Pennsylvania State Energy Profile



Pennsylvania Quick Facts

  • Pennsylvania's marketed natural gas production, primarily from the Marcellus Shale, reached a record 7.6 trillion cubic feet in 2021, and the state is the nation's second-largest natural gas producer after Texas.
  • Pennsylvania is the third-largest coal-producing state in the nation after Wyoming and West Virginia, and it is the second-largest coal exporter to foreign markets after West Virginia.
  • In 2021, Pennsylvania ranked second in the nation after Illinois in electricity generation from nuclear power. However, since 2019 natural gas has surpassed nuclear energy as the largest source of in-state electricity generation.
  • Over half of Pennsylvania households use natural gas as their primary home heating fuel, and the state's 48 underground gas storage sites--the most for any state--help meet regional heating demand in winter.
  • Pennsylvania is the second-largest net supplier of total energy to other states, after Texas.

Last Updated: November 17, 2022



Data

Last Update: September 21, 2023 | Next Update: October 19, 2023

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Energy Indicators  
Demography Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period
Population 13.0 million 3.9% 2022  
Civilian Labor Force 6.5 million 3.9% Jul-23  
Economy Pennsylvania U.S. Rank Period
Gross Domestic Product $ 923.1 billion 6 2022  
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector $ 116,273 million 6 2022  
Per Capita Personal Income $ 65,167 19 2022  
Vehicle Miles Traveled 102,686 million miles 8 2021  
Land in Farms 7.3 million acres 35 2022  
Climate Pennsylvania U.S. Rank Period
Average Temperature 49.6 degrees Fahrenheit 30 2022  
Precipitation 44.9 inches 16 2022  
Prices  
Petroleum Pennsylvania U.S. Average Period find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase $ 61.85 /barrel $ 68.58 /barrel Jun-23  
Natural Gas Pennsylvania U.S. Average Period find more
City Gate $ 4.89 /thousand cu ft $ 4.68 /thousand cu ft Jun-23 find more
Residential $ 21.39 /thousand cu ft $ 20.16 /thousand cu ft Jun-23 find more
Coal Pennsylvania U.S. Average Period find more
Average Sales Price $ 57.61 /short ton $ 36.50 /short ton 2021  
Delivered to Electric Power Sector $ 2.41 /million Btu $ 2.47 /million Btu Jun-23  
Electricity Pennsylvania U.S. Average Period find more
Residential 18.38 cents/kWh 16.11 cents/kWh Jun-23 find more
Commercial 11.12 cents/kWh 12.81 cents/kWh Jun-23 find more
Industrial 7.72 cents/kWh 8.21 cents/kWh Jun-23 find more
Reserves  
Reserves Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) 8 million barrels * 2021 find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) 105,564 billion cu ft 17.9% 2021 find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids 957 million barrels 3.7% 2021 find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines 1,370 million short tons 11.2% 2021 find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells 68,929 wells 14.3% 2020 find more
Capacity Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) 266,000 barrels/calendar day 1.5% 2022  
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity 49,199 MW 4.2% Jun-23  
Supply & Distribution  
Production Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Energy 10,151 trillion Btu 10.3% 2021 find more
Crude Oil 13 thousand barrels per day 0.1% Jun-23 find more
Natural Gas - Marketed 7,626,504 million cu ft 20.4% 2021 find more
Coal 42,460 thousand short tons 7.4% 2021 find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Net Electricity Generation 19,532 thousand MWh 5.5% Jun-23  
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) Pennsylvania U.S. Average Period
Petroleum-Fired * 0.3 % Jun-23 find more
Natural Gas-Fired 62.3 % 45.3 % Jun-23 find more
