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Energy Indicators
Demography	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	13.0 million	3.9%		2021
Civilian Labor Force	6.5 million	3.9%		Jan-23
Economy	Pennsylvania	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 839.4 billion	6		2021
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 106,323 million	7		2021
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 64,054	18		2021
Vehicle Miles Traveled	87,982 million miles	9		2020
Land in Farms	7.3 million acres	35		2017
Climate	Pennsylvania	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	49.6 degrees Fahrenheit	30		2022
Precipitation	44.9 inches	16		2022

Prices
Petroleum	Pennsylvania	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	$ 69.91 /barrel	$ 76.45 /barrel		Dec-22
Natural Gas	Pennsylvania	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 8.04 /thousand cu ft	$ 7.68 /thousand cu ft		Dec-22	find more
Residential	$ 15.52 /thousand cu ft	$ 14.75 /thousand cu ft		Dec-22	find more
Coal	Pennsylvania	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	$ 57.61 /short ton	$ 36.50 /short ton		2021
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 4.34 /million Btu	$ 2.65 /million Btu		Dec-22
Electricity	Pennsylvania	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	17.87 cents/kWh	14.96 cents/kWh		Dec-22	find more
Commercial	11.69 cents/kWh	12.42 cents/kWh		Dec-22	find more
Industrial	8.80 cents/kWh	8.63 cents/kWh		Dec-22	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	8 million barrels	*		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	105,564 billion cu ft	17.9%		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	957 million barrels	3.7%		2021	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	1,370 million short tons	11.2%		2021	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	68,929 wells	14.3%		2020	find more
Capacity	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	266,000 barrels/calendar day	1.5%		2022
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	48,945 MW	4.2%		Dec-22

Supply & Distribution
Production	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	9,492 trillion Btu	9.9%		2020	find more
Crude Oil	12 thousand barrels per day	0.1%		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	7,626,504 million cu ft	20.4%		2021	find more
Coal	42,460 thousand short tons	7.4%		2021	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	21,320 thousand MWh	5.9%		Dec-22
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Pennsylvania	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	0.8 %	1.0 %		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	51.6 %	38.8 %		Dec-22	find more
Coal-Fired	10.7 %	20.1 %		Dec-22	find more
Nuclear	32.8 %	19.0 %		Dec-22	find more
Renewables	3.8 %	20.4 %		Dec-22
Stocks	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	--	--		Dec-22
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	2,762 thousand barrels	3.1%		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	642,799 million cu ft	8.7%		Dec-22	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	1,165 thousand barrels	5.4%		Dec-22	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	2,582 thousand tons	2.9%		Dec-22	find more
Fueling Stations	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	3,962 stations	3.5%		2019
Propane	82 stations	3.0%		2022
Electricity	1,330 stations	2.5%		2022
E85	172 stations	3.9%		2022
Compressed Natural Gas and Other Alternative Fuels	93 stations	2.8%		2022

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Pennsylvania	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	3,413 trillion Btu	6		2020	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	263 million Btu	30		2020	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 37,545 million	5		2020	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 2,890	36		2020	find more
by End-Use Sector	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	850 trillion Btu	4.1%		2020	find more
»  Commercial	525 trillion Btu	3.1%		2020	find more
»  Industrial	1,254 trillion Btu	4.0%		2020	find more
»  Transportation	784 trillion Btu	3.2%		2020	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 11,641 million	4.5%		2020	find more
»  Commercial	$ 4,915 million	2.8%		2020	find more
»  Industrial	$ 6,927 million	4.2%		2020	find more
»  Transportation	$ 14,061 million	3.5%		2020	find more
by Source	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	188 million barrels	2.8%		2020	find more
»  Natural Gas	1,801 billion cu ft	5.9%		2021	find more
»  Coal	22 million short tons	4.0%		2021	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 17,894 million	3.5%		2020	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 9,071 million	4.7%		2021	find more
»  Coal	$ 1,531 million	6.6%		2021	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	283 thousand barrels	4.1%		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas	75,337 million cu ft	7.4%		Dec-22	find more
Coal	1,206 thousand short tons	2.9%		Dec-22	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Pennsylvania	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	51.2 %	46.5 %		2021
Fuel Oil	14.6 %	4.1 %		2021
Electricity	24.6 %	41.0 %		2021
Propane	5.1 %	5.0 %		2021
Other/None	4.5 %	3.5 %		2021

