South Dakota Quick Facts
- South Dakota is the nation's fourth-largest fuel ethanol producer and accounted for about 9% of total U.S. fuel ethanol output in 2022. The state's 16 fuel ethanol plants can produce about 34 million barrels annually.
- In 2023, renewable resources generated 77% of South Dakota's total in-state electricity net generation (including small-scale solar). Wind power provided 55% of South Dakota’s total electricity generation, a larger share than any other state except Iowa.
- Crude oil production in South Dakota has ranged between about 1 million and 2 million barrels per year for four decades. In 2023, production fell to 929,000 barrels, the lowest level since before 1981.
- South Dakota uses less total petroleum than all but three other states. However, in part because of the state’s small population, its petroleum use per capita is among the highest 10 states.
- Wind power exceeded hydropower's contribution to South Dakota's in-state electricity generation for the first time in 2021. Wind energy generated nearly three times times as much electricity as hydropower in the state in 2023.
Last Updated: August 15, 2024
Data
Last Update: November 21, 2024 | Next Update: December 19, 2024
Prices | |||||
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Petroleum | South Dakota | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase | $ 70.85 /barrel | $ 74.97 /barrel | Aug-24 | ||
Natural Gas | South Dakota | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
City Gate | NA | $ 4.23 /thousand cu ft | Aug-24 | find more | |
Residential | NA | $ 23.40 /thousand cu ft | Aug-24 | find more | |
Coal | South Dakota | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
Average Sales Price | -- | $ 54.04 /short ton | 2023 | ||
Delivered to Electric Power Sector | $ 2.40 /million Btu | $ 2.44 /million Btu | Aug-24 | ||
Electricity | South Dakota | U.S. Average | Period | find more | |
Residential | 13.85 cents/kWh | 16.63 cents/kWh | Aug-24 | find more | |
Commercial | 10.99 cents/kWh | 13.39 cents/kWh | Aug-24 | find more | |
Industrial | 8.67 cents/kWh | 8.72 cents/kWh | Aug-24 | find more |
Reserves | |||||
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Reserves | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) | 9 million barrels | * | 2022 | find more | |
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) | -- | -- | 2022 | find more | |
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids | -- | -- | 2022 | find more | |
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines | -- | -- | 2023 | find more | |
Rotary Rigs & Wells | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Natural Gas Producing Wells | 91 wells | * | 2020 | find more | |
Capacity | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) | -- | -- | 2024 | ||
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity | 6,927 MW | 0.6% | Aug-24 |
Supply & Distribution | |||||
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Production | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Total Energy | 240 trillion Btu | 0.2% | 2022 | find more | |
Crude Oil | 3 thousand barrels per day | * | Aug-24 | find more | |
Natural Gas - Marketed | 125 million cu ft | * | 2023 | find more | |
Coal | -- | -- | 2023 | find more | |
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Total Net Electricity Generation | 1,603 thousand MWh | 0.4% | Aug-24 | ||
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) | South Dakota | U.S. Average | Period | ||
Petroleum-Fired | NM | 0.2 % | Aug-24 | find more | |
Natural Gas-Fired | 16.3 % | 48.0 % | Aug-24 | find more | |
Coal-Fired | 9.0 % | 16.3 % | Aug-24 | find more | |
Nuclear | 0.0 % | 16.5 % | Aug-24 | find more | |
Renewables | 74.4 % | 18.8 % | Aug-24 | ||
Stocks | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) | 7 thousand barrels | 0.1% | Aug-24 | ||
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) | 612 thousand barrels | 0.6% | Aug-24 | find more | |
Natural Gas in Underground Storage | -- | -- | Aug-24 | find more | |
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers | 55 thousand barrels | 0.2% | Aug-24 | find more | |
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers | W | W | Aug-24 | find more | |
Fueling Stations | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
Motor Gasoline | 578 stations | 0.5% | 2022 | ||
Propane | 16 stations | 0.7% | Oct-24 | ||
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations | 106 stations | 0.2% | Oct-24 | ||
E85 | 77 stations | 1.7% | Oct-24 | ||
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels | 0 stations | 0.0% | Oct-24 |
Consumption & Expenditures | |||||
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Summary | South Dakota | U.S. Rank | Period | ||
Total Consumption | 358 trillion Btu | 44 | 2022 | find more | |
