly under state control, however the government continues to try and attract private investment into the wholesale and regional generating companies. As part of the market reform, most of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s thermal power was also privatized, however nuclear and hydropower remain under state control. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading2">Nuclear Power</span><br> <div>The Russian government has stated that it intends to expand the role of nuclear and hydropower generation in the future to allow for greater export of fossil fuels, calling for a doubling of the countrys power generation from nuclear plants. In fact, the government has outlined plans for nuclear power to account for up to 25 percent of electric power generation by 2030. <span class="country_region">Russia</span> has an installed nuclear capacity of 23.2 million kilowatts, distributed across 31 operational nuclear reactors at 10 locations, all west of the <span class="place">Ural Mountains</span>. However, <span class="place"><span class="country_region">Russia</span></span>'s nuclear power facilities are aging. Roughly half of the country's 31 nuclear reactors use the RBMK design employed in <span class="country_region">Ukraine</span>'s ill-fated <span class="place">Chernobyl</span> plant. The working life of a reactor is considered to be 30 years and 15 of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>'s plants are 30 or more years old. Some of the older reactors likely will be replaced in the near future, as there are 10 nuclear units currently under construction. <span class="country_region">Russia</span>s newest reactor, the 950-MW <span class="place">Rostov</span> 2 reactor was connected to the grid in March 2010. <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading2">Coal</span><br> <div>With 173 billion short tons, <span class="country_region">Russia</span> holds the world's second largest recoverable coal reserves, behind the <span class="country_region"><span class="place">United States</span></span>, which holds roughly 263 billion short tons. <span class="country_region">Russia</span> produced 323 million short tons in 2009, less than a third of <span class="country_region"><span class="place">U.S.</span></span> coal production. The country consumed roughly 223 million short tons, leaving about 100 million short tons for export. <p></p> </div> <div>Following <span class="country_region"><span class="place">Russia</span></span>s restructuring a few years ago, more than 80 percent of domestic coal production comes from independent producers. Russian coal production increased substantially in 2008, reaching the highest production level since 1996. However, in 2009 the production declined somewhat. The Russian governments strategy to increase coal production and build more coal-fired plants will help reduce demand for natural gas, thus allowing for more natural gas exports. <p></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1"><a name="maps"></a>Maps</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"><span class="cssSubheading1"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading1">Major Pipelines to <span class="place">Europe</span></span><br> <!---Why is this not centered---> <span class="cssSubheading1"> <div> <div align="center" title="Map of major Russian pipelines to Europe" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/2010 Major Oil and Gas Pipelines to Europe.gif" alt="Map of major Russian pipelines to Europe" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div></div> </span><br> <span class="cssSubheading1"></span><br> <!---But... this one is---> <span class="cssSubheading1"><span style="">Russian Proposed Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines to </span><span class="country_region"><span class="place"><span style="">China</span></span></span></span><br> <div> <div align="center" title="Russian proposed oil and natural gas pipelines to China" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/2010 Proposed Pipelines to China.gif" alt="Russian proposed oil and natural gas pipelines to China" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1"></span><br> <span class="cssSubheading1">Major Russian Oil and <span class="place">Natural Gas Basins</span>:</span><br> <div> <div align="center" title="Map of major Russian oil basins" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/RUS_oilmap2.gif" alt="Map of major Russian oil basins" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div> <div align="center" title="Map of major Russian natural gas basins" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/RUS_gasmap2.gif" alt="Map of major Russian natural gas basins" border="0" style="" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <span class="cssSubheading1"><span class="place">Bosporus</span> Bypass Options </span><br> <div> <div align="center" title="map of Bosporus bypass options" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"><img src="images/casp_bosp_bypass_map.gif" alt="map of Bosporus bypass options" border="0" style="border-top-color: this;border-bottom-color: this;border-left-color: this;border-right-color: this;border-top-width: 1pt;border-bottom-width: 1pt;border-left-width: 1pt;border-right-width: 1pt;border-top-style: solid;" class="cabs_graphic"></div> <p></p> </div> <div> <p></p> </div> <div>Other Non-U.S. Government Maps: <p></p> </div> <div><a href="images/GasPipelines%20and%20Fields%20in%20Cent%20Asia%20and%20WChina.gif"><span style="">Oil and Capital (www.oilcapital.ru): Gas pipelines and production in Central Asia and Western China.</span></a> <p></p> </div> <div><a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/caspian_sea_n_rel01.jpg"><span style="">University of Texas: Perry-Castaneda Map Collection: Link to Detailed Map of Caspian Sea (North Region)</span><span style=""><br> </span></a><a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/caspian_sea_s_rel01.jpg"><span style="">University of Texas: Perry-Castaneda Map Collection: Link to Detailed Map of Caspian Sea (South Region)</span></a><br> <a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/caspian_sea_legend01.jpg"><span style="">University of Texas: Perry-Castaneda Map Collection: Link to Detailed Map of Caspian Sea (Legend)</span></a> <p></p> </div> <p></p></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Profile</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"><table summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssHeader2">Energy Overview</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Proven Oil Reserves (January 1, 2010)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">60 billion barrels (Oil and Gas Journal)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Oil Production (2009E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">9,930 thousand barrels per day, of which 96% was crude oil</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Oil Consumption (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">2,850 thousand barrels per day</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Crude Oil Distillation Capacity (2010E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">5,300 thousand barrels per day</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Proven Natural Gas Reserves (January 1, 2010)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">1,680 trillion cubic feet (Oil and Gas Journal)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Natural Gas Production (marketed 2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">23.4 Trillion cubic feet (Tcf)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Natural Gas Consumption (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">12.9 Tcf</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Recoverable Coal Reserves (2005)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">173,000 million short tons</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Coal Production (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">322 million short tons</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Coal Consumption (2009)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">222,600 million short tons</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Electricity Installed Capacity (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">224.2 gigawatts</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Electricity Generation (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">984.5 billion kilowatt hours</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Electricity Consumption (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">857.6 billion kilowatt hours</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Total Energy Consumption (2008)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">29.2 quadrillion Btus*, of which Natural Gas (58%), Oil (14%), Coal (16%), Hydroelectricity (6%), Nuclear (6%), Other Renewables (0%)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Energy Intensity (2007E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">15,312 Btu per $2005-PPP**</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="height:10px"></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssHeader2">Environmental Overview</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions (2008E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">1,729 million metric tons, of which Natural Gas (52%), Coal (26%), Oil (22%)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRow"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Per-Capita, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions (2008E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">12.29 metric tons</td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class="cssProfileRowAlt"> <td class="cssProfileLeft">Carbon Dioxide Intensity (2008E)</td> <td class="cssProfileRight">1.84 Metric tons per thousand $2005-PPP**</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="height:10px"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="cssSmallNote"> * The total energy consumption statistic includes petroleum, dry natural gas, coal, net hydro, nuclear, geothermal, solar, wind, wood and waste electric power.<br> **GDP figures from Global Insight estimates based on purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. </td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Links</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"><span class="cssHeader2">EIA Links</span><br> <a href="http://www.eia.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=RS" target="_newWin">EIA - Russia Country Energy Profile</a><br> <a href="http://www.usaid.gov/locations/europe_eurasia/" target="_newWin">U.S. Agency for International Development (Europe and Eurasia)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ita.doc.gov/energy/" target="_newWin">U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration: Energy Division </a><br> <a href="http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook" target="_newWin">CIA World Factbook </a><br> <a href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/interest/gas_flares.html" target="_newWin">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Gas Flaring </a><br> <a href="http://merln.ndu.edu/index.cfm?secID=112&amp;pageID=3&amp;type=section\ldoe" target="_newWin">Statements and Speeches Concerning Official U.S. Government Policy on Russia</a><br> <a href="http://www.state.gov/p/eur/index.htm" target="_newWin">U.S. Department of State, Office of Europe and Eurasia </a><br> <a href="http://moscow.usembassy.gov/" target="_newWin">U.S. Embassy in Moscow</a><br> <a href="" target="_newWin"></a><br> <p></p> <span class="cssHeader2">General Information</span><br> <a href="http://www.bellona.no/en/international/russia/nuke_industry/index.html" target="_newWin">Bellona - Publication on Russian Nuclear Industry and other Environmental Information </a><br> <a href="http://csis.org/publications/browse/30" target="_newWin">Center for Strategic and International Studies  Russia and Eurasia</a><br> <a href="http://www.gazprom.com/" target="_newWin">Gazprom </a><br> <a href="http://www.globalinsight.com" target="_newWin">Global Insight </a><br> <a href="http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/index.html" target="_newWin">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Power Reactor Information System </a><br> <a href="http://www.iea.org/" target="_newWin">International Energy Agency</a><br> <a href="http://transparency.org/" target="_newWin">Transparency International</a><br> <a href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com" target="_newWin">The Moscow Times</a><br> <a href="http://www.prime-tass.com" target="_newWin">Prime-Tass </a><br> <a href="http://www.rosneft.com/" target="_newWin">Rosneft</a><br> <a href="http://www.sakhalinenergy.com" target="_newWin">Sakhalin Energy</a><br> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org.ru/ECA/Russia.nsf/ECADocByUnid/45C4201C46171B5FC3256E27004536C7?Opendocument" target="_newWin">World Bank- Russian Federation</a><br> <a href="http://www.worldenergy.org/" target="_newWin">World Energy Council</a><br> <p></p></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Sources</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent"> A ssociated Press <br> BBC <br> Central Asia &amp; Caucasus Business Report <br> Caspian News Agency, Caspian Business Report <br> CIA World Factbook <br> The Economist <br> The Financial Times <br> FSU Oil and Gas Monitor <br> Nefte Compass (Energy Intelligence) <br> CIS and Eastern European Energy Databook <br> Institute of Energy Policy (RU) <br> Interfax News Agency <br> IHS Global Insight <br> The Moscow Times <br> Oil and Gas Journal <br> Radio Free Europe <br> Reuters <br> Russian Energy Monthly <br> U.S. Department of Energy <br> U.S. Energy Information Administration <br></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><span class="cssHeader1">Contact Info</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2" class="cssContent">cabs@eia.gov<br> (202)586-8800<br> <a href="mailto:cabs@eia.gov">cabs@eia.gov</a></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>