Coal-Fired 1.9 % 16.2 % Jun-23 find more
Nuclear 33.2 % 18.2 % Jun-23 find more
Renewables 2.4 % 19.6 % Jun-23  
Stocks Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) -- -- Jun-23  
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) 2,544 thousand barrels 3.0% Jun-23 find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage 631,419 million cu ft 8.6% Jun-23 find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers 1,120 thousand barrels 4.8% Jun-23 find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers 2,904 thousand tons 2.2% Jun-23 find more
Fueling Stations Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period
Motor Gasoline 3,747 stations 3.4% 2021  
Propane 65 stations 2.6% Aug-23  
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations 1,476 stations 2.7% Aug-23  
E85 170 stations 4.0% Aug-23  
Compressed Natural Gas and Other Alternative Fuels 44 stations 1.6% Aug-23  
Consumption & Expenditures  
Summary Pennsylvania U.S. Rank Period
Total Consumption 3,634 trillion Btu 6 2021 find more
Total Consumption per Capita 279 million Btu 29 2021 find more
Total Expenditures $ 46,423 million 5 2021 find more
Total Expenditures per Capita $ 3,568 39 2021 find more
by End-Use Sector Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period
Consumption
    »  Residential 874 trillion Btu 4.2% 2021 find more
    »  Commercial 549 trillion Btu 3.2% 2021 find more
    »  Industrial 1,371 trillion Btu 4.2% 2021 find more
    »  Transportation 841 trillion Btu 3.1% 2021 find more
Expenditures
    »  Residential $ 12,630 million 4.5% 2021 find more
    »  Commercial $ 5,667 million 2.8% 2021 find more
    »  Industrial $ 8,609 million 3.7% 2021 find more
    »  Transportation $ 19,517 million 3.2% 2021 find more
by Source Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period
Consumption
    »  Petroleum 204 million barrels 2.8% 2021 find more
    »  Natural Gas 1,801 billion cu ft 5.9% 2021 find more
    »  Coal 22 million short tons 4.0% 2021 find more
Expenditures
    »  Petroleum $ 25,226 million 3.3% 2021 find more
    »  Natural Gas $ 9,071 million 4.7% 2021 find more
    »  Coal $ 1,531 million 6.6% 2021 find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Petroleum 20 thousand barrels 1.2% Jun-23 find more
Natural Gas 65,695 million cu ft 7.4% Apr-23 find more
Coal 412 thousand short tons 1.2% Jun-23 find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) Pennsylvania U.S. Average Period
Natural Gas 51.2 % 46.5 % 2021  
Fuel Oil 14.6 % 4.1 % 2021  
Electricity 24.6 % 41.0 % 2021  
Propane 5.1 % 5.0 % 2021  
Other/None 4.5 % 3.5 % 2021  
Environment  
Renewable Energy Capacity Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity 3,077 MW 1.0% Jun-23  
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity 128 million gal/year 0.7% 2023  
Renewable Energy Production Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation 97 thousand MWh 0.5% Jun-23  
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation 236 thousand MWh 0.5% Jun-23  
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation 130 thousand MWh 3.3% Jun-23  
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation 112 thousand MWh 1.5% Jun-23  
Fuel Ethanol Production 2,838 thousand barrels 0.8% 2021  
Renewable Energy Consumption Pennsylvania U.S. Rank Period find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total 6.1 % 42 2021  
Fuel Ethanol Consumption 10,928 thousand barrels 8 2021  
Total Emissions Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 213.5 million metric tons 4.3% 2021  
Electric Power Industry Emissions Pennsylvania Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 79,951 thousand metric tons 4.8% 2021  
Sulfur Dioxide 46 thousand metric tons 4.0% 2021  
Nitrogen Oxide 42 thousand metric tons 3.4% 2021  

Analysis

Last Updated: November 17, 2022

Overview

Pennsylvania, with its abundant fossil energy resources, is a leading East Coast supplier of natural gas, coal, refined petroleum products, and electricity to the nation.1 The Appalachian Mountains run diagonally southwest to northeast through Pennsylvania, dividing the Ohio River valley in the west from the Susquehanna and Delaware River valleys in the east.2 These mountains and valleys hold rich coal reserves.3,4 The Marcellus Shale, the largest U.S. natural gas field, follows the arc of the mountains and underlies all but the southern part of the state.5 The state's temperate climate varies from the southeast, where it is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, to cooler areas near the Great Lakes in the northwest, where weather fronts with frigid temperatures often come from Canada.6

Pennsylvania ranks fifth in the nation in population, but three-fourths of the state's land is classified as rural.7,8,9 About one-fourth of the state's population lives in rural areas and the state's population is concentrated around Philadelphia in the southeast corner of the state and Pittsburgh in the southwest near the border with Ohio.10,11

Pennsylvania is the second-largest net supplier of energy to other states.

Although the state is among the top 10 consumers of natural gas, coal, petroleum products, and electricity, Pennsylvania is the second-largest net supplier of energy to other states, after Texas.12,13 Pennsylvania's gross domestic product (GDP) ranked sixth among the states in 2021.14 The largest contributor is the finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing sector, which makes up about one-fifth of the state's GDP.15 The state's total energy consumption per capita is below the U.S. average, but near the midpoint of the states.16 The industrial sector leads energy consumption in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly two-fifth of the state's total energy use. The residential and transportation sectors each account for about one-fourth of state energy consumption, and the commercial sector uses the rest.17 Major energy-consuming industries that are large contributors to the state's GDP include natural gas and oil extraction and mining; metals and machinery manufacturing; chemical products; and agriculture and food processing.18

Natural gas

Pennsylvania is second only to Texas in estimated proved natural gas reserves. The state's proved reserves more than quadrupled from 2011 to 2020 because of natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale.19,20 The Marcellus formation extends under three-fifths of Pennsylvania as well as parts of West Virginia, New York, Ohio, and Maryland.21 The Marcellus Shale has the largest estimated proved reserves of any U.S. natural gas field.22 However, in 2020, Pennsylvania saw a 9.6% decline in proved reserves, the second-largest decrease of natural gas proved reserves after Texas.23,24

Pennsylvania is the second-largest natural gas-producing state, reaching a record 7.6 trillion cubic feet in 2021.

In 2021, Pennsylvania's annual marketed natural gas production was equal to about one-fifth of total U.S. gas production, making it the second-largest natural gas producer in the nation, after Texas.25,26 The state's marketed natural gas production reached a record 7.6 trillion cubic feet in 2021, more than 13 times larger than in 2010, but the state uses only about one-fifth of the natural gas it produces.27,28

Several pipeline projects in recent years have enabled Marcellus natural gas producers to reach additional markets, and more pipeline projects are under construction or planned.29,30 Most of the natural gas shipped by pipeline from Pennsylvania goes to Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, and Ohio.31 Pennsylvania has 48 underground natural gas storage facilities, the most of any state, which help meet regional heating demand in the winter.32 The state's total natural gas storage capacity is the fourth-largest in the nation at about 763 billion cubic feet.33

Pennsylvania is also experiencing growth in the production of natural gas plant liquids (NGPLs), including ethane and propane.34,35,36 The state's natural gas plants processed more than 11 times as much natural gas in 2021 as in 2010.37 Natural gas producers are building processing plants to extract higher-priced NGPLs from natural gas and are building pipelines to transport the products to domestic and Canadian markets and to ports on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast for export.38,39,40,41,42 Pennsylvania's first ethane cracker, located near Pittsburgh, completed construction in August 2022 and produces feedstocks for plastics manufacturing. The plant has a capacity to produce 1.6 million tons per year of polyethylene, using ethane from the Marcellus Shale.43,44

In 2021, the electric power sector consumed almost three-fifths of the natural gas delivered to consumers in the state. The industrial and residential sectors each accounted for about one-fifth of the state's total natural gas use and the commercial sector consumed most of the rest.45 Two-thirds of Pennsylvania households use natural gas as their primary heating fuel.46

Coal

Pennsylvania is the third-largest coal-producing state and is home to the tenth- biggest U.S. coal mine.

Pennsylvania is the third-largest coal-producing state in the nation, after Wyoming and West Virginia, and coal has been mined in the state for more than 200 years. The state has substantial reserves of bituminous coal, which is used to generate electricity and to produce coke for steelmaking.47,48,49 The Bailey Mine, located in southwestern Pennsylvania near the West Virginia border, is the 10th largest U.S. coal mine.50 Northeastern Pennsylvania has almost all the nation's anthracite coal reserves and production, but anthracite accounts for only about 5% of the state's total coal production.51,52,53 Anthracite, which has a higher heat content than other types of coal and burns with little soot, is primarily used by the metals industry.54 The number of coal mines and amount of coal production in Pennsylvania has declined as less electricity has been generated from coal.55,56,57 Coal-fired power plants have shut down, and foreign demand for coal has fallen.58,59 However, in 2021, the state's coal production increased by 17%, as demand from the electric power sector increased as a result of higher natural gas prices.60,61,62

Pennsylvania is a major coal consumer, ranking tenth among the states in total coal use.63 About three-fourths of the coal consumed in the state is burned for electricity generation, and the rest is used for steelmaking and other industrial applications.64 Large volumes of coal are moved by rail, barge, and truck into and out of Pennsylvania and around the state. In 2021, more than 80% of Pennsylvania-mined coal was used for electricity generation. About one-third of that coal was used at Pennsylvania power plants and the rest was transported to generating facilities in 14 other states.65 Pennsylvania was the second-largest coal-exporting state in 2021, after West Virginia, with about one-third of the state's mined coal exported to other nations.66

Petroleum

Pennsylvania, site of the first U.S. commercial oil well in 1859, has few economically recoverable crude oil reserves but continues to produce modest amounts of crude oil—mainly paraffin-based crude oil used for making lubricants.67,68,69,70 Pennsylvania was once home to nearly half the East Coast's refining capacity, with four petroleum refineries that could jointly process about 600,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.71 However, an explosion and fire in June 2019 at one of the refineries—the largest refinery on the East Coast—located on the Delaware River in south Philadelphia disrupted 335,000 barrels per calendar day of refining capacity. As a result, the owner of the refinery decided to shut down the facility permanently. 72,73 One large refinery in the Philadelphia area continues to process about 190,000 barrels of crude oil per day into jet fuel, motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating oil.74,75 Two other small refineries are located in northwestern Pennsylvania. One processes crude oil into motor gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, and several grades of asphalt, while the other refinery processes crude oil from Pennsylvania and neighboring states into motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, waxes, and specialty products like resin blends and camping fuel.76,77 three petroleum refineries have the capacity to process 266,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, equivalent to one-third of the East Coast's refining capacity.78

In addition to petroleum products from local refineries, Pennsylvania receives gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel via the Colonial Pipeline that moves refined petroleum products from the Texas Gulf Coast to 11 southern and Mid-Atlantic states.79

Pennsylvania is the third-largest producer of electricity in the nation and sends the most electricity to other states.

The transportation sector is the largest petroleum consumer in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly three-fourths of the state total, and most of that petroleum is motor gasoline.80,81 To reduce emissions of smog-forming pollutants, the state requires motorists to use reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol in the heavily populated areas of southeastern Pennsylvania, including Philadelphia.82,83 Pennsylvania's one ethanol production plant is the largest on the East Coast and has a capacity of about 128 million gallons per year, with additional supplies coming from the Midwest.84 In 2020, the state ranked eighth in annual fuel ethanol consumption of 419 million gallons.85 The state also has two biodiesel manufacturing plants that can produce 90 million gallons annually.86 In 2020, Pennsylvania was the tenth-largest biodiesel-consuming state at nearly 42 million gallons.87

The residential sector accounts for 8% of the state's petroleum consumption.88 About one in ten Pennsylvania households rely on distillate fuel oil for home heating and the state, like much of the U.S. Northeast, is vulnerable to heating oil shortages and price spikes.89 In 2000, the federal government created the 1-million-barrel Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve to offset supply disruptions in Pennsylvania and other Northeast states.90

Electricity

Pennsylvania is the third-largest producer of electricity in the nation. Only Texas and Florida generate more.91 Electricity generation regularly exceeds Pennsylvania's power consumption, and the state sends more electricity outside its borders over a regional electric grid than any other state.92 Pennsylvania is part of the PJM (Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland) Interconnection regional transmission organization, which manages the electric grid in all or parts of 13 states and Washington, DC.93,94 The residential sector is the largest consumer of electricity in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly two-fifths of the state total. About one in six Pennsylvania households use electricity as their primary heating source.95 The industrial sector is the second largest, accounting for more than one-third, followed by the commercial sector at just over one-fourth.96

With a 53% share in 2021, natural gas-fired power plants were the largest provider of in-state electricity generation for the third consecutive year and continued to widen the gap over nuclear power.97 This gap is expected to continue to widen, as Pennsylvania has 1.9 gigawatts of natural gas-fired generation capacity planned to come online by 2025.98

Pennsylvania ranks second in the nation, after Illinois, in nuclear power generating capacity. The state's four nuclear power plants provided 31% of the state's electricity net generation in 2021.99,100 Shippingport, Pennsylvania was the site of the first commercial U.S. nuclear power plant, which came online in 1957, and operated for nearly 30 years.101 Some of the state's nuclear power plants face economic challenges. The Unit 1 reactor at the Three Mile Island plant was shut down permanently in September 2019 because it was unprofitable.102,103 The state also had the nation's most serious nuclear power accident, a partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 reactor in 1979. That accident led to sweeping changes in U.S. nuclear regulation and operating standards.104

Coal-fired power plants were the third-largest providers of in-state electricity in 2021.105 Many of Pennsylvania's coal-fired power plants have retired with the increased availability of competitively priced natural gas. In 2010, coal provided 48% of the state's electricity net generation and natural gas accounted for 15%. By 2020, coal declined to 10% of the state's net generation and natural gas more than tripled to 52%. However, in 2021 electricity net generation from coal increased slightly, to 12% of the state's net generation, as natural gas prices for electric power producers increased.106,107 Over 3,400 megawatts of the state's coal-fired summer generating capacity retired between 2015 and mid-2022. During the same period, more than 10,000 megawatts of natural gas-fired capacity came online. Natural gas has also accounted for almost four-fifths of all the generating capacity added in the state since 2019.108

Renewables—mainly wind energy, hydropower, and biomass—provide most of state's remaining net generation. In 2021, for the second consecutive year, wind continued to be Pennsylvania's largest renewable resource for electricity generation, exceeding hydropower.109

Renewable energy

In 2021, wind energy was Pennsylvania’s largest source of renewable electricity generation.

In 2021, renewable energy sources generated 3% of Pennsylvania's electricity. Wind energy was the state's largest renewable source for electricity generation and provided about two-fifths of the state's renewable electricity in 2021.110 The greatest wind resources for commercial power production are found on the state's Appalachian Mountain crests—mainly in Pennsylvania's southwest but also in the northeast—and along the state's Lake Erie shoreline.111 As of mid-2022, the state had 26 operating wind farms with almost 1,500 megawatts of generating capacity. One large wind farm, with a generating capacity of 90 megawatts, is scheduled to come online in early-2023.112,113

Hydropower accounted for three-tenths of Pennsylvania's renewable generation in 2021.114 The state's conventional hydroelectric facilities are, on average, about 60 years old, but some of them have been updated and expanded.115 With over 83,000 miles of rivers and streams and numerous nonpowered dams, Pennsylvania has the potential to add more than 600 megawatts of hydropower generation capacity.116,117,118,119 About 80 megawatts of new hydropower generating capacity is expected to come online by 2026.120 Pennsylvania has two pumped storage hydropower plants, one with 452 megawatts of generating capacity and another with 1,070 megawatts of capacity.121 During periods of low power demand, which are usually at night, less costly electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods when power demand and electricity prices are higher, the water is released from the upper reservoir and flows down through generating turbines on its way back to the lower reservoir, producing electricity. Although the plant uses more power than it generates, it supplies power in periods of peak demand when electricity prices are highest.122

Pennsylvania ranks among the top dozen states in the amount of electricity generated from biomass resources, and biomass-fueled facilities accounted for about one-fifth of the state's renewable generation in 2021.123,124 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas fuel most of the state's biomass facilities.125 Pennsylvania's biomass resources from wood and forest byproducts also provide feedstock for the state's eight wood pellet manufacturing plants, which have a combined production capacity of about 370,000 tons per year.126 Wood pellets are used for generating electricity and for heating.127

Solar energy, including both utility-scale and small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, produced 11% of the state's total renewable electricity in 2021. Two counties, Franklin and Lancaster, account for nearly 30% of installed solar capacity in Pennsylvania.128,129 In 2021, about three-fourths of the state's solar generation came from small-scale generating systems, such as rooftop solar panels with generating capacities of 1 megawatt or less, and the rest was from solar generating facilities larger than 1 megawatt.130 Several large businesses in Pennsylvania have installed solar panels for their electricity supplies, including the home stadium of the Philadelphia Eagles professional football team.131 The state's largest solar PV facility came online in 2019 and has 54 megawatts of generating capacity that provides electricity to Penn State University.132,133 Another 413 megawatts of solar power generating capacity is scheduled to come online by 2024.134

In 2004, Pennsylvania enacted an alternative energy portfolio standard (AEPS), which required that alternative energy sources generate 18% of the state's electricity retail sales by 2021, with at least 0.5% from solar energy.135 These goals were met in 2021, when the 15-year phased-in schedule ended. The requirement will be maintained in perpetuity or until the AEPS Act is amended.136 Among the alternative energy sources Pennsylvania recognizes as meeting part of its AEPS requirements are byproducts of pulping and wood manufacturing, geothermal energy, low-impact hydropower, and waste coal.137 Pennsylvania also requires investor-owned utilities doing business in the state to undertake energy efficiency measures to reduce peak power demand and electricity consumption. These energy efficiency measures include helping customers to install solar and geothermal technologies, insulate buildings, and upgrade appliances that use less energy.138,139

Endnotes

1 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Pennsylvania Profile Overview, Layers/Legend map data, accessed October 7, 2022.
2 National Geographic, Giant Maps, Pennsylvania, accessed October 7, 2022.
3 Pennsylvania Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, Coal in Pennsylvania, map, accessed October 7, 2022.
4 U.S. EIA, Coal Explained, Where our coal comes from, updated October 19, 2021.
5 Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, The Marcellus Shale: Pennsylvania's Home-Grown Energy Source, accessed September 28, 2021.
6 Pennsylvania State University, The Pennsylvania State Climatologist, accessed October 7, 2022.
7 The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, Data, Rural Quick Facts, Demographics, accessed October 7, 2022.
8 U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania: 2020 Census, August 25, 2021.
9 U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. and World Population Clock, Most Populous States, 2021.
10 U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania: 2020 Census, August 25, 2021.
11 Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State Data Center, Pennsylvania Facts 2022.
12 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C12, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Ranked by State, 2020.
13 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2020.
14 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, All areas, All industry total, 2021.
15 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, Pennsylvania, All industry total, 2021.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates Per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
17 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
18 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, Pennsylvania, All Statistics in table, 2021.
19 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Wet After Lease Separation, Proved Reserves as of Dec. 31, 2014-20.
20 U.S. EIA, Natural gas explained: where our natural gas comes from, updated September 30, 2022.
21 Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, The Marcellus Shale: Pennsylvania's Home-Grown Energy Source, accessed October 7, 2022.
22 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2020 (January 13, 2022).
23 U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2020 (January 2022), Natural Gas Highlights, p. 1, 5, 26.
24 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Wet After Lease Separation, Proved Reserves as of Dec. 31, 2015-2020
25 U.S. EIA, Pennsylvania Natural Gas Marketed Production, Million Cubic Feet, 1967-2021.
26 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2015-21.
27 U.S. EIA, Pennsylvania Natural Gas Marketed Production, Million Cubic Feet, 1967-2021.
28 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Pennsylvania, Annual, Million Cubic Feet, 2015-21.
29 Federal Energy Regulation Commission, Approved Major Pipeline Projects (1997-Present), updated August 30, 2022.
30 U.S. EIA, U.S. natural gas pipeline projects, Natural gas pipeline projects from 1996 to 2021, Pennsylvania.
31 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Pennsylvania, 2016-21.
32 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Number of Depleted Fields, Annual, 2016-21.
33 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2016-21.
34 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Plant Field Production, PADD 1, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2016-21.
35 U.S. EIA, "Pennsylvania's natural gas production continues to increase," Today in Energy (April 23, 2018).
36 U.S. EIA, Natural gas plant liquids, accessed October 10, 2022.
37 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Plant Processing, Natural Gas Processed, Annual, 1967-2021.
38 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania Pipeline Portal, accessed October 10, 2022.
39 Enterprise Products Partners, Operations, Liquids Gas Pipeline & Services, accessed October 10, 2022.
40 The Williams Companies, Ohio Valley Ethane Pipeline, Overview, accessed October 10, 2022.
41 Royal Dutch Shell plc, Falcon Ethane Pipeline System, accessed October 10, 2022.
42 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Movements by Pipeline between PAD Districts, PADD 1 to PADD 2, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 1985-2021.
43 Reuters Events Downstream, "Shell completes Pennsylvania ethane cracker, polyethylene plant construction," August 9, 2022.
44 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Shell Chemical Appalachia LLC Petrochemicals Complex, Beaver County, accessed October 10, 2022.
45 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Pennsylvania, Annual, 2016-21.
46 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Pennsylvania.
47 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2021 and 2020.
48 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, accessed October 10, 2022.
49 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
50 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 9, Major U.S. Coal Mines, 2021.
51 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals (1992).
52 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
53 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2021.
54 U.S. EIA, Coal explained, updated October 19, 2021.
55 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), 2001-21.
56 U.S. EIA, Weekly U.S. Coal Production, Year-to-date and 52 weeks ended, October 6, 2022.
57 U.S. EIA, "Coal shipments to U.S. power plants fell by more than half between 2010 and 2021," Today in Energy (October 19, 2022).
58 U.S. EIA, "More than 100 coal-fired plants have been replaced or converted to natural gas since 2011," Today in Energy (August 5, 2020).
59 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2020 (October 4, 2021), Domestic and foreign distribution of U.S. coal by origin state.
60 U.S. EIA, Weekly U.S. Coal Production, Year-to-date and 52 weeks ended, October 20, 2022.
61 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), 2001-20.
62 U.S. EIA, "Residential and commercial natural gas prices reach multiyear highs in 2022," Today in Energy (October 4, 2022).
63 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2020.
64 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End-Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2021 and 2020.
65 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by origin State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Pennsylvania, Table OS-19.
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