Total Consumption per Capita | 394 million Btu | 9 | 2022 | find more | |
Total Expenditures | $ 6,060 million | 47 | 2022 | find more | |
Total Expenditures per Capita | $ 6,660 | 7 | 2022 | find more | |
by End-Use Sector | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
Consumption | |||||
» Residential | 49 trillion Btu | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Commercial | 42 trillion Btu | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Industrial | 166 trillion Btu | 0.5% | 2022 | find more | |
» Transportation | 102 trillion Btu | 0.4% | 2022 | find more | |
Expenditures | |||||
» Residential | $ 932 million | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Commercial | $ 689 million | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Industrial | $ 1,236 million | 0.4% | 2022 | find more | |
» Transportation | $ 3,204 million | 0.4% | 2022 | find more | |
by Source | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | ||
Consumption | |||||
» Petroleum | 23 million barrels | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Natural Gas | 96 billion cu ft | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Coal | 1,511 thousand short tons | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
Expenditures | |||||
» Petroleum | $ 3,979 million | 0.4% | 2022 | find more | |
» Natural Gas | $ 749 million | 0.3% | 2022 | find more | |
» Coal | $ 53 million | 0.2% | 2022 | find more | |
Consumption for Electricity Generation | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Petroleum | NM | NM | Aug-24 | find more | |
Natural Gas | 2,105 million cu ft | 0.1% | Aug-24 | find more | |
Coal | 91 thousand tons | 0.2% | Aug-24 | find more | |
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) | South Dakota | U.S. Average | Period | ||
Natural Gas | 48.2 % | 46.2 % | 2022 | ||
Fuel Oil | 1.4 % | 3.9 % | 2022 | ||
Electricity | 31.0 % | 41.3 % | 2022 | ||
Propane | 15.6 % | 5.0 % | 2022 | ||
Other/None | 3.8 % | 3.5 % | 2022 |
Environment | |||||
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Renewable Energy Capacity | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity | 4,977 MW | 1.4% | Aug-24 | ||
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity | 1,487 million gal/year | 8.3% | 2024 | ||
Renewable Energy Production | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation | 351 thousand MWh | 1.6% | Aug-24 | ||
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation | 840 thousand MWh | 1.6% | Aug-24 | ||
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation | NM | NM | Aug-24 | ||
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation | 1 thousand MWh | * | Aug-24 | ||
Fuel Ethanol Production | 31,448 thousand barrels | 8.6% | 2022 | ||
Renewable Energy Consumption | South Dakota | U.S. Rank | Period | find more | |
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total | 36.3 % | 1 | 2022 | ||
Fuel Ethanol Consumption | 1,222 thousand barrels | 43 | 2022 | ||
Total Emissions | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Carbon Dioxide | 15.6 million metric tons | 0.3% | 2022 | ||
Electric Power Industry Emissions | South Dakota | Share of U.S. | Period | find more | |
Carbon Dioxide | 2,926 thousand metric tons | 0.2% | 2023 | ||
Sulfur Dioxide | 1 thousand metric tons | 0.1% | 2023 | ||
Nitrogen Oxide | 3 thousand metric tons | 0.3% | 2023 |
Analysis
Last Updated: August 15, 2024
Overview
South Dakota stretches from fertile lowlands in the eastern part of the state across rolling hills, canyons, and buttes to the state's famous Badlands and Black Hills in the west. The state's modest crude oil and natural gas reserves are concentrated in western South Dakota.1,2,3,4 However, substantial renewable resources are found statewide. The Missouri River, the longest river in North America, cuts across central South Dakota and, along with its many tributaries, provides this landlocked state with abundant hydroelectric resources.5,6 Four of the six major hydroelectric dams along the Missouri River are located in South Dakota.7 Winds that blow unobstructed across the state's broad plains and prairie provide a significant wind energy resource.8,9 Solar resources are found statewide but are greatest in southwestern South Dakota, and much of the western two-thirds of the state also has geothermal resources.10,11 Biomass, from the state's more than 43 million acres of farmland and from its western forests, provides additional renewable resources.12,13,14 Uranium, the source for nuclear reactor fuel, was found in western South Dakota in the early 1950s. Although it is not currently mined in the state, a uranium in-situ leach mining project is in development.15,16
South Dakota’s industrial sector accounts for almost half of the state’s total energy use.
The industrial sector, which accounts for almost half of the state's total energy use, is South Dakota's leading energy consumer, and agriculture is the state's primary industry.17,18 In addition to farming and food production, the state's manufactured products include machinery, chemicals, fabricated metal products, and transportation equipment.19 The Black Hills, along the state's western border, are a mineral-rich area with gold, silver, copper, and lead deposits.20 South Dakota's Homestake Mine had the largest single gold deposit ever found in the Western Hemisphere and produced more than 40 million ounces of gold during its 125-year history. In 2001, the mine closed, and it became an important deep underground scientific research site.21,22 South Dakota is still a leading gold producer. Other large-scale energy-intensive mining activities continue in the state, including the extraction of mica, sand, gravel, crushed stone, and clay.23 Natural gas and crude oil production contribute to the state's energy-intensive mining activities as well.24
South Dakota's transportation sector accounts for about three-tenths of the state's total energy consumption, and the residential and commercial sectors split the remaining one-fourth.25 In part because South Dakota's population is less than in all but four other states, its total energy consumption ranks among the lowest 10 states in the nation.26,27 However, because of its energy-intensive industries and a climate typified by hot summers and exceptionally cold winters, South Dakota ranks 16th among the top energy-consuming states in the nation on a per capita basis and the state consumes about 50% more energy than it produces.28,29,30
Electricity
In 2023, natural gas surpassed coal to become South Dakota’s third-largest source of in-state generation.
In 2023, wind provided 55% of South Dakota's total electricity net generation. Wind surpassed the state's previous leading electricity source, hydroelectric power, for the first time in 2021. Hydropower accounted for 21% of the state's generation in 2023. Natural gas surpassed coal in 2023 to become the third-largest source of in-state generation.31
Three of South Dakota's four largest power plants by capacity and the two largest by generation are hydroelectric facilities located on the upper Missouri River and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.32 The northernmost is the Oahe Dam, which forms a 231-mile-long lake that is the fourth-largest man-made reservoir in the nation. It began generating hydroelectric power in 1962. Downstream is the Big Bend Dam, whose power plant went into operation in 1964. The Fort Randall Dam, just north of the Nebraska state line, is the oldest of the three and first produced power in March 1954. Water released from those and other upstream dams is stored in Lewis and Clark Lake behind South Dakota's fourth large federal dam, Gavins Point. That dam straddles the border between South Dakota and Nebraska; however, its power plant is on the Nebraska side. The Gavins Point Dam plays an important role in controlling the water flow on the 800 miles of open river between the South Dakota border and St. Louis, Missouri.33,34 The state's only other utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger capacity) hydroelectric power plant, Spearfish Hydro, has 4 megawatts of generating capacity and has been in operation since 1912.35
South Dakota's remaining net generation comes almost entirely from natural gas and coal. Coal's contribution declined from more than half of the state's net generation in 2008 to 9% in 2023. Natural gas exceeded coal and provided about 14% of South Dakota's net generation in 2023. Petroleum, biomass, and solar energy together contributed less than 1%.36 South Dakota does not have any nuclear power plants.37
South Dakota consumes less electricity than all but seven other states.38,39 However, because of its small population, South Dakota's per capita electricity consumption is greater than in 35 of the states.40 Electricity sales have steadily increased for more than two decades. In 2023, the residential sector accounted for about 40% of the state's electricity sales, followed closely by the commercial sector at about 37%. Most of the rest was purchased by the industrial sector.41 Per capita electricity sales to South Dakota's residential sector are more than in almost three-fourths of the states, in part because almost one-third of households uses electricity for home heating during the state's extremely cold winters.42,43,44
In May 2024, South Dakota had about 100 public electric vehicle charging locations.45 The majority of these charging locations are in and around Sioux Falls and Rapid City, as well as along the major highways throughout the state.46 As part of the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Grand Program, the South Dakota Department of Transportation is looking to expand the state's charging network through both public and private investments. Their plan is to have no more than a 50-mile distance between charging locations.47
Renewable energy
In 2023, wind supplied 55% of the South Dakota’s total in-state net generation, a larger share than in all other states except Iowa.
Renewable resources generated 77% of South Dakota's total in-state electricity in 2023, almost all of it from wind and hydroelectric power. After surpassing hydroelectric power's contribution to in-state electricity generation in 2021, wind provided nearly three times as much electricity as hydropower in 2023.48 The state has some of the best onshore wind resources in the nation, and in 2023, wind supplied 55% of South Dakota's total in-state net generation, a larger share than in all other states except Iowa.49,50 In mid-2024, South Dakota had about 3,200 megawatts of wind energy capacity at 24 active wind farms.51,52 Two 200-megawatt wind farms came online in 2023—the Sweetland Wind Farm and North Bend Wind Project.53 Hydropower accounted for 21% of the state's total electricity generation in 2023, down from 55% in 2019, due in part to drought conditions in some areas of the state.54,55,56
South Dakota's agricultural activities and forest waste provide the state with important renewable resources. South Dakota is one of the nation's top corn producers, and the abundant corn crop is used, in part, to supply the feedstock for the state's fuel ethanol production industry.57,58 South Dakota is among the top five fuel ethanol producers in the nation, accounting for about 9% of total U.S. fuel ethanol output.59,60 The state's 16 fuel ethanol plants can produce about 34 million barrels per year. Only about 1.2 million barrels of fuel ethanol are consumed in the state.61,62 There are no biodiesel production plants in South Dakota.63 However, there is a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) plant being built in South Dakota. The plant will use corn as a feedstock to produce SAF. The plant is scheduled to come online in 2025 and have a capacity to produce 1.3 million barrels of SAF annually.64,65
Almost half of South Dakota‘s agricultural economy comes from raising livestock, primarily cattle and hogs.66 There are several renewable natural gas (RNG) projects in South Dakota that use animal manure from some of the state's farms to produce biogas.67,68 The city of Sioux Falls also uses biogas created by anaerobic digestion at its water reclamation facility to generate enough electricity to meet about two-fifths of the facility's needs.69 In 2023, biomass was used to fuel 0.1% of South Dakota's in-state electricity generation.70 Wood pellets are manufactured from forest and mill waste and can be used for electricity generation and space heating.71 One fuel ethanol plant in the state uses wood waste to generate power for the plant's own use.72 South Dakota has two wood pellet manufacturing plants that have a combined production capacity of about 70,000 tons per year.73
There are additional renewable resources in South Dakota. Moderate solar photovoltaic (PV) potential exists across most of the state, with the greatest solar resources in the southwest corner of South Dakota.74 However, the state has only small amounts of solar electricity generation, and prior to 2023, half of the capacity came from customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt capacity) installations, such as rooftop solar panels.75 However, the addition of the utility-scale (1-megawatt or larger) Fall River Solar Farm in 2023 in the southwest corner of the state has added 80 megawatts of solar generation capacity. South Dakota's largest solar farm, the 128-megawatt Wild Springs project, is expected to come online in mid-2024.76 Geothermal energy is used in direct heat applications in South Dakota, such as district heating through distribution networks. It is also used to heat individual spas, swimming pools, residences, barns, and other buildings.77 However, there is no utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal energy in the state.78
South Dakota does not have a renewable portfolio standard that mandates utilities to obtain a certain amount of their electricity or power sales come from renewable energy sources. However, the state did have a voluntary renewable portfolio goal that called for 10% of the state's electricity sales by 2015 to be generated from renewables. Many, but not all, of South Dakota's electricity providers met that goal.79,80 South Dakota does have other state and utility policies, financial incentives, and technical resources that encourage energy efficiency and renewable electricity generation. The state also has interconnection standards for solar panel generating systems as large as 10 megawatts but does not have net metering to make utilities pay consumers for the excess electricity they generate and put on the gird, and interconnection costs are usually paid by the generating system owner.81,82,83
Petroleum
South Dakota has no significant proved crude oil reserves and no oil refineries, but it does have a small amount of crude oil production.84,85,86 Although the Williston Basin extends into South Dakota from the north, its oil-rich Bakken Shale does not.87 Almost all of the state's crude oil production is concentrated in the northwestern corner of the state, where Harding County produces most of South Dakota's crude oil and natural gas.88 Since the 1980s, the state's annual crude oil production has ranged between about 1 million and 2 million barrels per year. It declined from a peak of nearly 1.9 million barrels in 2013 to 929,000 barrels in 2023, the lowest level since 1981.89,90 Crude oil production in South Dakota accounts for 0.02% of the nation's total.91 Two crude oil pipelines that cross eastern South Dakota transport oil to refineries and terminals in other states. Other petroleum product pipelines bring refined products to South Dakota consumers through neighboring states.92
South Dakota uses less total petroleum than all but three other states. However, because of the state's small population, its petroleum use per capita is among the highest 10 states.93 The transportation sector accounts for about three-fourths of the state's petroleum consumption, most of it as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.94,95 In part because of its relatively low population density and lack of access to alternative forms of public transportation, the state has a high number of vehicle miles traveled per capita.96,97 As a result, it is one of only a handful of states with significantly higher motor gasoline expenditures per capita than the U.S. average—it ranked fourth-highest in 2022.98 South Dakota does not have any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality non-attainment areas, and conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide.99,100 However, like most states, almost all gasoline sold in South Dakota is blended with at least 10% ethanol.101 There also are about 80 fueling stations in South Dakota that sell E85, a motor gasoline blend that is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.102 In April 2024, the EPA issued a fuel waiver for the sale of E15 during the 2024 summer season.103 South Dakota is a major producer of ethanol and the state legislature passed a bill that allows gas stations to claim a tax credit for E15 sales.104 The industrial sector and the residential sector consume almost all the rest of the petroleum used in the state. In 2022, the industrial sector accounted for about 16% of state consumption. The residential sector, where about one in six South Dakota households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating, accounted for 5% of the state's petroleum use. The commercial sector used about 2%. The electric power sector uses a minimal amount of petroleum, primarily as a backup fuel for generating electricity when additional power is needed.105,106
Natural gas
South Dakota does not have any significant proved natural gas reserves, and with fewer than 100 producing wells, natural gas production in the state is modest.107,108,109 Natural gas is produced from both natural gas and crude oil wells in Harding County in the northwest corner of the state.110 Gross withdrawals of natural gas in South Dakota increased steadily from 1980 until 2013 when they reached an annual high of more than 16 billion cubic feet. They remained near that level through 2015, but then rapidly decreased as the number of producing wells declined.111,112 Since 2020, South Dakota has produced less than 200 million cubic feet of natural gas per year and accounts for much less than 0.01% of U.S. total natural gas gross withdrawals.113,114
In part because of its small population, South Dakota uses little natural gas. However, more natural gas is consumed in the state than is produced there.115,116 The industrial sector is South Dakota's largest natural gas-consuming sector. In 2023, it accounted for about 54% of the natural gas delivered to the state's consumers. The electric power sector accounted for 19%. Although almost half of South Dakota households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating, the residential sector accounted for only 14% of the natural gas delivered to state consumers. The commercial sector used 13%.117,118
South Dakota does not have any intrastate pipelines other than local distribution systems owned by natural gas utilities. A handful of major interstate pipelines bring natural gas into the state.119,120 Almost all the natural gas that enters the state comes from North Dakota. South Dakota does not have any underground natural gas storage fields, and nine-tenths of the natural gas that enters South Dakota leaves the state. Almost all of it continues on to Minnesota.121,122
Coal
South Dakota does not have any coal mines and the state's estimated recoverable coal reserves are small, less than 300 million tons or 0.1% of the nation's recoverable reserves.123 Coal arrives from Wyoming by rail and truck to meet the state's limited needs.124 In 2022, about 83% of the 1.5 million tons of coal consumed in South Dakota was used for electricity generation at the state's only coal-fired power plant. The rest of the coal was delivered to industrial facilities in the state. 125,126
Energy on tribal lands
South Dakota has nine federally recognized tribes and is home to about 78,200 Native Americans, making up about 9% of the state's population.127,128 South Dakota has the fifth-largest amount of acreage in tribal hands in the nation, with the tribes or individual tribal members holding almost one-tenth of the state's land. The tribes on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, Rosebud, and Standing Rock reservations are among the largest tribal landholders in the lower 48 states.129 South Dakota is home to nine reservations, two of which straddle the North Dakota-South Dakota border.130
South Dakota's tribal lands have some of the best onshore wind resources in the nation. Four of the nation's top five reservations with the greatest wind-powered electricity generation potential are in South Dakota.131 In 2003, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe installed a 750-kilowatt wind turbine. It was the first tribe-owned and -operated commercial wind turbine that large in the Lower 48 states.132 In 2013, six South Dakota Sioux tribes announced plans to collaborate in the development of an interconnected grid of wind farms that would have more than 1,000 megawatts of generating capacity.133 To develop the wind project the tribes formed the Oceti Sakowin Power Authority.134 Phase one of the development includes two wind power projects: the 450-megawatt Ta'teh Topah Wind Farm and 120-megawatt Pass Creek Wind Farm. However, both projects are experiencing delays due to interconnection and financing issues.135,136
South Dakota tribes also have biomass and solar resources. The Sisseton Tribe of northeastern South Dakota is one of the five tribes in the nation with the greatest potential for biomass-fueled electricity generation. The Pine Ridge reservation of southwestern South Dakota and northern Nebraska has some of the largest potential for concentrated solar power generating potential in the nation. The Standing Rock reservation that straddles the North and South Dakota border is one of the five reservations with the greatest utility-scale solar PV power potential in the nation.137 A planned solar farm, Lookout Solar Park, on 810 acres leased from tribal members of the Pine Ridge reservation could provide up to 140 megawatts of power to the regional electric grid. Once operational, it would be the state's largest solar farm to date.138,139 Other smaller solar projects are in development on South Dakota tribal lands.140 In April 2024, South Dakota tribes were part of a 14-tribe coalition that was awarded $135.6 million for solar projects from the Environmental Protection Agency.141
Endnotes
1 WorldAtlas, South Dakota, updated March 2, 2023.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2018-23.
3 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
4 South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, South Dakota Oil and Gas Well, Test Hole, and Permit Locations, accessed July 10, 2024.
5 U.S. Geological Survey, Rivers of the World: World's Longest Rivers (June 11, 2018).
6 Missouri River Tourism, The Big Lakes & Rivers, accessed July 17, 2024.
7 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Missouri Basin and Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas Gulf Regions, Lewis and Clark: Big Dam Era, updated September 29, 2017.
8 WorldAtlas, South Dakota, updated March 2, 2023.
9 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in South Dakota, accessed July 17, 2024.
10 Roberts, Billy J., Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, National Solar Radiation Database Physical Solar Model, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
11 Roberts, Billy J., Geothermal Resource of the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
12 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, South Dakota, Farm Operations.
13 Roberts, Billy J., Crop Residue in the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (January 15, 2014).
14 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forests of South Dakota, 2019.
15 Encore Energy, South Dakota, Dewey Burdock Uranium Project, accessed July 17, 2024.
16 U.S. EIA, Domestic Uranium Production Report, Quarterly, Table 4, U.S. uranium in-situ-leach plants by owner, location, capacity, and operating status, Operating status at the end of 1st Quarter 2024.
17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
18 University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Research & Extension, South Dakota, accessed July 17, 2024.
19 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by state, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, South Dakota, All statistics in table, 2023.
20 Black Hills Mining Museum, History, accessed July 17, 2024.
21 American Business History Century, A Real Goldmine: The Homestake Story, accessed July 17, 2024.
22 Sanford Underground Research Facility, Our Story, accessed July 17, 2024.
23 U.S. Geological Survey, The Mineral Industry of South Dakota, accessed July 17, 2024.
24 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
25 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
26 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023.
27 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
28 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, South Dakota, accessed July 17, 2024.
29 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
30 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
31 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual 2001-23.
32 U.S. EIA, South Dakota Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
33 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Missouri Basin and Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas Gulf Regions, Lewis and Clark: Big Dam Era, updated September 29, 2017.
34 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missions, Dam and Lake Project, Missouri River Dams, accessed July 19, 2024.
35 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of June 2024.
36 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, South Dakota, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual 2001-23.
37 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, South Dakota, updated June 17, 2022.
38 U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023.
39 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F20, Electricity Consumption Estimates, 2022.
40 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
41 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, South Dakota, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Annual, 2001-23.
42 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
43 U.S. Census Bureau, South Dakota, House Heating Fuel, American Community Survey, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B25040.
44 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, South Dakota, accessed July 19, 2024.
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Other Resources
Energy-Related Regions and Organizations
- Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
- Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO)
- North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO), Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC)
Other Websites
- South Dakota Public Utilities Commission
- South Dakota Bureau of Administration, Statewide Energy Management
- South Dakota Department of Social Services - Energy and Weatherization Assistance
- EIA South Dakota Flickr Album
- South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Minerals, Mining, & Superfund in South Dakota
- South Dakota Department of Tribal Relations
- South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources
- South Dakota Governor's Office of Economic Development, Ethanol Infrastructure Incentive Program
- South Dakota Rural Electric Association (SDREA)
- Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)
- Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Community Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
- USA.Gov, Get help with energy bills
- NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
- National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
- National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
- National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
- Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC)
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, SLOPE: State and Local Planning for Energy
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Tribal Energy Atlas
- EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
- EIA Energy Disruptions Maps
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs