The global energy system is governed by complex dynamics that play out over time across regions and sectors of the economy. Projected increases in population and incomes drive our expectation of rising energy demand through 2050. However, we expect the increased energy demand to be moderated by reduced energy intensity: less energy will be required for each unit of economic activity. In addition, we expect reduced carbon intensity—largely driven by the wide-scale deployment of renewables for electricity generation—which will help limit global CO2 emissions associated with what will be record -high energy demand. Our International Energy Outlook 2023 (IEO2023) explains our findings and showcases key regional and sectoral variations. We use EIA's detailed World Energy Projection System to produce IEO2023, giving our readers a unique view into future global energy systems.

The International Energy Outlook 2023 (IEO2023) explores long-term energy trends across the world through 2050. Since our last IEO two years ago, IEO2021, the global energy system has evolved against a backdrop of new energy policies, the transition to zero-carbon technologies, energy security concerns, and economic and population growth. While IEO2023 includes several cases to capture important drivers of change, the modeled cases represent a set of policy neutral baselines that place emphasis on the current trajectory of the global energy system.

The International Energy Outlook 2023 (IEO2023) explores long-term energy trends across the world through 2050. We explore three key findings in separate sections of this report, each containing a series of in-depth explanations that include region- and sector-specific insights across modeled cases. IEO2023 includes a series of cases that reflect different assumptions related to macroeconomic growth, technology costs, and fuel prices, although the future remains significantly uncertain.