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	3,014 MW	1.0%		Dec-22
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	128 million gal/year	0.7%		2022
Renewable Energy Production	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	294 thousand MWh	1.3%		Dec-22
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	378 thousand MWh	0.8%		Dec-22
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	141 thousand MWh	3.1%		Dec-22
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	42 thousand MWh	1.2%		Dec-22
Fuel Ethanol Production	2,289 thousand barrels	0.7%		2020
Renewable Energy Consumption	Pennsylvania	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	6.4 %	42		2020
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	9,977 thousand barrels	8		2020
Total Emissions	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	218.7 million metric tons	4.2%		2019
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Pennsylvania	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	79,951 thousand metric tons	4.8%		2021
Sulfur Dioxide	46 thousand metric tons	4.0%		2021
Nitrogen Oxide	42 thousand metric tons	3.4%		2021

Analysis

Last Updated: November 17, 2022

Overview

Pennsylvania, with its abundant fossil energy resources, is a leading East Coast supplier of natural gas, coal, refined petroleum products, and electricity to the nation.¹ The Appalachian Mountains run diagonally southwest to northeast through Pennsylvania, dividing the Ohio River valley in the west from the Susquehanna and Delaware River valleys in the east.² These mountains and valleys hold rich coal reserves.^3,4 The Marcellus Shale, the largest U.S. natural gas field, follows the arc of the mountains and underlies all but the southern part of the state.⁵ The state's temperate climate varies from the southeast, where it is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, to cooler areas near the Great Lakes in the northwest, where weather fronts with frigid temperatures often come from Canada.⁶

Pennsylvania ranks fifth in the nation in population, but three-fourths of the state's land is classified as rural.^7,8,9 About one-fourth of the state's population lives in rural areas and the state's population is concentrated around Philadelphia in the southeast corner of the state and Pittsburgh in the southwest near the border with Ohio.^10,11

Although the state is among the top 10 consumers of natural gas, coal, petroleum products, and electricity, Pennsylvania is the second-largest net supplier of energy to other states, after Texas.^12,13 Pennsylvania's gross domestic product (GDP) ranked sixth among the states in 2021.¹⁴ The largest contributor is the finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing sector, which makes up about one-fifth of the state's GDP.¹⁵ The state's total energy consumption per capita is below the U.S. average, but near the midpoint of the states.¹⁶ The industrial sector leads energy consumption in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly two-fifth of the state's total energy use. The residential and transportation sectors each account for about one-fourth of state energy consumption, and the commercial sector uses the rest.¹⁷ Major energy-consuming industries that are large contributors to the state's GDP include natural gas and oil extraction and mining; metals and machinery manufacturing; chemical products; and agriculture and food processing.¹⁸

Natural gas

Pennsylvania is second only to Texas in estimated proved natural gas reserves. The state's proved reserves more than quadrupled from 2011 to 2020 because of natural gas development in the Marcellus Shale.^19,20 The Marcellus formation extends under three-fifths of Pennsylvania as well as parts of West Virginia, New York, Ohio, and Maryland.²¹ The Marcellus Shale has the largest estimated proved reserves of any U.S. natural gas field.²² However, in 2020, Pennsylvania saw a 9.6% decline in proved reserves, the second-largest decrease of natural gas proved reserves after Texas.^23,24

In 2021, Pennsylvania's annual marketed natural gas production was equal to about one-fifth of total U.S. gas production, making it the second-largest natural gas producer in the nation, after Texas.^25,26 The state's marketed natural gas production reached a record 7.6 trillion cubic feet in 2021, more than 13 times larger than in 2010, but the state uses only about one-fifth of the natural gas it produces.^27,28

Several pipeline projects in recent years have enabled Marcellus natural gas producers to reach additional markets, and more pipeline projects are under construction or planned.^29,30 Most of the natural gas shipped by pipeline from Pennsylvania goes to Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, and Ohio.³¹ Pennsylvania has 48 underground natural gas storage facilities, the most of any state, which help meet regional heating demand in the winter.³² The state's total natural gas storage capacity is the fourth-largest in the nation at about 763 billion cubic feet.³³

Pennsylvania is also experiencing growth in the production of natural gas plant liquids (NGPLs), including ethane and propane.^34,35,36 The state's natural gas plants processed more than 11 times as much natural gas in 2021 as in 2010.³⁷ Natural gas producers are building processing plants to extract higher-priced NGPLs from natural gas and are building pipelines to transport the products to domestic and Canadian markets and to ports on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast for export.^{38,39,40,41,42} Pennsylvania's first ethane cracker, located near Pittsburgh, completed construction in August 2022 and produces feedstocks for plastics manufacturing. The plant has a capacity to produce 1.6 million tons per year of polyethylene, using ethane from the Marcellus Shale.^43,44

In 2021, the electric power sector consumed almost three-fifths of the natural gas delivered to consumers in the state. The industrial and residential sectors each accounted for about one-fifth of the state's total natural gas use and the commercial sector consumed most of the rest.⁴⁵ Two-thirds of Pennsylvania households use natural gas as their primary heating fuel.⁴⁶

Coal

Pennsylvania is the third-largest coal-producing state in the nation, after Wyoming and West Virginia, and coal has been mined in the state for more than 200 years. The state has substantial reserves of bituminous coal, which is used to generate electricity and to produce coke for steelmaking.^47,48,49 The Bailey Mine, located in southwestern Pennsylvania near the West Virginia border, is the 10th largest U.S. coal mine.⁵⁰ Northeastern Pennsylvania has almost all the nation's anthracite coal reserves and production, but anthracite accounts for only about 5% of the state's total coal production.^51,52,53 Anthracite, which has a higher heat content than other types of coal and burns with little soot, is primarily used by the metals industry.⁵⁴ The number of coal mines and amount of coal production in Pennsylvania has declined as less electricity has been generated from coal.^55,56,57 Coal-fired power plants have shut down, and foreign demand for coal has fallen.^58,59 However, in 2021, the state's coal production increased by 17%, as demand from the electric power sector increased as a result of higher natural gas prices.^60,61,62

Pennsylvania is a major coal consumer, ranking tenth among the states in total coal use.⁶³ About three-fourths of the coal consumed in the state is burned for electricity generation, and the rest is used for steelmaking and other industrial applications.⁶⁴ Large volumes of coal are moved by rail, barge, and truck into and out of Pennsylvania and around the state. In 2021, more than 80% of Pennsylvania-mined coal was used for electricity generation. About one-third of that coal was used at Pennsylvania power plants and the rest was transported to generating facilities in 14 other states.⁶⁵ Pennsylvania was the second-largest coal-exporting state in 2021, after West Virginia, with about one-third of the state's mined coal exported to other nations.⁶⁶

Petroleum

Pennsylvania, site of the first U.S. commercial oil well in 1859, has few economically recoverable crude oil reserves but continues to produce modest amounts of crude oil—mainly paraffin-based crude oil used for making lubricants.^67,68,69,70 Pennsylvania was once home to nearly half the East Coast's refining capacity, with four petroleum refineries that could jointly process about 600,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.⁷¹ However, an explosion and fire in June 2019 at one of the refineries—the largest refinery on the East Coast—located on the Delaware River in south Philadelphia disrupted 335,000 barrels per calendar day of refining capacity. As a result, the owner of the refinery decided to shut down the facility permanently. ^72,73 One large refinery in the Philadelphia area continues to process about 190,000 barrels of crude oil per day into jet fuel, motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating oil.^74,75 Two other small refineries are located in northwestern Pennsylvania. One processes crude oil into motor gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, and several grades of asphalt, while the other refinery processes crude oil from Pennsylvania and neighboring states into motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, waxes, and specialty products like resin blends and camping fuel.^76,77 three petroleum refineries have the capacity to process 266,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day, equivalent to one-third of the East Coast's refining capacity.⁷⁸

In addition to petroleum products from local refineries, Pennsylvania receives gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel via the Colonial Pipeline that moves refined petroleum products from the Texas Gulf Coast to 11 southern and Mid-Atlantic states.⁷⁹

The transportation sector is the largest petroleum consumer in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly three-fourths of the state total, and most of that petroleum is motor gasoline.^80,81 To reduce emissions of smog-forming pollutants, the state requires motorists to use reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol in the heavily populated areas of southeastern Pennsylvania, including Philadelphia.^82,83 Pennsylvania's one ethanol production plant is the largest on the East Coast and has a capacity of about 128 million gallons per year, with additional supplies coming from the Midwest.⁸⁴ In 2020, the state ranked eighth in annual fuel ethanol consumption of 419 million gallons.⁸⁵ The state also has two biodiesel manufacturing plants that can produce 90 million gallons annually.⁸⁶ In 2020, Pennsylvania was the tenth-largest biodiesel-consuming state at nearly 42 million gallons.⁸⁷

The residential sector accounts for 8% of the state's petroleum consumption.⁸⁸ About one in ten Pennsylvania households rely on distillate fuel oil for home heating and the state, like much of the U.S. Northeast, is vulnerable to heating oil shortages and price spikes.⁸⁹ In 2000, the federal government created the 1-million-barrel Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve to offset supply disruptions in Pennsylvania and other Northeast states.⁹⁰

Electricity

Pennsylvania is the third-largest producer of electricity in the nation. Only Texas and Florida generate more.⁹¹ Electricity generation regularly exceeds Pennsylvania's power consumption, and the state sends more electricity outside its borders over a regional electric grid than any other state.⁹² Pennsylvania is part of the PJM (Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland) Interconnection regional transmission organization, which manages the electric grid in all or parts of 13 states and Washington, DC.^93,94 The residential sector is the largest consumer of electricity in Pennsylvania, accounting for nearly two-fifths of the state total. About one in six Pennsylvania households use electricity as their primary heating source.⁹⁵ The industrial sector is the second largest, accounting for more than one-third, followed by the commercial sector at just over one-fourth.⁹⁶

With a 53% share in 2021, natural gas-fired power plants were the largest provider of in-state electricity generation for the third consecutive year and continued to widen the gap over nuclear power.⁹⁷ This gap is expected to continue to widen, as Pennsylvania has 1.9 gigawatts of natural gas-fired generation capacity planned to come online by 2025.⁹⁸

Pennsylvania ranks second in the nation, after Illinois, in nuclear power generating capacity. The state's four nuclear power plants provided 31% of the state's electricity net generation in 2021.^99,100 Shippingport, Pennsylvania was the site of the first commercial U.S. nuclear power plant, which came online in 1957, and operated for nearly 30 years.¹⁰¹ Some of the state's nuclear power plants face economic challenges. The Unit 1 reactor at the Three Mile Island plant was shut down permanently in September 2019 because it was unprofitable.^102,103 The state also had the nation's most serious nuclear power accident, a partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 reactor in 1979. That accident led to sweeping changes in U.S. nuclear regulation and operating standards.¹⁰⁴

Coal-fired power plants were the third-largest providers of in-state electricity in 2021.¹⁰⁵ Many of Pennsylvania's coal-fired power plants have retired with the increased availability of competitively priced natural gas. In 2010, coal provided 48% of the state's electricity net generation and natural gas accounted for 15%. By 2020, coal declined to 10% of the state's net generation and natural gas more than tripled to 52%. However, in 2021 electricity net generation from coal increased slightly, to 12% of the state's net generation, as natural gas prices for electric power producers increased.^106,107 Over 3,400 megawatts of the state's coal-fired summer generating capacity retired between 2015 and mid-2022. During the same period, more than 10,000 megawatts of natural gas-fired capacity came online. Natural gas has also accounted for almost four-fifths of all the generating capacity added in the state since 2019.¹⁰⁸

Renewables—mainly wind energy, hydropower, and biomass—provide most of state's remaining net generation. In 2021, for the second consecutive year, wind continued to be Pennsylvania's largest renewable resource for electricity generation, exceeding hydropower.¹⁰⁹

Renewable energy

In 2021, renewable energy sources generated 3% of Pennsylvania's electricity. Wind energy was the state's largest renewable source for electricity generation and provided about two-fifths of the state's renewable electricity in 2021.¹¹⁰ The greatest wind resources for commercial power production are found on the state's Appalachian Mountain crests—mainly in Pennsylvania's southwest but also in the northeast—and along the state's Lake Erie shoreline.¹¹¹ As of mid-2022, the state had 26 operating wind farms with almost 1,500 megawatts of generating capacity. One large wind farm, with a generating capacity of 90 megawatts, is scheduled to come online in early-2023.^112,113

Hydropower accounted for three-tenths of Pennsylvania's renewable generation in 2021.¹¹⁴ The state's conventional hydroelectric facilities are, on average, about 60 years old, but some of them have been updated and expanded.¹¹⁵ With over 83,000 miles of rivers and streams and numerous nonpowered dams, Pennsylvania has the potential to add more than 600 megawatts of hydropower generation capacity.^{116,117,118,119} About 80 megawatts of new hydropower generating capacity is expected to come online by 2026.¹²⁰ Pennsylvania has two pumped storage hydropower plants, one with 452 megawatts of generating capacity and another with 1,070 megawatts of capacity.¹²¹ During periods of low power demand, which are usually at night, less costly electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods when power demand and electricity prices are higher, the water is released from the upper reservoir and flows down through generating turbines on its way back to the lower reservoir, producing electricity. Although the plant uses more power than it generates, it supplies power in periods of peak demand when electricity prices are highest.¹²²

Pennsylvania ranks among the top dozen states in the amount of electricity generated from biomass resources, and biomass-fueled facilities accounted for about one-fifth of the state's renewable generation in 2021.^123,124 Municipal solid waste and landfill gas fuel most of the state's biomass facilities.¹²⁵ Pennsylvania's biomass resources from wood and forest byproducts also provide feedstock for the state's eight wood pellet manufacturing plants, which have a combined production capacity of about 370,000 tons per year.¹²⁶ Wood pellets are used for generating electricity and for heating.¹²⁷

Solar energy, including both utility-scale and small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, produced 11% of the state's total renewable electricity in 2021. Two counties, Franklin and Lancaster, account for nearly 30% of installed solar capacity in Pennsylvania.^128,129 In 2021, about three-fourths of the state's solar generation came from small-scale generating systems, such as rooftop solar panels with generating capacities of 1 megawatt or less, and the rest was from solar generating facilities larger than 1 megawatt.¹³⁰ Several large businesses in Pennsylvania have installed solar panels for their electricity supplies, including the home stadium of the Philadelphia Eagles professional football team.¹³¹ The state's largest solar PV facility came online in 2019 and has 54 megawatts of generating capacity that provides electricity to Penn State University.^132,133 Another 413 megawatts of solar power generating capacity is scheduled to come online by 2024.¹³⁴

In 2004, Pennsylvania enacted an alternative energy portfolio standard (AEPS), which required that alternative energy sources generate 18% of the state's electricity retail sales by 2021, with at least 0.5% from solar energy.¹³⁵ These goals were met in 2021, when the 15-year phased-in schedule ended. The requirement will be maintained in perpetuity or until the AEPS Act is amended.¹³⁶ Among the alternative energy sources Pennsylvania recognizes as meeting part of its AEPS requirements are byproducts of pulping and wood manufacturing, geothermal energy, low-impact hydropower, and waste coal.¹³⁷ Pennsylvania also requires investor-owned utilities doing business in the state to undertake energy efficiency measures to reduce peak power demand and electricity consumption. These energy efficiency measures include helping customers to install solar and geothermal technologies, insulate buildings, and upgrade appliances that use less energy.^138,139

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Pennsylvania Profile Overview, Layers/Legend map data, accessed October 7, 2022.
² National Geographic, Giant Maps, Pennsylvania, accessed October 7, 2022.
³ Pennsylvania Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, Coal in Pennsylvania, map, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Coal Explained, Where our coal comes from, updated October 19, 2021.
⁵ Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, The Marcellus Shale: Pennsylvania's Home-Grown Energy Source, accessed September 28, 2021.
⁶ Pennsylvania State University, The Pennsylvania State Climatologist, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁷ The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, Data, Rural Quick Facts, Demographics, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania: 2020 Census, August 25, 2021.
⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. and World Population Clock, Most Populous States, 2021.
¹⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania: 2020 Census, August 25, 2021.
¹¹ Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania State Data Center, Pennsylvania Facts 2022.
¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C12, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2020.
¹⁴ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, All areas, All industry total, 2021.
¹⁵ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, Pennsylvania, All industry total, 2021.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates Per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹⁸ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, Pennsylvania, All Statistics in table, 2021.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Wet After Lease Separation, Proved Reserves as of Dec. 31, 2014-20.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural gas explained: where our natural gas comes from, updated September 30, 2022.
²¹ Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, The Marcellus Shale: Pennsylvania's Home-Grown Energy Source, accessed October 7, 2022.
²² U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2020 (January 13, 2022).
²³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2020 (January 2022), Natural Gas Highlights, p. 1, 5, 26.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Wet After Lease Separation, Proved Reserves as of Dec. 31, 2015-2020
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Pennsylvania Natural Gas Marketed Production, Million Cubic Feet, 1967-2021.
²⁶ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2015-21.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, Pennsylvania Natural Gas Marketed Production, Million Cubic Feet, 1967-2021.
²⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Pennsylvania, Annual, Million Cubic Feet, 2015-21.
²⁹ Federal Energy Regulation Commission, Approved Major Pipeline Projects (1997-Present), updated August 30, 2022.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, U.S. natural gas pipeline projects, Natural gas pipeline projects from 1996 to 2021, Pennsylvania.
³¹ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Pennsylvania, 2016-21.
³² U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Number of Depleted Fields, Annual, 2016-21.
³³ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2016-21.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Plant Field Production, PADD 1, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2016-21.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, "Pennsylvania's natural gas production continues to increase," Today in Energy (April 23, 2018).
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Natural gas plant liquids, accessed October 10, 2022.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Plant Processing, Natural Gas Processed, Annual, 1967-2021.
³⁸ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania Pipeline Portal, accessed October 10, 2022.
³⁹ Enterprise Products Partners, Operations, Liquids Gas Pipeline & Services, accessed October 10, 2022.
⁴⁰ The Williams Companies, Ohio Valley Ethane Pipeline, Overview, accessed October 10, 2022.
⁴¹ Royal Dutch Shell plc, Falcon Ethane Pipeline System, accessed October 10, 2022.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Movements by Pipeline between PAD Districts, PADD 1 to PADD 2, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 1985-2021.
⁴³ Reuters Events Downstream, "Shell completes Pennsylvania ethane cracker, polyethylene plant construction," August 9, 2022.
⁴⁴ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Shell Chemical Appalachia LLC Petrochemicals Complex, Beaver County, accessed October 10, 2022.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Pennsylvania, Annual, 2016-21.
⁴⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Pennsylvania.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2021 and 2020.
⁴⁸ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Coal Mining in Pennsylvania, accessed October 10, 2022.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 9, Major U.S. Coal Mines, 2021.
⁵¹ Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Distribution of Pennsylvania Coals (1992).
⁵² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2021.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Coal explained, updated October 19, 2021.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), 2001-21.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, Weekly U.S. Coal Production, Year-to-date and 52 weeks ended, October 6, 2022.
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, "Coal shipments to U.S. power plants fell by more than half between 2010 and 2021," Today in Energy (October 19, 2022).
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, "More than 100 coal-fired plants have been replaced or converted to natural gas since 2011," Today in Energy (August 5, 2020).
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2020 (October 4, 2021), Domestic and foreign distribution of U.S. coal by origin state.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Weekly U.S. Coal Production, Year-to-date and 52 weeks ended, October 20, 2022.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Aggregate coal mine production for all coal (short tons), 2001-20.
⁶² U.S. EIA, "Residential and commercial natural gas prices reach multiyear highs in 2022," Today in Energy (October 4, 2022).
⁶³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2020.
⁶⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End-Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2021 and 2020.
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by origin State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Pennsylvania, Table OS-19.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 18, 2022), Domestic and foreign distribution of U.S. coal by origin state.
⁶⁷ American Oil & Gas Historical Society, First American Oil Well, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Pennsylvania, Annual, 2015-20.
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2016-21.
⁷⁰ Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, PA Oil and Gas, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2018 (June 25, 2018), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2018.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2018 (June 25, 2018), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State and Individual Refinery as of January 1, 2018, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Energy Solutions, Philadelphia.
⁷³ U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Fire and Explosions at Philadelphia Energy Solutions Refinery Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Unit, October 16, 2019.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2022 (June 21, 2022), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State and Individual Refinery as of January 1, 2021.
⁷⁵ Monroe Energy, History & Today, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁷⁶ United Refining Company, About United Refining, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁷⁷ American Refining Group, Inc., Refinery Information, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report 2022 (June 21, 2022), Table 1, Number and Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by PAD District and State as of January 1, 2022.
⁷⁹ Colonial Pipeline Company, About Colonial, System Map, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C4, Total End-Use Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁸² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Programs, Reformulated gasoline and Reid vapor pressure, accessed October 11, 2022.
⁸³ Larson, B. K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, ExxonMobil (January 2018).
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 8, 2022), Detailed nameplate capacity of fuel ethanol plants by Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD District) are available in XLS.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2020.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report (February 26, 2021), Table 4, Biodiesel producers and production capacity, by state, December 2020.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁸⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Pennsylvania.
⁹⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2022), Table 1.3.B, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation by State, by Sector, Year-to-Date through July 2022 and 2021 (Thousand Megawatthours).
⁹² U.S. EIA, "Pennsylvania sent more electricity to neighboring states than any other state in 2020," Today in Energy (February 7, 2022).
⁹³ U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Pennsylvania Electricity Profile 2020, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2020.
⁹⁴ PJM, About PJM, accessed October 10, 2022.
⁹⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Pennsylvania.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Retail sales of electricity, annual, 2001-21.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, "Most planned U.S. natural gas-fired plants are near Appalachia and in Florida and Texas," Today in Energy (November 22, 2021).
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Nuclear Generation and Generating Capacity, Capacity and Generation by State and Reactor, 2022P, Current Capacity, Summer.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹⁰¹ Nuclear Power Pennsylvania, History, accessed October 12, 2022.
¹⁰² Exelon Corporation, "Three Mile Island Generating Station Unit 1 Retires from Service After 45 Years," Press Release (September 20, 2019).
¹⁰³ Brady, Jeff, "Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant To Close, Latest Symbol Of Struggling Industry," National Public Radio (May 8, 2019).
¹⁰⁴ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident, updated June 21, 2018.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA,
¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of September 2022, Pennsylvania, Technology: Natural Gas Fired Combustion Turbine, Natural Gas Steam Turbine, Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle, Natural Gas Internal Combustion Engine, Conventional Steam Coal.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹¹¹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Pennsylvania, Maps & Data, accessed October 24, 2022.
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¹¹³ Liberty Power, Sandy Ridge 2 Wind Project, Project Summary, accessed October 24, 2022.
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¹¹⁵ Hydropower Reform Coalition, Search hydropower projects, Pennsylvania, accessed October 12, 2022.
¹¹⁶ Rooney, Michael, "Pittsburgh's renewable energy opportunity in hydropower: generating power when the sun doesn't shine and the wind doesn't blow," Pittsburgh Region (July 28, 2021).
¹¹⁷ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2021, Hydropower, p. 35-36.
¹¹⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Hydropower Market Report, January 2021, p.8, 47, 76.
¹¹⁹ National Hydropower Association, Unlocking Hydropower Potential of Pennsylvania: Understand and Maximize the Immense Hydropower Potential of Existing Non-powered Dams in Pittsburgh District, PA., July 17, 2020.
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¹²¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2022, Pennsylvania, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric, Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
¹²² U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Hydropower explained, Hydroelectric power is produced with moving water, Pumped-storage hydropower facilities, updated March 16, 2022.
¹²³ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (July 2022), Table 1.15.B.
¹²⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹²⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2022, Pennsylvania, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
¹²⁶ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (September 21, 2022), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, June 2022.
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today in Energy (December 14, 2016).
¹²⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Pennsylvania, Net generation for all sectors, annual, 2001-21.
¹²⁹ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2021, Solar, p. 28-33.
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¹³¹ Solar Energy Industries Association, Pennsylvania Solar, Notable Solar Installations in Pennsylvania, accessed October 12, 2022.
¹³² Lightsource BP, Penn State Powered by the Sun, accessed October 12, 2022.
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¹³⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of September 2022, Pennsylvania, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
¹³⁵ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard, Pennsylvania, updated July 10, 2018.
¹³⁶ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2021, Compliance Summary, AEPS Resources, p. 9, 11-15.
¹³⁷ Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act of 2004: Compliance for Reporting Year 2021, AEPS Resources, p. 9.
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¹³⁹ Keystone Energy Efficiency Alliance, Act 129, Issue Context, Background, & Resources, accessed October 12, 2022.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Coal Region: Appalachian
• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 1B
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): PJM Interconnection (PJM)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Reliability First Corporation (RFC)

Other Websites

• Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
• Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Utility Assistance Programs
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
• Pennsylvania Department of Community & Economic Development, Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP)
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania State Energy Program
• Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Environmental Cleanup and Brownfields
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Energy
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Oil and Gas Programs
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Wind Energy
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Renewable Energy
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Go Green PA
• Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development, Alternative and Clean Energy Program (ACE)
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Pennsylvania
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Active and Abandoned Mine Operations
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Reports from PA Mining Programs
• Lehigh University, Energy Research Center
• EIA Pennsylvania Flickr Album
• Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Oil and Gas
• Carnegie Mellon University, Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation
• Penn State, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Energy Institute
• Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Open Data PA, Energy Conservation and the Environment
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• Benefits.Gov, Housing and Public Utilities
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions