New York State Energy Profile



New York Quick Facts

  • New York law requires the state to generate 70% of its electricity from renewable resources by 2030. In 2023, New York ranked third among the states for generating the most electricity from renewables.
  • Nuclear power accounted for almost 22% of New York's utility-scale net generation in 2023, down from 34% in 2019 after the Indian Point nuclear power plant, one of the state's four nuclear power plants, shut down. 
  • In 2023, New York was the third-largest producer of hydropower in the nation, after Washington and California.
  • New York consumes less total energy per capita than all but one other state, Rhode Island. However, New York relies on energy supplies from other states and Canada to meet more than four-fifths of its total energy needs.
  • New York ranked among the five states in 2022 with the lowest per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.

Last Updated: January 16, 2025



Data

Last Update: January 16, 2025 | Next Update: February 20, 2025

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Energy Indicators  
Demography New York Share of U.S. Period
Population 19.6 million 5.8% 2023  
Civilian Labor Force 9.6 million 5.7% Nov-24  
Economy New York U.S. Rank Period
Gross Domestic Product $ 2,152.3 billion 3 2023  
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector $ 83,778 million 9 2023  
Per Capita Personal Income $ 79,581 7 2023  
Vehicle Miles Traveled 115,382 million miles 6 2022  
Land in Farms 6.5 million acres 36 2023  
Climate New York U.S. Rank Period
Average Temperature 49.0 degrees Fahrenheit 35 2024  
Precipitation 44.2 inches 18 2024  
Prices  
Petroleum New York U.S. Average Period find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase -- $ 70.36 /barrel Oct-24  
Natural Gas New York U.S. Average Period find more
City Gate $ 4.60 /thousand cu ft $ 4.08 /thousand cu ft Oct-24 find more
Residential $ 22.31 /thousand cu ft $ 18.56 /thousand cu ft Oct-24 find more
Coal New York U.S. Average Period find more
Average Sales Price -- $ 54.04 /short ton 2023  
Delivered to Electric Power Sector -- $ 2.47 /million Btu Oct-24  
Electricity New York U.S. Average Period find more
Residential 24.98 cents/kWh 16.94 cents/kWh Oct-24 find more
Commercial 19.10 cents/kWh 13.20 cents/kWh Oct-24 find more
Industrial 9.46 cents/kWh 8.21 cents/kWh Oct-24 find more
Reserves  
Reserves New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) -- -- 2022 find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) 86 billion cu ft * 2022 find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids 0 million barrels 0.0% 2022 find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines -- -- 2023 find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells 6,372 wells 1.3% 2020 find more
Capacity New York Share of U.S. Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) 0 barrels/calendar day 0.0% 2024  
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity 40,720 MW 3.3% Oct-24  
Supply & Distribution  
Production New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Energy 512 trillion Btu 0.5% 2022 find more
Crude Oil 1 thousand barrels per day * Oct-24 find more
Natural Gas - Marketed 8,219 million cu ft * 2023 find more
Coal -- -- 2023 find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Net Electricity Generation 10,118 thousand MWh 3.0% Oct-24  
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) New York U.S. Average Period
Petroleum-Fired 0.1 % 0.3 % Oct-24 find more
Natural Gas-Fired 46.5 % 43.9 % Oct-24 find more
Coal-Fired 0.0 % 14.1 % Oct-24 find more
Nuclear 22.0 % 17.5 % Oct-24 find more
Renewables 30.8 % 24.0 % Oct-24  
Stocks New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) -- -- Oct-24  
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) 3,433 thousand barrels 3.8% Oct-24 find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage 220,233 million cu ft 2.6% Oct-24 find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers 2,679 thousand barrels 12.3% Oct-24 find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers 0 thousand tons 0.0% Oct-24 find more
Fueling Stations New York Share of U.S. Period
Motor Gasoline 4,570 stations 4.2% 2022  
Propane 43 stations 1.8% Dec-24  
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations 4,478 stations 6.6% Dec-24  
E85 74 stations 1.7% Dec-24  
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels 28 stations 1.0% Dec-24  
Consumption & Expenditures  
Summary New York U.S. Rank Period
Total Consumption 3,453 trillion Btu 8 2022 find more
Total Consumption per Capita 176 million Btu 50 2022 find more
Total Expenditures $ 80,625 million 4 2022 find more
Total Expenditures per Capita $ 4,098 48 2022 find more
by End-Use Sector New York Share of U.S. Period
Consumption
    »  Residential 1,025 trillion Btu 5.2% 2022 find more
    »  Commercial 970 trillion Btu 5.9% 2022 find more
    »  Industrial 329 trillion Btu 1.1% 2022 find more
    »  Transportation 1,128 trillion Btu 4.1% 2022 find more
Expenditures
    »  Residential $ 22,909 million 6.9% 2022 find more
    »  Commercial $ 18,646 million 7.7% 2022 find more
    »  Industrial $ 4,503 million 1.6% 2022 find more
    »  Transportation $ 34,567 million 4.0% 2022 find more
by Source New York Share of U.S. Period
Consumption
    »  Petroleum 256 million barrels 3.5% 2022 find more
    »  Natural Gas 1,306 billion cu ft 4.0% 2023 find more
    »  Coal 241 thousand short tons * 2022 find more
Expenditures
    »  Petroleum $ 42,943 million 4.1% 2022 find more
    »  Natural Gas $ 12,196 million 6.0% 2023 find more
    »  Coal $ 22 million 0.1% 2022 find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Petroleum 22 thousand barrels 1.3% Oct-24 find more
Natural Gas 36,416 million cu ft 3.3% Oct-24 find more
Coal 0 thousand tons 0.0% Oct-24 find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) New York U.S. Average Period
Natural Gas 58.7 % 46.0 % 2023  
Fuel Oil 15.5 % 3.7 % 2023  
Electricity 16.2 % 41.7 % 2023  
Propane 5.2 % 5.0 % 2023  
Other/None 4.5 % 3.5 % 2023  
Environment  
Renewable Energy Capacity New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity 9,977 MW 2.8% Oct-24  
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity 62 million gal/year 0.3% 2024  
Renewable Energy Production New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation 2,142 thousand MWh 13.5% Oct-24  
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation 839 thousand MWh 1.4% Oct-24  
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation 137 thousand MWh 3.9% Oct-24  
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation 329 thousand MWh 4.9% Oct-24  
Fuel Ethanol Production 1,362 thousand barrels 0.4% 2022  
Renewable Energy Consumption New York U.S. Rank Period find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total 7.8 % 25 2022  
Fuel Ethanol Consumption 12,703 thousand barrels 4 2022  
Total Emissions New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 166.1 million metric tons 3.4% 2022  
Electric Power Industry Emissions New York Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 29,418 thousand metric tons 1.9% 2023  
Sulfur Dioxide 6 thousand metric tons 0.7% 2023  
Nitrogen Oxide 25 thousand metric tons 2.2% 2023  

Analysis



Last Updated: January 16, 2025

Overview

New York consumes less total energy per capita than all but one other state.

New York is the nation's fourth-most populous state and has the country's third-largest economy.1,2 The state's largest metropolitan area, New York City, is the nation's financial hub and has been the U.S. city with the most residents in every census since 1790.3,4,5 New York is geographically diverse, and much of the state is rolling agricultural land and rugged mountains, including those in the Adirondack State Park, the largest state park in the nation at 6 million acres.6 New York is the nation's 27th largest state overall in size and 8th in the amount of its area that is covered by water.7 Portions of two of the Great Lakes—Lake Erie and Lake Ontario—are in the state. The Niagara River, with its massive falls, flows between those lakes and makes the state one of the nation's leading producers of hydroelectric power.8,9 The Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean shorelines also have some of the state's best wind resources.10 Solar energy, primarily from small-scale installations, and biomass provide the state with additional renewable resources.11,12 New York produces a small amount of natural gas and crude oil.13 New York has the most energy-efficient state economy in the nation, and New Yorkers consume less total energy per capita than all other states, except Rhode Island.14,15 However, the state depends on energy supplies from elsewhere to meet nearly 85% of its energy needs.16

Because New York is a Great Lakes State, its overall energy use increases during winter when arctic winds and lake-effect snows sweep in from Canada across the state's two Great Lakes.17,18 The transportation sector accounts for one-third of state energy consumption, followed by the residential sector at about three-tenths, and the commercial sector accounts for almost three-tenths.19 Per capita energy consumption in New York's transportation sector is lower than in all other states, except for Rhode Island, in part because of the wide use of mass transportation in New York's densely populated urban areas.20,21 Nearly one in four state residents use public transit to commute to work, almost seven times the national average.22 The industrial sector accounts for about one-tenth of state energy use, a smaller share than in all other states except Maryland. Many of New York's key economic activities, like finance, real estate, professional and business services, and government, are not energy-intensive industries.23,24

Electricity

Natural gas generated twice as much electricity in New York in 2023 as any other fuel source.

In 2023, natural gas-fired power plants accounted for almost three-fifths of New York's generating capacity and provided 46% of the state's electricity net generation, generating twice as much electricity as any other fuel source.25,26 Natural gas fuels 6 of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity and 5 of the 10 largest by annual generation.27 To increase reliability, especially during the winter months when natural gas pipelines are highly congested, natural gas-fired electricity generating units with dual-fuel capability can switch fuels in the event of a natural gas supply disruption.28 In 2023, about two-thirds of the state's natural gas-fired capacity had dual-fuel capability, allowing them to also burn petroleum products.29,30

New York was the third largest hydropower producer in the nation in 2023 and it provided 22% of the state's total generation, surpassing nuclear power for the second year in a row. Nuclear power's share of New York's in-state electricity generation has declined since one of the state's four nuclear power plants closed.31,32,33 The state's remaining three nuclear power plants have about 3,300 megawatts of generating capacity, down from about 5,350 megawatts five years earlier.34 In 2023, nuclear power accounted for almost 22% of the state's electricity generation.35

Conventional hydroelectric power combined with other renewable resources, including solar power, wind, and biomass, have supplied a larger share of the state's total generation than nuclear power every year since 2020. In 2023, solar, wind, and biomass alone provided about one-tenth of the state's total electricity generation.36 The amount of electricity generated at in-state utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) installations increased substantially during the past decade and exceeded the amount generated from biomass for the first time in 2019. In 2023, a record amount of New York's electricity was generated by solar energy.37

Petroleum is used sparingly as a backup fuel at dual-fueled natural gas-fired electricity generating facilities. In 2023, petroleum fueled 0.3% of the state's total net generation. Coal, which accounted for 10% of the state's electricity net generation in 2010, no longer fuels any of New York's in-state net generation.38 The state's last coal-fired power plant closed in 2020.39 In 2023, New York was one of nine states that did not have any utility-scale coal-fired electricity generation.40

Electricity in New York state usually flows east and south toward the state's high-demand areas in the New York City and Long Island regions.41 The state typically needs more power than it generates, and New York receives additional electricity supply from neighboring states and Canada via the regional grid.42 However, per capita electricity consumption in New York is among the lowest in the nation; only Hawaii, California, and Rhode Island are lower.43 The commercial sector accounts for about half of the state's electricity consumption. The residential sector, where only one in six households heat with electricity and about three in ten have central air conditioning, makes up more than one-third of state power use. The industrial sector consumes slightly more than one-tenth and the transportation sector uses the rest.44,45,46 In 2023, New York's transportation sector, which consists of its extensive public rail systems, accounted for two-fifths of the nation's total transportation sector electricity use.47,48 The state also had 4,450 public access electric vehicle charging locations as of November 2024.49

Renewable energy

New York generates more power from renewable resources than any other state east of the Mississippi River. In 2023, the state ranked fifth in the nation in renewable-sourced electricity generation from utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) installations combined.50 About one-third of New York's total net generation, including small-scale facilities, was from renewable resources and more than half it came from hydroelectric plants.51

New York is consistently among the nation's top producers of hydroelectricity. In 2023, New York produced more hydroelectric power than all but two other states, Washington and California, accounting for about 22% of New York's total in-state power generation.52,53 The 2,500-megawatt Robert Moses Niagara hydroelectric power plant at Lewiston near Niagara Falls produces the largest share of New York's hydropower. It is the fourth-largest hydroelectric power plant by capacity in the United States.54,55 The associated Lewiston pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, with 12 pump turbines and a 1,900-acre storage reservoir, operates during periods of peak power demand to supplement power from the Robert Moses plant.56

In 2023, New York ranked fourth in the nation in electricity generation from small-scale solar.

Solar energy accounted for about 5% of New York's total power generation in 2023. Almost two-thirds of the state's solar generation was from small-scale systems with capacities of less than 1 megawatt each.57 New York encourages small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, such as rooftop solar panels, with net metering and a variety of financial support programs.58 In 2023, the state ranked fourth in the nation in electricity generation from small-scale solar.59 New York also has more than 500 utility-scale solar PV installations, but most of them have capacities of 5 megawatts or less. However, 18 large solar facilities in the state have capacities of 15 megawatts or more.60 By October 2024, New York had about 5,400 megawatts of solar PV capacity at utility-scale and small-scale installations.61

New York's wind-powered electricity generation was surpassed by solar for the first time in 2022. Wind is now the state's third-largest source of renewable electricity generation. In 2023, wind accounted for almost 4% of New York's total net generation and about 12% of the state's electricity from renewables.62 As of October 2024, New York had nearly 2,900 megawatts of wind capacity at 35 utility-scale wind farms.63,64 New York's additional onshore wind energy potential is located primarily at the eastern end of the state's Great Lakes, along the Long Island shoreline, and on the ridges in the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskill Mountains. However, the state's highest peaks are in state parks where wind development is restricted. New York also has offshore wind resources off Long Island and in the two Great Lakes.65 The state mandated the deployment of at least 9,000 megawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2035, and several offshore wind energy projects are in development, but some are facing economic challenges.66,67,68 New York's first offshore wind farm, the South Fork Wind project, came online in mid-2024 with 130 megawatts of generating capacity. The state's next offshore wind project, the 924-megawatt Sunrise Wind farm, is scheduled to be operating at the end of 2026.69

Although biomass fueled slightly more than 1% of New York's total net generation in 2023, the state ranked tenth in the amount of electricity generated from biomass.70,71 Municipal solid waste facilities account for almost three-fifths of the state's biomass-generating capacity. New York has many smaller landfill gas-fueled generators across the state, accounting for one-fourth of the state's biomass-generating capacity. New York's two utility-scale wood- and wood waste-fueled facilities account for about one-sixth of the state's total biomass-generating capacity.72 New York's biomass resources also provide feedstock to the state's five wood pellet plants that have a combined manufacturing capacity of about 316,000 tons of pellets each year. Wood pellets are used for heating as well as for electricity generation.73

To reduce ozone formation, the New York City metropolitan area and Long Island require the use of reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol. The rest of the state uses a low-volatility motor gasoline blend.74 New York Harbor is the primary Northeast distribution hub for fuel ethanol supplies.75 Although some fuel ethanol is manufactured in New York, the state consumed about nine times more than it produced.76,77 New York's only fuel ethanol production plant has a capacity of about 62 million gallons per year.78 The state consumes about 534 million gallons of fuel ethanol annually, the fourth-largest amount of any state.79 New York does not have any biodiesel production, but the state is the nation's sixth-largest biodiesel consumer.80,81

New York adopted its first renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 2004.82 In 2015, New York replaced its RPS with the state's Clean Energy Standard (CES). The CES required utilities and other electricity retail suppliers in the state to acquire 50% of the electricity they sell from clean energy resources by 2030. In July 2019, New York modified the CES with the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act, which requires 70% renewable electricity by 2030 and 100% carbon-free electricity by 2040. The legislation also calls for 100% economy-wide net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Existing nuclear power plants in the state are considered zero-emission resources. Facilities that are not technically capable of eliminating all carbon emissions can purchase carbon offsets to meet a portion of the required 100% net-zero goal. The offsets must be from nearby sources that reduce carbon, such as forests and agriculture.83,84 New York ranks among the five states with the lowest per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.85

Petroleum

Despite a long history of crude oil production, New York currently has no significant proved reserves and produces only a small amount of crude oil.86,87 In the 19th century, New York was an important crude oil production and processing center with more than 50 crude oil refineries, including one of the world's largest at the time. By the end of the 20th century, all the refineries in the state had closed. The small amount of crude oil currently produced in New York is shipped to out-of-state refineries.88,89

Crude oil refineries in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, refined product pipelines from the Gulf Coast and the Midwest, and imports, mostly from Canada, provide the petroleum products consumed in New York. New York Harbor, which includes terminals on both the New York and New Jersey shorelines, is the largest petroleum products hub in the Northeast, with bulk storage capacity exceeding 75 million barrels. Petroleum products delivered to the harbor are redistributed by truck or by barge to smaller ports on Long Island and upstate along the Hudson River. Western New York receives petroleum products from Pennsylvania and the Midwest through pipelines and from Canada through the Port of Buffalo.90

New York is one of the nation’s largest petroleum consumers, but it uses less petroleum per capita than any other state.

With its large population, New York is the nation's fifth-largest consumer of petroleum overall, but the state uses the lowest amount of petroleum on a per capita basis.91 The transportation sector uses almost four-fifths of the petroleum consumed in the state.92 New York is the fourth-largest consumer of both motor gasoline and jet fuel, and third highest for diesel fuel, even though it has the second-lowest per capita transportation sector energy consumption among the states.93,94 The residential sector accounts for about one-tenth of New York's petroleum consumption.95 One in five New York households heat with petroleum products, primarily heating oil.96 Because of concerns about home heating oil shortages in New York and other northeastern states, the federal government created the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve in 2000. The reserve holds 1 million barrels of heating oil at five storage sites, including one in the New York-New Jersey harbor area, where 300,000 barrels of heating fuel are stored.97,98 The commercial and industrial sectors account for the rest of the state's petroleum consumption, with each sector making up about 6% of the state's petroleum use. A small amount of petroleum, about 1%, is consumed by the state's electric power sector for generating electricity.99

Natural gas

New York has few natural gas reserves, but it does have some natural gas production.100,101 The state's first commercial natural gas well was drilled in 1821.102 Annual production reached a record high of nearly 56 billion cubic feet in 2006, but has declined almost every year since then. In 2023, New York produced 8.2 billion cubic feet of natural gas, the lowest output since 1975.103 Most of the natural gas consumed in New York is produced in other states. The largest share comes through and from Pennsylvania.104 The Marcellus Shale, named for a town in central New York where the shale is visible at the surface, is a natural gas-bearing formation that extends under parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland.105 It is the largest natural gas area in the United States as ranked by estimated proved reserves.106,107 Much of the Marcellus Shale gas is produced by hydraulic fracturing, commonly called fracking, a drilling technique used to produce natural gas from low permeability shales like the Marcellus. In 2014, New York's governor banned hydraulic fracturing, and in 2020 the state legislature made the fracking ban permanent. The legislature expanded the fracking ban in 2024 by prohibiting the use of carbon dioxide as a drilling agent to extract crude oil and natural gas from shale rock.108,109,110

New York is the sixth-largest natural gas consumer among the states.

New York is the sixth-largest natural gas consumer among the states. However, New York consumes less natural gas on a per capita basis than almost three-fourths of the states.111 In 2023, natural gas fueled nearly half of the state's electricity generation, and 38% of the natural gas consumed in New York went to the electric power sector.112,113 The residential sector, where six out of every ten state households heat with natural gas, accounted for 32% of the natural gas delivered to New York consumers.114,115 The commercial sector received 23% of the natural gas deliveries, and the industrial sector accounted for about 7%. The transportation sector used very little natural gas as vehicle fuel, but there are 43 public and private access compressed natural gas fueling stations in New York.116,117

New York has 26 natural gas underground storage facilities with a combined total capacity of about 243 billion cubic feet of gas. Most are in depleted oil and gas fields, but one is in a salt cavern. Those storage fields, along with storage in nearby states, are key to meeting natural gas demand spikes, particularly during the winter heating season.118 Virtually all major interstate pipelines from the Gulf Coast, Appalachia, and western Canada reach New York, both to supply in-state customers and to deliver natural gas supplies to New England.119

Coal

New York does not have any coal mines or economically recoverable coal reserves, and the state no longer has any coal-fired electricity generation.120 The last year any coal was delivered to the electric power sector was 2019, and the state's last coal-fired power plant closed in March 2020.121,122 However, the industrial sector received about 189,000 short tons of coal, most of it from Pennsylvania, in 2023.123 Some coal shipments move through the state's ports. In 2023, about 3.1 million short tons of coal were exported through New York ports, which accounted for about 3% of the nation's total coal exports. A small amount of imported coal entered the state at Buffalo.124

Endnotes

1 U.S. Census Bureau, Data & Maps, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 (NST-EST2024-POP).
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
3 Johnston, Matthew, "How New York Became the Center of American Finance," Investopedia (January 04, 2024).
4 U.S. Census Bureau, Library, Top 20 Cities, Highest Ranking Cities, 1790 to 2010 (July 19, 2012).
5 Tikkanen, Amy, "List of the Largest U.S. Cities by Population," Britannica, accessed December 18, 2024.
Castronuovo, Celine, "All 10 largest cities grew, Phoenix supplants Philly as 5th largest in US," The Hill (August 12, 2021).
6 Jennings, Ken, "Adirondack Park Is Bigger Than Death Valley and Yellowstone Combined," Condé Nast Traveler (April 18, 2018).
7 NETSTATE, New York, New York Almanac, accessed December 18, 2024.
8 Niagara Parks, Niagara Falls Geology, Facts and Figures, accessed December 18, 2024.
9 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.10.B.
10 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in New York, Maps & Data, accessed December 18, 2024.
11 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biomass Resource Data, Tools, and Maps, accessed December 18, 2024.
12 Solar Energy Industries Association, New York Solar, accessed December 18, 2024.
13 U.S. EIA, New York, Profile Data, Supply & Distribution, accessed December 18, 2024.
14 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
15 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
16 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
17 GLISA, Lake-effect Snow in the Great Lakes Region, accessed December 18, 2024.
18 NYSERDA, Monthly Cooling and Heating Degree Day Data, accessed December 18, 2024.
19 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
20 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
21 U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: New York Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
22 U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Table B08301, Means of Transportation to Work, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, 2023, All States within United States, Puerto Rico, and the Island Areas.
23 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP by Industry in Current Dollars, New York, All statistics in table, 2023.
24 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
25 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2023 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
26 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
27 U.S. EIA, New York Electricity Profile 2023, Tables 2A, 2B, 5.
28 U.S. EIA, "About 13% of U.S. electricity generating capacity can switch between natural gas and oil," Today in Energy (February 11, 2020).
29 New York Independent System Operator, 2023 Power Trends, p. 39.
30 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2023 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
31 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.10.B.
32 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
33 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Nuclear.
34 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Nuclear, Inventory of Retired Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Nuclear
35 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
36 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
37 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
38 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
39 Prohaska, Thomas J., "New York's last coal-burning power plant closes on Lake Ontario shore," The Buffalo News (March 30, 2020).
40 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 17, 2024), Table 3.8.
41 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Electric Power Markets, New York (NYISO), updated July 25, 2024.
42 U.S. EIA, New York Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2023.
43 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
44 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, New York, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, 2023.
45 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, New York, Table B25040, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
46 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Housing characteristics, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
47 New York Public Transit Association, Public Transit Facts, accessed December 19, 2024.
48 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Transportation sector, All states, 2001-23.
49 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (December 23, 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public ports only and Public & private ports combined.
50 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.10.B, 1.11.B, 1.17.B.
51 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
52 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.10.B.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
54 New York State, NY Power Authority, Niagara Power Project, accessed December 20, 2024.
55 World Atlas, World Facts, "The Largest Hydroelectric Power Stations In The United States," accessed December 20, 2024.
56 The Center for Land Use Interpretation, Lewiston, accessed December 20, 2024.
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58 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Programs, New York, Solar Photovoltaics, accessed December 20, 2024.
59 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.17.B.
60 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
61 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (October 2024), Table 6.2.B.
62 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
63 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (October 2024), Table 6.2.B.
64 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine, Offshore Wind Turbine.
65 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in New York, Maps & Data, accessed December 20, 2024.
66 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Offshore Wind Standard, updated May 15, 2024.
67 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Offshore Wind, Offshore Wind Projects, accessed December 23, 2024.
68 Richards, Heather, "Offshore wind is at a crossroads. Here's what you need to know," ENERGYWIRE (November 13, 2023).
69 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Offshore Wind Turbine, Inventory of Planned Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Offshore Wind Turbine.
70 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
71 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.15.B.
72 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2024, Plant State: New York, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Other Waste Biomass, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
73 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, September 2024.
74 Southern States Energy Board, Gardner, K. W., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
75 Wood Mackenzie, New York Harbor Ethanol Inventory Report, accessed December 23, 2024.
76 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2022.
77 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
78 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
79 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
80 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
81 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
82 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, New York, Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated June 26, 2018.
83 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, New York, Clean Energy Standard, updated November 26, 2024.
84 Roberts, David, "New York just passed the most ambitious climate target in the country," Vox (July 22, 2019).
85 U.S. EIA, Environment, Energy-Related CO2 Emission Data Tables, Table 4, Per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by state (1970-22).
86 U.S. EIA, New York Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels), Annual, 1981-2023.
87 U.S. EIA, Proved Nonproducing Reserves, Crude Oil, Annual, 2016-21.
88 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York's Natural Gas and Oil Resource Endowment: Past, Present and Potential, Part 1 (2007), Crude Oil Refining in New York State, p. 10.
89 U.S. EIA, New York Number of Operable Refineries as of January 1, 1982-2024.
90 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Energy Infrastructure Reports, New York State Energy Assurance Plan (September 14, 2012) p. IV-6-IV-7, V-28-V-36.
91 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
92 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
93 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
94 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
95 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
96 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, New York, Table B25040, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
97 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR) History and About NEHHOR, accessed December 24, 2024.
98 U.S. EIA, Weekly Petroleum Status Report, Appendix C, Northeast Reserves, accessed December 24, 2024.
99 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
100 U.S. EIA, Dry Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Proved reserves as of December 31, 2016-2021.
101 U.S. EIA, New York Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2023.
102 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York's Natural Gas and Oil Resource Endowment: Past, Present and Potential, Part 1 (2007), Crude Oil Refining in New York State, p. 8.
103 U.S. EIA, New York Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2023.
104 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, New York, Annual, 2018-23.
105 Soeder, Daniel J., Resource and Environmental Studies on the Marcellus Shale, National Energy Technology Laboratory (2008), p. 5-6.
106 U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil and Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 4.
107 U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Estimates 214 trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas in Appalachian Basin Formations, Press Release (October 3, 2019).
108 Wilson, Reid, "Cuomo Administration Rules Against Fracking," The Washington Post (December 17, 2024).
109 Guerrero, Marisa, "New York State Codifies Fracking Ban in Budget," Natural Resources Defense Council (April 3, 2020).
110 Redelmeier, Rebecca, "Hochul Signs Bill Expanding New York's Fracking Ban," WSKG (December 24, 2024).
111 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
112 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Annual, 2001-23.
113 Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New York, Annual, 2018-23.
114 Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New York, Annual, 2018-23.
115 U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, New York, Table B25040, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
116 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New York, Annual, 2018-23.
117 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, New York, Compressed Natural Gas, Access Public and Private, Available, accessed December 26, 2024.
118 U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, New York, Annual, 2018-23.
119 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Pipelines in the Northeast Region, accessed December 26, 2024.
120 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2023 and 2022, and Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
121 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Coal shipments to the electric power sector: quantity, by plant state, New York, All coal, Annual, 2008-23.
122 Prohaska, Thomas J., "New York's last coal-burning power plant closes on Lake Ontario shore," The Buffalo News (March 30, 2020).
123 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), By Coal Destination State, New York, Table DS-27, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2023.
124 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October—December 2023 (April 2024), Table 13, Coal Exports by Customs District, and Table 20, Coal Imports by Customs District.


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