Vermont Quick Facts
- In 2022, Vermont consumed four times more energy than it produced, but its total energy consumption was less than in any other state, which contributed to Vermont having the lowest energy-related carbon dioxide emissions among the states.
- About 56% of Vermont households heat with petroleum products, the third-largest share among the states, and about 14% use wood, the highest share in any state.
- In 2023, Vermont generated almost 100% of its electricity from renewable resources, a larger share than in any other state. Conventional hydroelectric power was the largest contributor, with 57%.
- In 2023, Vermont’s five utility-scale wind farms accounted for about 13% of the state’s total electricity net generation, a larger share than in two-thirds of the states.
- Since the retirement of Vermont's only nuclear power plant in 2014, about 80% of the state's electricity supply comes from out of state.
Last Updated: December 19, 2024
Data
Last Update: June 20, 2025 | Next Update: July 17, 2025
| Prices | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petroleum | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase | -- | $ 67.07 /barrel | Mar-25 | ||
| Natural Gas | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| City Gate | $ 5.42 /thousand cu ft | $ 4.88 /thousand cu ft | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Residential | $ 15.95 /thousand cu ft | $ 14.57 /thousand cu ft | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Coal | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Average Sales Price | -- | $ 54.04 /short ton | 2023 | ||
| Delivered to Electric Power Sector | -- | $ 2.44 /million Btu | Mar-25 | ||
| Electricity | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
| Residential | 22.59 cents/kWh | 17.11 cents/kWh | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Commercial | 19.94 cents/kWh | 13.27 cents/kWh | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Industrial | 12.42 cents/kWh | 8.26 cents/kWh | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Reserves | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reserves | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) | -- | -- | 2022 | find more | |
| Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) | -- | -- | 2022 | find more | |
| Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids | -- | -- | 2022 | find more | |
| Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines | -- | -- | 2023 | find more | |
| Rotary Rigs & Wells | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Natural Gas Producing Wells | -- | -- | 2020 | find more | |
| Capacity | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) | -- | -- | 2024 | ||
| Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity | 859 MW | 0.1% | Mar-25 | ||
| Supply & Distribution | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Energy | 28 trillion Btu | * | 2022 | find more | |
| Crude Oil | -- | -- | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas - Marketed | -- | -- | 2023 | find more | |
| Coal | -- | -- | 2023 | find more | |
| Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Net Electricity Generation | 230 thousand MWh | 0.1% | Mar-25 | ||
| Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | ||
| Petroleum-Fired | NM | 0.3 % | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas-Fired | * | 35.6 % | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Coal-Fired | 0.0 % | 14.7 % | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Nuclear | 0.0 % | 18.7 % | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Renewables | 100.0 % | 30.3 % | Mar-25 | ||
| Stocks | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) | -- | -- | Mar-25 | ||
| Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) | 19 thousand barrels | * | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas in Underground Storage | -- | -- | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 26 thousand barrels | 0.1% | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 0 thousand tons | 0.0% | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Fueling Stations | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Motor Gasoline | 389 stations | 0.4% | 2022 | ||
| Propane | 3 stations | 0.1% | May-25 | ||
| Electric Vehicle Charging Locations | 474 stations | 0.7% | May-25 | ||
| E85 | 0 stations | 0.0% | May-25 | ||
| Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels | 3 stations | 0.1% | May-25 | ||
| Consumption & Expenditures | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary | Vermont | U.S. Rank | Period | ||
| Total Consumption | 113 trillion Btu | 51 | 2023 | find more | |
| Total Consumption per Capita | 193 million Btu | 46 | 2022 | find more | |
| Total Expenditures | $ 3,205 million | 50 | 2023 | find more | |
| Total Expenditures per Capita | $ 5,532 | 21 | 2022 | find more | |
| by End-Use Sector | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Consumption | |||||
| » Residential | 33 trillion Btu | 0.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Commercial | 23 trillion Btu | 0.1% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Industrial | 15 trillion Btu | * | 2023 | find more | |
| » Transportation | 43 trillion Btu | 0.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| Expenditures | |||||
| » Residential | $ 1,020 million | 0.3% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Commercial | $ 566 million | 0.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Industrial | $ 321 million | 0.1% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Transportation | $ 1,298 million | 0.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| by Source | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
| Consumption | |||||
| » Petroleum | 14 million barrels | 0.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Natural Gas | 13 billion cu ft | * | 2023 | find more | |
| » Coal | 0 thousand short tons | 0.0% | 2023 | find more | |
| Expenditures | |||||
| » Petroleum | $ 2,107 million | 0.2% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Natural Gas | $ 125 million | 0.1% | 2023 | find more | |
| » Coal | -- | -- | 2023 | find more | |
| Consumption for Electricity Generation | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Petroleum | NM | NM | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Natural Gas | 1 million cu ft | * | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Coal | 0 thousand tons | 0.0% | Mar-25 | find more | |
| Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) | Vermont | U.S. Average | Period | ||
| Natural Gas | 17.2 % | 46.0 % | 2023 | ||
| Fuel Oil | 36.5 % | 3.7 % | 2023 | ||
| Electricity | 10.0 % | 41.7 % | 2023 | ||
| Propane | 19.6 % | 5.0 % | 2023 | ||
| Other/None | 16.7 % | 3.5 % | 2023 | ||
| Environment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renewable Energy Capacity | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity | 712 MW | 0.2% | Mar-25 | ||
| Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity | -- | -- | 2024 | ||
| Renewable Energy Production | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation | 134 thousand MWh | 0.6% | Mar-25 | ||
| Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation | 66 thousand MWh | 0.1% | Mar-25 | ||
| Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation | 29 thousand MWh | 0.7% | Mar-25 | ||
| Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation | 22 thousand MWh | 0.3% | Mar-25 | ||
| Fuel Ethanol Production | 0 thousand barrels | 0.0% | 2022 | ||
| Renewable Energy Consumption | Vermont | U.S. Rank | Period | find more | |
| Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total | 24.5 % | 6 | 2022 | ||
| Fuel Ethanol Consumption | 664 thousand barrels | 49 | 2022 | ||
| Total Emissions | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Carbon Dioxide | 5.5 million metric tons | 0.1% | 2022 | ||
| Electric Power Industry Emissions | Vermont | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
| Carbon Dioxide | 9 thousand metric tons | * | 2023 | ||
| Sulfur Dioxide | 0 thousand metric tons | 0.0% | 2023 | ||
| Nitrogen Oxide | 1 thousand metric tons | 0.1% | 2023 | ||
Analysis
Last Updated: December 19, 2024
Overview
Vermont is the only New England state without an Atlantic Ocean coastline. The state's forest-covered mountains and fast-running rivers are home to substantial renewable energy resources, but the state has no fossil energy reserves.1,2,3,4 Less than 100 miles across at its widest, Vermont lies between the shores of the Connecticut River on its eastern border with New Hampshire and Lake Champlain and the Hudson River Valley on its western border with New York. The mountains that run the length of Vermont, from Canada in the north to the hills of Massachusetts in the south, occupy most of the state and have Vermont's greatest wind energy resources.5,6,7 Rivers that flow from the mountains and those that form the state's borders provide hydroelectric resources.8 Forests that cover almost three-fourths of Vermont support the state's wood products industry, whose byproducts also fuel electricity generation and provide home heating.9 More than one in eight Vermont households use wood for their primary heating source, more than 10 times the national average and the largest share of any state.10
Vermont is the second-smallest state by population, after Wyoming, and the eighth-smallest state by area.11,12 More than one-fourth of Vermont's residents live around Lake Champlain in the northwestern county of Chittenden that includes the city of Burlington, the largest city in the state.13,14 Most other Vermonters live in small towns and on farms. Based on the percentage of its population that lives in rural census districts, Vermont is the second-most rural state, after Maine, in the nation.15 In part because of the state's small population, Vermonters use less total energy than the residents of any other state in the nation, and their total energy consumption per capita is among the lowest 10 states.16,17 Vermont produces less than one-fourth of the total energy it consumes.18 The transportation sector accounts for almost 34% of state energy consumption. The residential sector, with its high heating requirements during the state's cold, snowy winters, closely follows with 33% of Vermont's energy consumption, even though one in six homes are occupied only seasonally.19,20,21 The commercial sector uses 20%. The industrial sector, which includes the manufacture of electrical components, food production, and agriculture, accounts for about 13% of state energy use.22,23 Although agricultural production and processing generate only about 3% of Vermont's GDP, the state is the largest producer of maple syrup in the nation.24,25
Vermont has the lowest carbon dioxide emissions of any state in the nation.
Vermont is a member of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), which was established in 2005 to cap and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power generation.26 The state has the lowest carbon dioxide emissions of any state in the nation.27 Proceeds from the sale of RGGI carbon allowances help fund state energy efficiency programs that provide energy efficiency services to consumers.28,29
Electricity
More than 80% of Vermont’s electricity supply comes from out of state.
Vermont's in-state electricity net generation has come almost entirely from renewable resources since the permanent shutdown of the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station at the end of 2014. Prior to its shutdown, Vermont Yankee alone accounted for about half of the state's generating capacity and typically supplied between 70% to 80% of the state's net generation.30,31,32 Since the power plant's closure, more than 80% of Vermont's electricity supply comes from out of state.33 The largest share of the state's electricity comes from hydroelectric power, most of it generated in Canada.34 In 2023, the largest share of Vermont's in-state electricity generation came from hydroelectric power, about 57%. Solar, biomass, and wind supplied almost all the rest. Solar energy's contribution has increased steadily since 2011. Solar generation at both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities has surpassed wind's contribution each year since 2021. Natural gas and petroleum-fired generation are used when needed for grid reliability and when power demand is high. They fueled minor amounts of Vermont's in-state generation in 2023.35
Vermont ranks tenth lowest among the states in per capita electricity sales and ninth lowest in residential per capita electricity sales. However, Vermont is lowest in the nation in total electricity retail sales.36 Although only about 1 in 10 Vermont households use electricity as their primary home heating source and a similar proportion use air conditioning, the residential sector accounts for two-fifths of the state's electricity consumption. The commercial sector uses more than one-third, and the industrial sector accounts for about one-fourth.37,38,39 Vermont's average electricity price is the 10th-highest in the nation.40
Vermont is the only New England state that has not restructured its electricity industry to allow retail competition. The state has 17 electricity distribution companies: 1 investor-owned distribution utility, 14 municipal utilities, and 2 rural electric cooperatives.41 In 1956, Vermont's electric utilities pooled their transmission systems to connect with hydroelectric generators in New York and Canada, creating the nation's first statewide transmission-only company.42 That company represents the state's utilities in power pool matters with the New England regional transmission operator, Independent System Operator—New England (ISO-NE), which is responsible for managing reliable electricity flow across the six New England states.43,44
Vermont has the highest number of electric vehicle charging locations per capita. However, the state ranks 32nd in the nation in terms of total public charging locations, with 426 as of October 2024.45,46
Renewable energy
Renewable resources provided nearly 100% of Vermont’s in-state electricity generation in 2023, the largest share for any state.
Vermont has the largest share of in-state electricity net generation from renewable resources of any state, reaching almost 100% every year since 2015.47 In 2023, conventional hydroelectric power was the largest source of in-state electricity generation at 57%.48 Most of Vermont's 47 hydroelectric plants are run-of-river plants, which means they do not have a reservoir.49,50
In 2023, solar energy from both utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) photovoltaic installations accounted for about 16% of Vermont's total generation.51 By September 2024, Vermont had about 333 megawatts of solar capacity installed at large- and small-scale sites across the state.52 The state's largest solar farm, with almost 20 megawatts of generating capacity, began operating in December 2018. Two new solar farms, 20 megawatts and 2 megawatts in size, are scheduled to come online by the end of 2025.53
Biomass, almost entirely from wood and wood waste, accounted for about 15% of Vermont's total generation in 2023.54 In addition to the one in eight Vermont households that rely on wood for heat, one in three Vermont students attend a school heated with wood.55,56 Vermont's biomass resources also provide feedstock to the state's one wood pellet manufacturing plant, which has a production capacity of 14,000 tons per year.57 Vermont has two utility-scale wood-fired power plants.58 As part of its renewable energy goals, Vermont is looking to meet 35% of its thermal energy needs from wood by 2030.59
In 2023, Vermont's five utility-scale wind farms contributed about 13% of the state's total generation, a larger share than in two-thirds of the states.60,61 Two of Vermont's commercial wind farms are on mountain crests near the state's southern border. The others, including the state's largest, are located in northern Vermont, where the states best wind resources are located.62,63 The state's utility-scale wind facilities have about 150 megawatts of combined capacity.64
Vermont enacted a renewable energy standard (RES) in 2015, which was updated in June 2024. The RES requires that the state's retail electricity suppliers obtain 63% of their annual electricity sales from eligible renewable sources by 2025, increasing by at least 4% every three years until reaching 100% by 2030, including a 5.8% carve-out for new, in-state, renewable generation at customer-sited facilities with capacities of 5 megawatts or less. Municipal utilities with 7,000 or fewer customers have a lower requirement.65 Vermont joins 24 other states and territories that have introduced 100% renewable energy goals.66 The state allows net metering of up to 500 kilowatts of capacity from customer-sited installations that use eligible renewable resources. State regulations limit net metering of combined heat and power systems that use non-renewable fuels to 20 kilowatts and requires that they meet efficiency standards.67
Petroleum
Vermont has no crude oil reserves or production, nor does it have any petroleum refineries.68 Although there are no petroleum product pipelines in the state, there is a petroleum product terminal in the Burlington area.69 Refined products arrive by rail and truck from neighboring states and Canada.70 One intermittently-used crude oil pipeline, the Portland-Montreal pipeline, crosses Vermont, but makes no deliveries in the state.71
Petroleum, consumed primarily for transportation and home heating, accounts for almost three-fifths of Vermont’s energy use.
In 2022, about 57% of the energy consumed in Vermont was petroleum-based, the second highest share in the nation, after Hawaii.72 Although the state uses less petroleum than all the other states, Vermont uses more petroleum per capita than almost two-thirds of the states.73 Vermont's transportation sector consumes the largest share, accounting for almost three-fifths of the state's total petroleum use.74 Vermont has identified strategies to reduce petroleum consumption in the transportation sector, including increased vehicle efficiency, increased use of alternative-fueled vehicles, increased use of biofuels, and land-use planning that reduces the need for automobiles.75 The residential sector accounts for nearly one-fourth of Vermont's petroleum consumption.76 Almost 6 in 10 Vermont households use fuel oil, kerosene, or propane to heat their homes, a larger share than in all other states except Maine and New Hampshire.77 As a result, the state is particularly vulnerable to heating oil shortages and price spikes during the winter months. The U.S. Department of Energy's Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve—created in 2000 in response to heating fuel supply disruptions in the region—holds 1 million barrels of heating oil at storage sites in four states.78,79 The commercial and industrial sectors use almost all the rest of the petroleum consumed in Vermont, and together they accounted for about one-fifth of the state's total petroleum use in 2022. The electric power sector intermittently uses a very small amount of petroleum.80
Natural gas
Vermont has no natural gas reserves or production.81 Vermont's single natural gas utility receives its supply from a small-capacity pipeline that brings natural gas south from Canada. The utility is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% in the next 10 years through increased use of renewable natural gas.82,83 The utility distributes natural gas in the counties along Lake Champlain down to the Burlington area and Addison County.84 The northwestern part of the state remains the only area with access to natural gas service.85 As a result, Vermont is the nation's second-smallest total natural gas consumer and the second-smallest natural gas consumer on a per capita basis among the states. Only Hawaii uses less natural gas.86
Vermont's commercial sector accounts for about 55% of the natural gas consumed in the state, and the residential sector uses almost 29%.87 Because much of the state's population lives in the Greater Burlington area, nearly one in six Vermont households rely on natural gas for their primary home heating fuel.88,89 The industrial sector consumes most of the rest. The transportation sector uses very small amounts of natural gas as vehicle fuel.90 The state has two compressed natural gas vehicle fueling stations, all located near Burlington.91 The only natural gas used in the electric power sector is consumed as a secondary energy source at a biomass-fueled power plant and at a natural gas and biomass-fueled combined heat and power plant.92,93
Coal
Vermont does not have any coal mines or coal reserves and there are no coal-fired power plants in the state.94,95 Vermont is part of the six-state ISO-NE regional grid, which receives a decreasing share of its power from coal-fired power plants. In 2023, ISO-NE received less than 0.2% of its electricity supply from coal-fired power plants. However, ISO-NE remains dependent on out-of-state coal-fired facilities during periods of peak electricity demand.96
Endnotes
1 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missions, Civil Works, Shore Bank Protection, Vermont, accessed November 1, 2024.
2 Roberts, Billy J., Forest Residues in the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (January 15, 2014).
3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The 2020 National Hydropower Map, updated October 1, 2024.
4 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Vermont, Profile Data, Reserves, and Environment, accessed November 1, 2024.
5 NETSTATE, Vermont, Vermont Almanac, updated March 9, 2018.
6 Sanford, Gregory and Charles Thomas Morrissey, Vermont, Land, Relief, Britannica, updated October 26, 2024.
7 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Vermont, accessed November 1, 2024.
8 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Conservation, Hydroelectric Power, accessed November 1, 2024.
9 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Wood Energy, accessed November 1, 2024.
10 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, United States, All states within the United States, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
11 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023.
12 U.S. Census Bureau, Vermont, accessed November 1, 2024.
13 U.S. Census Bureau, County Population Totals: 2020-2023, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 (CO-EST2022-POP), Vermont.
14 State of Vermont, Historic Downtown Burlington, accessed November 1, 2024.
15 Vermont Tax Structure Commission, Population Changes and Vermont State Revenue (December 6, 2019), p. 11-12.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Rankings: Total Energy Consumed per Capita, 2022.
18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Energy Production and Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
19 North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, NOAA National Center for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Vermont, accessed November 1, 2024.
20 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25002, Occupancy Status, Vermont and Table B25004, Vacancy Status, Vermont, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
21 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
22 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
23 NETSTATE, Vermont Economy, updated December 19, 2017.
24 University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture, Research & Extension, Economic Impact of Agriculture, Vermont, accessed November 6, 2024.
25 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Region, Maple Syrup Report (June 10, 2022).
26 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Inc., A brief history of RGGI and Elements of RGGI, accessed December 2, 2024.
27 U.S. EIA, Environment, Energy-Related CO2 Emission Data Tables (October 29, 2024), Table 1, State Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Year, XLSX.
28 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Efficiency Vermont, updated January 18, 2024.
29 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, "Vermont receives record funding for state energy efficiency efforts," Press Release, accessed November 4, 2024.
30 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station, updated March 9, 2021.
31 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001-23.
32 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Vermont Electricity Profile 2023, Table 4, Electric power industry capacity by primary energy source, 1990 through 2023, and Table 5, Electric power industry generation by primary energy source, 1990 through 2023.
33 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Vermont Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2023.
34 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2022 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, p. 243.
35 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001-23.
36 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
37 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Vermont, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
38 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Consumption and expenditures, Table CE4.1EL.ST - Electricity by end use by state - totals, 2020.
39 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Vermont, End-Use Sector, Check all, Annual 2022.
40 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 5.6.B.
41 Vermont Department of Public Service, Electric, Vermont Electric Utilities, accessed November 4, 2024.
42 Vermont Electric Power Company, Who We Are, accessed November 4, 2024.
43 Vermont Electric Power Company, What We Do, accessed November 4, 2024.
44 ISO-New England, Who We Are, accessed November 4, 2024.
45 State of Vermont, Agency of Transportation, National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program, accessed November 5, 2024.
46 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (November 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
47 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, All states, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2015-23.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001-23.
49 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024.
50 Dowds, Jonathan, "Getting the most from Vermont's hydro power," Mountain Times (July 10, 2024).
51 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Utility-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
52 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (September 2024), Tables 6.2.B.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of October 2024.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Vermont, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2023.
55 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Vermont, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
56 State of Vermont, Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Wood Energy, accessed November 6, 2024.
57 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (November 1, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, August 2024.
58 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024.
59 State of Vermont, Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Wood Energy, accessed November 6, 2024.
60 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of October 2024.
61 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, All states, All fuels, Wind, Small-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
62 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: Vermont, Wind Power Plants, accessed November 6, 2024.
63 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Vermont 50-Meter Community-Scale Wind Resource Map, accessed November 6, 2024.
64 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (September 2024), Table 6.2.B.
65 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Vermont, Renewable Energy Standard, updated June 20, 2024.
66 Clean Energy States Alliance, Table of 100% Clean Energy States, accessed November 6, 2024.
67 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Vermont, Net Metering, updated June 18, 2024.
68 U.S. EIA, Vermont Profile Data, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed November 5, 2024.
69 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: Vermont, Petroleum Product Pipelines, accessed November 5, 2024.
70 Global Companies, LLC, Global Burlington VT, accessed November 5, 2024.
71 Canada Energy Regulator, Pipeline Profiles: Montreal and Throughput and capacity, accessed November 4, 2024.
72 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
73 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
74 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
75 Vermont Department of Public Service, 2022 Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, Executive Summary, p. ES9-ES12.
76 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
77 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Vermont, United States, All states within the United States, 2023, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
78 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, Petroleum Reserves, NHHOR History and The Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, accessed November 29, 2024.
79 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Northeast Reserves, accessed November 29, 2024.
80 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
81 U.S. EIA, Vermont Profile Data, Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed November 4, 2024.
82 State of Vermont, Public Utility Commission, Natural Gas, accessed November 4, 2024.
83 Vermont Gas Systems, Inc., "VGS Targets Elimination of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2025," Press Release (November 14, 2019).
84 Vermont Public Service Commission, Natural Gas and Coverage Map, accessed November 4, 2024.
85 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: Vermont, Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed November 4, 2024.
86 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
87 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Vermont, 2018-23.
88 Vermont Center for Geographic Information, 2020 Census Data (August 12, 2021).
89 U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Vermont, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
90 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Vermont, 2018-23.
91 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, Vermont, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Public & private access, accessed November 4, 2024.
92 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for natural gas, Vermont, all sectors, 2023.
93 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Vermont, 2018-23.
94 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Tables 1, 15.
95 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.4.B.
96 ISO New England, Resource Mix, Sources of Electricity Used in 2023, accessed December 9, 2024.
Other Resources
Energy-Related Regions and Organizations
- Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 1A
- Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): ISO New England (ISO-NE)
- North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC)
Other Websites
- Vermont Public Utility Commission
- Vermont Department of Public Service, Electric
- Vermont Department of Public Service, Renewables
- Vermont Department of Public Service, Efficiency
- Vermont Department for Children and Families, Fuel Assistance
- Vermont Department for Children and Families, Weatherization Assistance Program
- Vermont Economic Development Authority, Energy Financing
- Vermont Office of the Governor, Natural Gas and Oil Resources Board
- Vermont Office of the Governor, Natural Resources Board
- Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Grant Program
- State of Vermont Agency of Transportation, Clean Transportation Incentives
- EIA Vermont Flickr Album
- Vermont Department of Public Service
- Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
- USA.Gov, Get help with energy bills
- NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
- National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
- National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
- National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Community Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Maps
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Energy Flow Charts
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), SLOPE: State and Local Planning for Energy
- EIA New England Dashboard
- The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
- EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
- EIA Energy Disruptions Maps
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development Energy Programs
