Vermont Quick Facts
- Vermont consumes more than three times as much energy as it produces, but its total energy consumption is the smallest among the states, which contributes to Vermont having the lowest energy-related carbon dioxide emissions of any state.
- About 58% of Vermont households heat with petroleum products, the third-largest share among the states, and 12% use wood, the highest share in any state. More than one-third of Vermont schoolchildren attend facilities heated by wood products.
- In 2021, Vermont generated almost 100% of its electricity from renewable resources, a larger share than in any other state. About 50% of Vermont's utility-scale in-state electricity generation and 46% of the state's total generation came from conventional hydroelectric power.
- In 2021, Vermont’s five utility-scale wind farms accounted for about 14% of the state’s total electricity net generation, a larger share than in 70% of the states.
- Vermont’s 2016 Comprehensive Energy Plan set an overall goal of obtaining 90% of all energy used in the state from renewable resources by 2050.
Last Updated: October 20, 2022
Data
Last Update: September 21, 2023 | Next Update: October 19, 2023
| Prices | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petroleum | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase | -- | $ 68.58 /barrel | Jun-23 | ||
| Natural Gas | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| City Gate | $ 4.74 /thousand cu ft | $ 4.68 /thousand cu ft | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Residential | $ 22.12 /thousand cu ft | $ 20.16 /thousand cu ft | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Coal | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Average Sales Price | -- | $ 36.50 /short ton | 2021 | ||
| Delivered to Electric Power Sector | -- | $ 2.47 /million Btu | Jun-23 | ||
| Electricity | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Residential | 21.00 cents/kWh | 16.11 cents/kWh | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Commercial | 17.94 cents/kWh | 12.81 cents/kWh | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Industrial | 11.34 cents/kWh | 8.21 cents/kWh | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Reserves | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reserves | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) | -- | -- | 2021 | find more | |
| Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) | -- | -- | 2021 | find more | |
| Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids | -- | -- | 2021 | find more | |
| Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines | -- | -- | 2021 | find more | |
| Rotary Rigs & Wells | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Natural Gas Producing Wells | -- | -- | 2020 | find more | |
| Capacity | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) | -- | -- | 2022 | ||
| Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity | 849 MW | 0.1% | Jun-23 | ||
| Supply & Distribution | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Energy | 38 trillion Btu | * | 2021 | find more | |
| Crude Oil | -- | -- | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Natural Gas - Marketed | -- | -- | 2021 | find more | |
| Coal | -- | -- | 2021 | find more | |
| Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Net Electricity Generation | 108 thousand MWh | * | Jun-23 | ||
| Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | ||
| Petroleum-Fired | NM | 0.3 % | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Natural Gas-Fired | * | 45.3 % | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Coal-Fired | 0.0 % | 16.2 % | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Nuclear | 0.0 % | 18.2 % | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Renewables | 100.0 % | 19.6 % | Jun-23 | ||
| Stocks | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) | -- | -- | Jun-23 | ||
| Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) | 9 thousand barrels | * | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Natural Gas in Underground Storage | -- | -- | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 27 thousand barrels | 0.1% | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 0 thousand tons | 0.0% | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Fueling Stations | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Motor Gasoline | 398 stations | 0.4% | 2021 | ||
| Propane | 2 stations | 0.1% | Aug-23 | ||
| Electric Vehicle Charging Locations | 338 stations | 0.6% | Aug-23 | ||
| E85 | 0 stations | 0.0% | Aug-23 | ||
| Compressed Natural Gas and Other Alternative Fuels | 3 stations | 0.1% | Aug-23 | ||
| Consumption & Expenditures | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary | Vermont | U.S. Rank | Period | ||
| Total Consumption | 129 trillion Btu | 51 | 2021 | find more | |
| Total Consumption per Capita | 199 million Btu | 44 | 2021 | find more | |
| Total Expenditures | $ 2,814 million | 50 | 2021 | find more | |
| Total Expenditures per Capita | $ 4,349 | 19 | 2021 | find more | |
| by End-Use Sector | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Consumption | |||||
| » Residential | 43 trillion Btu | 0.2% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Commercial | 26 trillion Btu | 0.2% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Industrial | 17 trillion Btu | 0.1% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Transportation | 43 trillion Btu | 0.2% | 2021 | find more | |
| Expenditures | |||||
| » Residential | $ 927 million | 0.3% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Commercial | $ 517 million | 0.3% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Industrial | $ 311 million | 0.1% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Transportation | $ 1,059 million | 0.2% | 2021 | find more | |
| by Source | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Consumption | |||||
| » Petroleum | 15 million barrels | 0.2% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Natural Gas | 13 billion cu ft | * | 2021 | find more | |
| » Coal | 0 million short tons | 0.0% | 2021 | find more | |
| Expenditures | |||||
| » Petroleum | $ 1,759 million | 0.2% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Natural Gas | $ 112 million | 0.1% | 2021 | find more | |
| » Coal | $ 0 million | 0.0% | 2021 | find more | |
| Consumption for Electricity Generation | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Petroleum | NM | NM | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Natural Gas | 0 million cu ft | 0.0% | Apr-23 | find more | |
| Coal | 0 thousand short tons | 0.0% | Jun-23 | find more | |
| Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | ||
| Natural Gas | 18.8 % | 46.5 % | 2021 | ||
| Fuel Oil | 38.9 % | 4.1 % | 2021 | ||
| Electricity | 8.3 % | 41.0 % | 2021 | ||
| Propane | 19.2 % | 5.0 % | 2021 | ||
| Other/None | 14.8 % | 3.5 % | 2021 | ||
| Environment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renewable Energy Capacity | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity | 703 MW | 0.2% | Jun-23 | ||
| Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity | -- | -- | 2023 | ||
| Renewable Energy Production | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation | 40 thousand MWh | 0.2% | Jun-23 | ||
| Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation | 39 thousand MWh | 0.1% | Jun-23 | ||
| Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation | 29 thousand MWh | 0.7% | Jun-23 | ||
| Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation | 26 thousand MWh | 0.3% | Jun-23 | ||
| Fuel Ethanol Production | 0 thousand barrels | 0.0% | 2021 | ||
| Renewable Energy Consumption | Vermont | U.S. Rank | Period | find more | |
| Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total | 31.3 % | 6 | 2021 | ||
| Fuel Ethanol Consumption | 660 thousand barrels | 49 | 2021 | ||
| Total Emissions | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Carbon Dioxide | 5.6 million metric tons | 0.1% | 2021 | ||
| Electric Power Industry Emissions | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Carbon Dioxide | 11 thousand metric tons | * | 2021 | ||
| Sulfur Dioxide | * | * | 2021 | ||
| Nitrogen Oxide | 1 thousand metric tons | 0.1% | 2021 | ||
Analysis
Last Updated: October 20, 2022
Overview
Vermont's forest-covered mountains and fast-running rivers are home to substantial renewable energy resources, but the state has no fossil energy reserves.1,2,3 Less than 100 miles across at its widest, Vermont lies between the shores of the Connecticut River on its eastern border with New Hampshire and Lake Champlain and the Hudson River Valley on its western border with New York. The mountains that run the length of Vermont, from Canada in the north to the hills of Massachusetts in the south, occupy most of the state and have Vermont's greatest wind energy resources.4,5,6 Rivers that descend from the mountains and those that border the state provide hydroelectric resources.7 Forests that cover almost four-fifths of Vermont support the state's wood products industry, whose byproducts also fuel electricity generation and provide home heating.8,9 More than one in eight Vermont households use wood for their primary heating source, about nine times more than the national average and the largest share of any state.10
Vermont consumes less energy than any other state and produces less than one-third of the total energy it needs.
Vermont is the second-smallest state by population, after Wyoming, and the eighth-smallest state by area.11,12 More than one-fourth of Vermont's residents live along Lake Champlain in the northwestern county that includes the city of Burlington.13 Most other Vermonters live in small towns and on farms. Based on the percentage of its population that lives in rural census districts, Vermont is one of the two most rural states in the nation.14 In part because of the state's small population, Vermonters use less total energy than the residents of any other state in the nation, and their total energy consumption per capita is among the lowest one-fifth of states.15,16 However, Vermont consumes more than three times as much energy as it produces.17 The residential sector, with its high heating requirements during the state's frigid winters, is the largest energy consumer in the state and accounts for 35% of Vermont's energy consumption, even though about one in seven Vermont homes are occupied only seasonally.18,19 The transportation sector follows at 31% of state energy consumption. The commercial sector uses 20% and the industrial sector accounts for 14%.20
Electricity
More than half of Vermont’s electricity supply comes from out of state.
Vermont's in-state electricity net generation has come almost entirely from renewable resources since the permanent shutdown of the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station at the end of 2014.21,22 Prior to its shutdown, Vermont Yankee alone accounted for about half of the state's generating capacity and typically supplied almost three-fourths of the state's net generation.23
More than half of Vermont's electricity supply now comes from out of state.24 The largest share comes from hydroelectric power, most of it generated in Canada.25 In 2021, Vermont's in-state generation from both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities equaled 40% of the state's retail power sales, and almost half of that came from hydroelectric power.26 Nearly one-fourth came from biomass, primarily from generating units that burn wood and wood-derived fuels. Almost all the rest came from solar and wind. Solar energy's contribution has increased rapidly, and, in 2021, it surpassed wind's contribution for the first time. Natural gas and petroleum fueled minor amounts of Vermont's in-state generation.27
Vermont is a member of the 11-state Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), which was established to cap and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power generation.28 In part because Vermont is one of only a half dozen states that do not have any utility-scale coal-fired electricity generation, the state has the lowest carbon dioxide emissions of any state in the nation.29,30 Proceeds from the sale of RGGI carbon allowances help fund state energy efficiency programs that provide energy efficiency services to consumers.31,32
In 2020, Vermont ranked 10th-lowest among the states in per capita electricity retail sales and 9th-lowest in residential per capita electricity retail sales. However, Vermont ranks lowest in the nation in total electricity retail sales, in part because of its small size.33 Although only about 1 in 12 Vermont households use electricity as their primary home heating source, the residential sector accounts for two-fifths of the state's electricity consumption.34 The commercial sector uses one-third, and the industrial sector purchases one-fourth.35 Vermont's average electricity retail prices across all sectors are the eighth-highest in the nation, and the state's average residential sector prices are the ninth-highest.36
Vermont is the only New England state that did not restructure its electricity industry to allow retail competition. The state has 17 electricity distribution companies. There is 1 investor-owned distribution utility, and there are 14 municipal utilities and 2 rural electric cooperatives.37 In 1956, Vermont's electric utilities pooled their transmission systems to connect with hydroelectric generators in New York and Canada, creating the nation's first statewide transmission-only company.38 That company represents the state's utilities in power pool matters with the New England regional transmission operator, Independent System Operator—New England (ISO-NE). ISO-NE is responsible for managing reliable electricity flow across the six New England states.39
Renewable energy
Renewable resources provided almost 100% of Vermont’s in-state electricity generation in 2021, the largest share for any state.
Vermont has the largest share of in-state electricity net generation from renewable resources of any state, reaching almost 100% in 2020 and 2021.40,41 About 46% of Vermont's total electricity net generation comes from the 47 hydroelectric plants at dams around the state.42 Biomass, almost entirely from wood and wood waste, accounts for 23% of Vermont's total net generation.43 In addition to the about one in eight Vermont households that rely on wood for heat, more than one-third of Vermont children attend a school heated by wood.44,45 Vermont's biomass resources also provide feedstock to the state's one wood pellet manufacturing plant, which has a production capacity of 16,000 tons per year.46
Vermont also generates electricity from solar and wind energy. In 2021, solar energy at utility-scale and small-scale installations accounted for 16% of Vermont's total in-state net generation.47 By the end of June 2022, Vermont had a total of about 288 megawatts of solar capacity installed at large- and small-scale sites across the state.48 The state's largest solar farm, with almost 20 megawatts of generating capacity, began operating in December 2018. Additional solar projects are in development including a 20-megawatt solar farm.49,50 In 2021, Vermont's five utility-scale wind farms contributed 14% of the state's total net generation.51,52 Two of Vermont's commercial wind farms are on mountain crests near the state's southern border. The others, including the state's largest, are located in northern Vermont. The state's utility-scale wind facilities have a combined 150 megawatts of capacity.53 There are also a number of small-scale, but more than 100-kilowatt, wind facilities in northern Vermont.54,55
Vermont enacted a renewable energy standard (RES) in 2015. The standard integrated increasing renewable energy production with reducing total energy use and costs. The RES requires that all retail electricity suppliers in the state obtain 75% of their annual electricity retail sales from eligible renewable sources by 2032, including 10% from new, in-state, renewable generation at customer-sited facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or less.56 The Vermont RES also requires that retail electricity suppliers help consumers reduce their total fossil fuel use in applications that are not used for electricity generation, like home weatherization, geothermal heat pumps, high-efficiency heating systems, biomass heating systems, demand management strategies, electric vehicles, and battery storage of electricity generated by renewable sources.57 Vermont's overall energy goals are to meet 25% of all the state's energy needs from renewable sources by 2025, 45% by 2035, and 90% by 2050.58 In 2020, renewables accounted for almost one third of all energy consumed in the state.59 Vermont allows net metering of up to 500 kilowatts of capacity from customer-sited installations that use renewable resources. State regulations limit net metering of combined heat and power (CHP) systems that use non-renewable fuels to 20 kilowatts and requires that they meet efficiency standards. Vermont does not have a cap on how much of an electricity supplier's peak demand can be net-metered.60
Petroleum
Petroleum, consumed primarily for transportation and home heating, accounts almost three-fifths of Vermont’s energy use.
Vermont has no crude oil reserves or production, nor does it have any petroleum refineries.61 Although there are no petroleum product pipelines in the state, there is a petroleum product terminal in the Burlington area.62 Refined products arrive by rail and truck from neighboring states and Canada.63 One rarely used crude oil pipeline crosses Vermont but makes no deliveries in the state.64 Because of environmental concerns, a proposal to use that pipeline to bring crude oil from Canada and North Dakota to Portland, Maine, for export encountered opposition in Vermont and the other states the pipeline crosses. The plan was dropped in 2021.65,66,67
Almost three-fifths of the energy consumed in Vermont is petroleum-based.68 Although the state uses less petroleum than almost all others, per capita petroleum consumption in Vermont is greater than in about two-thirds of the states.69 Like almost all other states, Vermont's transportation sector consumes the largest share, accounting for slightly more than half of the state's total petroleum use.70 As part of its Comprehensive Energy Plan, Vermont has identified strategies to reduce petroleum consumption in the transportation sector. Those strategies include increased vehicle efficiency, increased use of alternative-fueled vehicles, and land-use planning that reduces the need for automobiles.71 By September 2022, there were about 320 public electric vehicle charging stations available statewide with more than 820 all electric vehicle charging ports.72 Because the entire state meets federal air quality standards, conventional motor gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide. However, almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with at least 10% ethanol.73,74,75 The residential sector accounts for about one-fourth of Vermont's petroleum consumption. About three in five Vermont households use fuel oil, kerosene, or propane to heat their homes, a larger share than in all other states except Maine and New Hampshire.76,77 As a result, the state is particularly vulnerable to heating oil shortages and price spikes during the winter months. The U.S. Department of Energy's Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve—created in 2000 to respond to heating fuel supply disruptions in the region—holds 1 million barrels of ultra-low sulfur heating oil at three storage sites, one each in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.78 The commercial and industrial sectors use almost all the rest of the petroleum consumed in Vermont, and together they accounted for more than one-fifth of the state's total petroleum use. The electric power sector uses a very small amount of the petroleum consumed in Vermont.79
Natural gas
Vermont has no natural gas reserves or production.80 Vermont's single natural gas utility receives its supply from a small-capacity pipeline that brings natural gas south from Canada. However, the company is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% in the next 10 years through increased use of renewable natural gas.81 The utility distributes natural gas in the counties along Lake Champlain down to the Burlington area.82 A 41-mile expansion of natural gas service into Addison County south of Burlington was completed in 2017.83 The northwestern part of the state remains the only area with access to natural gas service. As a result, Vermont is the nation's second-smallest total natural gas consumer, and the second-smallest natural gas consumer on a per capita basis among the states. Only Hawaii uses less natural gas.84
Vermont's commercial sector accounts for almost three-fifths of the natural gas consumed in the state, and the residential sector uses almost three-tenths. Because much of the state's population lives in the Greater Burlington area, almost one in five Vermont households rely on natural gas for their primary home heating fuel.85 The industrial sector consumes most of the rest. The transportation sector uses very small amounts of natural gas as vehicle fuel. The state has three compressed natural gas vehicle fueling stations, all located in the Burlington area.86 The only natural gas used in the electric power sector is used as a secondary energy source at a biomass-fueled power plant and at a natural gas and biomass-fueled combined heat and power plant.87,88
Coal
Vermont does not have any coal mines or coal reserves.89 There are no coal-fired power plants in the state.90 Vermont is part of the six-state ISO-NE regional grid, which receives a decreasing share of its power from coal-fired power plants. In 2021, ISO-NE received only 0.5% of its electricity supply from coal-fired power plants, down from 18% in 2000. However, ISO-NE remains dependent on out-of-state coal-fired facilities during periods of peak electricity demand.91
Endnotes
1 Roberts, Billy J., Forest Residues in the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (January 15, 2014).
2 Samu, N.M., et al., The 2020 National Hydropower Map, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, accessed August 31, 2022.
3 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Vermont, Profile Data, Reserves, accessed August 31, 2022.
4 NETSTATE, Vermont, Vermont Almanac, updated March 9, 2018.
5 Morrissey, Charles Thomas, Vermont, Land, Relief, Britannica, accessed August 31, 2022.
6 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Vermont, accessed August 31, 2022.
7 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Conservation, Hydroelectric Power, accessed August 31, 2022.
8 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Overview of Vermont's Forests, accessed August 31, 2022. Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, All fuels, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Annual, 2020-21.
9 U.S. Census Bureau, Vermont, United States, All states within the United States, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
10 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021.
11 U.S. Census Bureau, Vermont, accessed August 31, 2022.
12 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, All fuels, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Annual, 2020-21.
13 U.S. Census Bureau, Vermont, United States, All states within the United States, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
14 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021.
15 U.S. Census Bureau, Vermont, accessed August 31, 2022.
16 U.S. Census Bureau, County Population Totals: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 (CO-EST2021-POP).
17 Vermont Tax Structure Commission, Population Changes and Vermont State Revenue (December 6, 2019), p. 12.
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2020.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Rankings: Total Energy Consumed per Capita, 2020.
20 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Energy Production and Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2020.
21 Dupigny-Giroux, Lesley-Ann, "Oh, the Maple Sweetness of Vermont's Climate," Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, CoCoRaHS State Climates Series, accessed August 31, 2022.
22 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Vermont, Table B25002, Occupancy Status, 2021, and Vermont Table B25004, Vacancy Status, 2021, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
23 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F33, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2020.
24 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station, updated March 9, 2021.
25 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001-21.
26 U.S. EIA, Vermont Electricity Profile 2020, Table 4, Electric power industry capacity by primary energy source, 1990 through 2020, and Table 5, Electric power industry generation by primary energy source, 1990 through 2020.
27 U.S. EIA, Vermont Electricity Profile 2020, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2020.
28 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2022 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, p. 243.
29 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Vermont, All sectors, Annual, 2021.
30 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2020-21
31 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Elements of RGGI, accessed September 1, 2022.
32 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.4.B.
33 U.S. EIA, Rankings: Total Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2019.
34 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Efficiency Vermont, updated July 28, 2021.
35 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, "Vermont receives record funding for state energy efficiency efforts," Press Release, accessed August 2, 2021.
36 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
37 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Vermont, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
38 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Vermont, End-Use Sector, Check all, Annual 2001-21.
39 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 5.6.B.
40 Vermont Department of Public Service, Electric, Vermont Electric Utilities, accessed September 2, 2022.
41 Vermont Electric Power Company, About Vermont Electric Power Company, accessed September 2, 2022.
42 Vermont Electric Power Company, Who's who in Vermont's electric system, accessed September 2, 2022.
43 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.3.B, 1.4.B, 1.7.B, 1.10.B, 1.11.B, 1.17.B.
44 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, All states, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other resources, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, Monthly, 2001-21.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2022.
46 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2021.
47 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Vermont, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
48 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2016 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, p. 324.
49 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (August 17, 2022), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2022.
50 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, All fuel, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Utility-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
51 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2022), Tables 6.2.B.
52 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2022 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of July 2022.
53 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2022), Table 6.5.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2022.
55 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
56 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (August 2022), Tables 6.2.B.
57 U.S. EIA, Vermont Profile Overview, Wind Power Plant Map Layer with Wind Turbine Layer visible, accessed September 6, 2022.
58 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2016 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, p. 309.
59 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Vermont, Renewable Energy Standard, updated June 27, 2018.
60 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Vermont, Renewable Energy Standard, updated June 27, 2018.
61 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2022 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, Executive Summary, p. ES-1.
62 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020, and Table C12, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Ranked by State, 2020.
63 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Vermont, Net Metering, updated July 2, 2018.
64 U.S. EIA, Vermont Profile Data, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed September 7, 2022.
65 U.S. EIA, Vermont Profile Overview, Petroleum Product Pipeline Map Layer and Petroleum Product Terminal Map Layer, accessed September 7, 2022.
66 Global Companies, LLC, Global Burlington VT, accessed September 7, 2022.
67 Canada Energy Regulator, Pipeline Profiles: Montreal, Pipeline System and Throughput and Capacity, updated September 2018.
68 Herrick, John, "13 Vermont Towns Oppose Reversal of Portland-Montreal Oil Pipeline," VT Digger (March 5, 2014).
69 Tuttle, Robert, "Biden backs Maine town's opposition to Suncor's Montreal pipeline reversal proposal," Financial Post (June 30, 2021).
70 Malo, Sebastian, "Maine pipeline co drops lawsuit over city law that blocked oil export," Reuters (July 16, 2021).
71 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
72 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020,
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
74 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2022 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, Executive Summary, p. ES-10-ES12.
75 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Vermont, Electric, Available, Public access, accessed September 7, 2022.
76 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Reformulated Gasoline, Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure, Gasoline Winter Oxygenates, accessed September 7, 2022.
77 Larson, B. K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements as of January 2018, ExxonMobil (January 2018).
78 "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
79 U.S. Census Bureau, Vermont, United States, All states within the United States, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
80 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
81 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, History, and About NEHHOR, accessed September 7, 2022.
82 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
83 U.S. EIA, Vermont Profile Data, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed September 7, 2022.
84 Vermont Gas Systems, Inc., 2050 Vision, accessed September 7 2022.
85 Vermont Public Service Commission, Natural Gas, and Coverage Map, accessed September 7, 2022.
86 Parent, Beth, "Vermont Gas Completes 41-Mile Expansion, Begins Serving Customers in Addison County," Vermont Gas Press Release (April 12, 2017).
87 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
88 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Vermont, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
89 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Natural Gas Fueling Station Locations, Advanced Filters, Vermont, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Public & private access, Map Results, accessed September 8, 2022.
90 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for natural gas, Vermont, all sectors, 2021.
91 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Vermont, 2016-21.
92 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2020 (October 2021), Tables 1, 15.
93 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3.1, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
94 ISO New England, New England Power Grid 2021-2022 Profile (February 2022).
Other Resources
Energy-Related Regions and Organizations
- Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 1A
- Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): ISO New England (ISO-NE)
- North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC)
Other Websites
- Vermont Public Utility Commission
- Vermont Department of Public Service, Electric
- Vermont Department of Public Service, Renewables
- Vermont Department of Public Service, Efficiency
- Vermont Department for Children and Families, Fuel Assistance
- Vermont Department for Children and Families, Weatherization Program
- Vermont Economic Development Authority, Energy Financing
- Vermont Office of the Governor, Natural Gas and Oil Resources Board
- Vermont Office of the Governor, Natural Resources Board
- Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Grant Program
- EIA Vermont Flickr Album
- Vermont Department of Public Service
- Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
- Benefits.Gov, Housing and Public Utilities
- NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
- National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
- National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
- National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
- EIA New England Dashboard
- The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
- EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
- EIA Energy Disruptions
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs
