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Energy Indicators
Demography	New York	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	19.8 million	6.0%		2021
Civilian Labor Force	9.6 million	5.8%		Jan-23
Economy	New York	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 1,853.9 billion	3		2021
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 78,223 million	9		2021
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 76,415	4		2021
Vehicle Miles Traveled	102,477 million miles	7		2020
Land in Farms	6.9 million acres	36		2017
Climate	New York	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	46.5 degrees Fahrenheit	36		2022
Precipitation	43.0 inches	22		2022

Prices
Petroleum	New York	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	W	$ 76.45 /barrel		Dec-22
Natural Gas	New York	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 7.87 /thousand cu ft	$ 7.68 /thousand cu ft		Dec-22	find more
Residential	$ 16.75 /thousand cu ft	$ 14.75 /thousand cu ft		Dec-22	find more
Coal	New York	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	--	$ 36.50 /short ton		2021
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 0.00 /million Btu	$ 2.65 /million Btu		Dec-22
Electricity	New York	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	22.79 cents/kWh	14.96 cents/kWh		Dec-22	find more
Commercial	17.60 cents/kWh	12.42 cents/kWh		Dec-22	find more
Industrial	7.81 cents/kWh	8.63 cents/kWh		Dec-22	find more

Reserves
Reserves	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	92 billion cu ft	*		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	--	--		2021	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	--	--		2021	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	6,372 wells	1.3%		2020	find more
Capacity	New York	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	0 barrels/calendar day	0.0%		2022
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	39,758 MW	3.4%		Dec-22

Supply & Distribution
Production	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	839 trillion Btu	0.9%		2020	find more
Crude Oil	1 thousand barrels per day	*		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	9,708 million cu ft	*		2021	find more
Coal	--	--		2021	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	10,910 thousand MWh	3.0%		Dec-22
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	New York	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	6.4 %	1.0 %		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	40.9 %	38.8 %		Dec-22	find more
Coal-Fired	0.0 %	20.1 %		Dec-22	find more
Nuclear	22.8 %	19.0 %		Dec-22	find more
Renewables	29.3 %	20.4 %		Dec-22
Stocks	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	1 thousand barrels	*		Dec-22
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	3,171 thousand barrels	3.5%		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	193,481 million cu ft	2.6%		Dec-22	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	2,286 thousand barrels	10.6%		Dec-22	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	0 thousand tons	0.0%		Dec-22	find more
Fueling Stations	New York	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	4,959 stations	4.4%		2019
Propane	45 stations	1.7%		2022
Electricity	3,327 stations	6.2%		2022
E85	79 stations	1.8%		2022
Compressed Natural Gas and Other Alternative Fuels	67 stations	2.0%		2022

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	New York	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	3,354 trillion Btu	8		2020	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	166 million Btu	49		2020	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 47,968 million	4		2020	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 2,380	51		2020	find more
by End-Use Sector	New York	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	1,076 trillion Btu	5.2%		2020	find more
»  Commercial	1,013 trillion Btu	6.1%		2020	find more
»  Industrial	356 trillion Btu	1.1%		2020	find more
»  Transportation	909 trillion Btu	3.7%		2020	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 17,226 million	6.6%		2020	find more
»  Commercial	$ 12,862 million	7.4%		2020	find more
»  Industrial	$ 2,812 million	1.7%		2020	find more
»  Transportation	$ 15,068 million	3.7%		2020	find more
by Source	New York	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	210 million barrels	3.2%		2020	find more
»  Natural Gas	1,319 billion cu ft	4.3%		2021	find more
»  Coal	*	*		2021	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 18,767 million	3.7%		2020	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 11,102 million	5.8%		2021	find more
»  Coal	$ 18 million	0.1%		2021	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	1,167 thousand barrels	16.7%		Dec-22	find more
Natural Gas	33,567 million cu ft	3.3%		Dec-22	find more
Coal	0 thousand short tons	0.0%		Dec-22	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	New York	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	58.7 %	46.5 %		2021
Fuel Oil	16.9 %	4.1 %		2021
Electricity	14.6 %	41.0 %		2021
Propane	5.1 %	5.0 %		2021
Other/None	4.8 %	3.5 %		2021

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	8,476 MW	2.8%		Dec-22
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	62 million gal/year	0.4%		2022
Renewable Energy Production	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	2,413 thousand MWh	11.0%		Dec-22
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	621 thousand MWh	1.3%		Dec-22
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	167 thousand MWh	3.7%		Dec-22
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	172 thousand MWh	4.9%		Dec-22
Fuel Ethanol Production	1,753 thousand barrels	0.5%		2020
Renewable Energy Consumption	New York	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	14.0 %	19		2020
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	11,610 thousand barrels	4		2020
Total Emissions	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	169.0 million metric tons	3.3%		2019
Electric Power Industry Emissions	New York	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	28,355 thousand metric tons	1.7%		2021
Sulfur Dioxide	7 thousand metric tons	0.6%		2021
Nitrogen Oxide	26 thousand metric tons	2.1%		2021

Analysis



Last Updated: November 17, 2022

Overview

New York is the nation's fourth most populous state, and its largest city, New York, has been the U.S. city with the most residents in every census since 1790.^1,2,3 However, almost nine-tenths of the state is considered rural, and the population density of New York State as a whole is less than that of six other states.^4,5 Much of New York is rolling agricultural land and rugged mountains, including those in the Adirondack State Park, the largest state park in the nation at more than 6 million acres.⁶ New York has plentiful renewable resources, including hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass. Portions of two of the Great Lakes—Lake Erie and Lake Ontario—are in New York. The Niagara River, with its massive falls, flows between the lakes and makes the state a leading producer of hydroelectric power.^7,8 The Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean shorelines have some of the state's best wind resources.⁹ New York produces a small amount of natural gas and crude oil, and it does not mine any coal.¹⁰ As a result, New York is dependent on energy supplies from out of state to meet about three-fourths of its energy needs.¹¹

New York has the nation's third-largest state economy.¹² It also has one of the most energy-efficient economies in the nation, and New Yorkers consume less total energy per capita than the residents of all but two other states, Hawaii and Rhode Island.¹³ Overall energy use increases during New York's winters when demand for heating rises, and arctic winds and lake-effect snows sweep in from Canada across the Great Lakes.^14,15 The residential sector accounts for almost one-third of state energy consumption, the commercial sector uses three-tenths, and the transportation sector accounts for more than one fourth.¹⁶ Per capita energy consumption in New York's transportation sector is lower than in all other states; only the District of Columbia uses less.¹⁷ The state's energy efficiency results in part from the wide use of mass transportation in New York's densely populated urban areas. In 2019, nearly three-tenths of state residents used public transit to commute to work, six times the national average. By 2021, fewer than one-fifth of New Yorkers used public transit to go to work—reflecting a national decline as more people worked remotely—but that was seven times the national average.^18,19 Many of New York's key industries, like finance and real estate; professional and business services; and government, are not energy-intensive, and the industrial sector accounts for only slightly more than one-tenth of state energy use, a smaller share than in all other states except Maryland.^20,21

Electricity

Natural gas, nuclear power, and hydroelectricity together have provided more than nine-tenths of New York State's utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) electricity net generation since 2012. Non-hydroelectric renewable resources, such as wind, biomass, and solar, provide most of the rest.²² Natural gas fuels 5 of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity, and natural gas-fired power plants account for almost three-fifths of New York's generating capacity.^23,24 In 2021, natural gas fueled 46% of New York's utility-scale in-state generation.²⁵ To increase reliability, especially during the winter months when natural gas pipelines are highly congested, natural gas-fired electricity generating units with dual-fuel capability can switch fuels in the event of a natural gas supply disruption.^26,27 In 2021, about 70% of the state's natural gas-fired capacity had dual-fuel capability, allowing them to also burn petroleum products.²⁸ However, that capacity is used sparingly, and petroleum fueled less than 1% of the state's generation in 2021.²⁹

Nuclear power provides the second-largest share of New York's in-state electricity generation. In 2021, it supplied about one-fourth of the state's electricity, down from more than one-third two years earlier.³⁰ Indian Point, one of New York's four nuclear power plants, accounted for nearly two-fifths of the state's nuclear generating capacity in 2019.³¹ However, one of that plant's two operating reactors ceased operations at the end of April 2020, and the second reactor was retired at the end of April 2021.^32,33 The state's remaining three nuclear power plants have about 3,340 megawatts of generating capacity.³⁴ As a result, New York's nuclear powered electricity generation declined. In 2020, renewable resources supplied a larger share of the state's net generation than nuclear power for the first time.³⁵

In 2021, renewable resources provided three-tenths of New York's in-state electricity net generation, most of it from hydroelectric plants. Conventional hydroelectric resources supplied more than one-fifth of the state's total net generation from all sources. Wind, solar, and biomass facilities provided almost all of the rest of the state's net generation. The amount of electricity generated at in-state utility-scale and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) installations increased substantially during the past decade and exceeded the amount of electricity generated from biomass for the first time in 2019.³⁶

Coal, which fueled 16% of the state's electricity net generation two decades ago, no longer fuels any of New York's in-state net generation. The state's last coal-fired power plant—located on the shores of Lake Ontario—closed in 2020.^37,38

The independent electric transmission system operator, NYISO, manages state wholesale electricity markets and electric grid operations in New York. Electricity usually flows east and south toward the state's high-demand areas in the New York City and Long Island regions.^39,40 The state typically needs more power than it generates, and New York receives additional electricity supply from neighboring states and Canada.⁴¹

Per capita electricity consumption in New York is among the lowest in the nation; only Hawaii, California, and Rhode Island were lower in 2020.⁴² The commercial sector accounted for 49% of the state's electricity retail sales in 2021. The residential sector, where only one in seven households heat with electricity, accounted for about 37%, and the industrial sector used about 12%. The transportation sector used the rest.^43,44 In. 2021, New York's electricity retail sales to the state's public rail systems accounted for 38% of the nation's total sales to public rail systems.^45,46 There are more than 3,200 public and private access all-electric vehicle fueling station locations in the state.⁴⁷ In 2020 and in 2021, total electricity retail sales in New York were less than in 2019, in part because of COVID-19 mitigation efforts.^48,49 Only New York's residential sector saw some increase in sales compared to 2019, as more state residents worked from home during the pandemic.^50,51,52

Renewable energy

In 2021, New York ranked fifth in the nation in the amount of electricity generated from renewable resources, and sixth in the nation in the amount supplied by utility-scale installations.⁵³ Hydroelectric power accounted for 73% of the state's total renewable electricity generation in 2021, and 22% of the state's total net generation from all sources.⁵⁴ New York is consistently among the nation's top four producers of hydroelectricity, and the state produced more hydroelectric power in 2021 than all but two other states, Washington and Oregon.⁵⁵ The 2,500-megawatt Robert Moses Niagara hydroelectric power plant, at Lewiston near Niagara Falls, produces the largest share of New York's hydropower. The plant is the third-largest conventional hydroelectric power plant by capacity in the United States.^56,57 The associated Lewiston pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, with 12 pump-turbines and a 1,900-acre storage reservoir, operates during periods of peak power demand to supplement power from the Robert Moses plant.⁵⁸

Wind is New York's second-largest renewable source of electricity generation. In 2021, wind accounted for 3% of New York's total net generation and 11% of the state's electricity from renewables.⁵⁹ As of mid-2022, New York had almost 2,200 megawatts of wind capacity at 29 utility-scale wind farms.^60,61 New York's additional onshore wind energy potential is located primarily at the eastern end of each of the state's two Great Lakes, along the Long Island shoreline, and along the ridges of the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskill Mountains. However, the state's highest peaks are in state parks where wind development is restricted. New York also has offshore wind resources along the Long Island coastline and in the two Great Lakes.⁶² The state mandated the deployment of at least 9,000 megawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2035.⁶³ Currently, more than 4,300 megawatts of offshore wind energy are in development.⁶⁴

In 2021, solar energy provided 3% of New York's total in-state net generation, more than two-thirds of it from small-scale systems with capacities of less than 1 megawatt each.⁶⁵ New York encourages small-scale solar installations, such as rooftop solar, through net metering and a variety of financial support programs.⁶⁶ In 2021, the state ranked fourth in the nation in electricity generation from small-scale solar.⁶⁷ Most of the New York's more than 300 utility-scale solar PV installations have capacities less than 20 megawatts, but there are five large solar facilities with capacities of 20 megawatts or more. All but one of them are on Long Island. About half of New York's utility-scale solar capacity came online since January 2020.⁶⁸ By July 2022, New York had 3,466 megawatts of solar PV capacity at utility-scale and small-scale installations.⁶⁹ The state increased its earlier targets of 3,000 megawatts of solar PV capacity by 2023 and 6,000 megawatts by 2025 to 10,000 megawatts or more from solar projects under 5 megawatts in size by 2030.^70,71

Biomass fueled less than 2% of New York's total net generation in 2021, but the state ranked 11th in the amount of electricity generated from biomass.⁷² Municipal solid waste facilities account for almost three-fifths of the state's biomass generating capacity. New York has many smaller landfill gas-fueled generators at locations across the state, and they account for about one-fourth of the state's biomass generating capacity. New York's two utility-scale wood- and wood waste-fueled facilities account for about one-sixth of the state's biomass generating capacity. However, in 2021, they contributed almost one-fourth of state biomass-fueled generation.^73,74 New York has other biomass and biofuel resources that are used for purposes other than electricity generation. The state has five wood pellet plants that have a combined manufacturing capacity of about 354,000 tons of pellets each year. Wood pellets are used for heating and also as a fuel for electricity generation.⁷⁵ The state also has a fuel ethanol production plant with a capacity of about 62 million gallons per year.⁷⁶ However, the state consumed about 488 million gallons of fuel ethanol in 2020, the fourth-largest amount of any state.⁷⁷ New York does not have any biodiesel production, but the state was the nation's seventh-largest biodiesel consumer in 2020.⁷⁸ Biodiesel consumption per capita, however, was less than in about two-thirds of the states.^79,80

New York adopted its first renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 2004.⁸¹ In 2015, it expired and New York replaced its RPS with the state's Clean Energy Standard (CES), which required utilities and other electricity retail suppliers in the state to acquire 50% of the electricity they sold from clean energy resources by 2030. In July 2019, New York enacted the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act, which requires 70% renewable electricity by 2030 and 100% carbon-free electricity by 2040. The legislation also calls for 100% economy-wide net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Existing nuclear power plants in the state are considered zero emission resources. Facilities that are not technically capable of eliminating all carbon emissions can purchase carbon offsets to meet a portion of the required 100% net-zero goal. The offsets must be from nearby sources that reduce carbon, such as forests and agriculture.^82,83 In 2020, New York's per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions were lower than those of any other state in the nation.⁸⁴

Petroleum

Despite a long history of crude oil production, New York currently has no significant proved crude oil reserves and produces only a small amount of crude oil.^85,86,87 In the 19th century, New York was an important crude oil production and processing center with more than 50 oil refineries, including one of the world's largest, which was located in Olean in southwestern New York. By the end of the 20th century, all the refineries in the state had closed, and the small amount of crude oil currently produced in New York is shipped to out-of-state refineries.^88,89

Crude oil refineries in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, refined product pipelines from the Gulf Coast and the Midwest, and imports, mostly from Canada, provide the petroleum products consumed in New York. New York Harbor, which includes terminals on both the New York and New Jersey shorelines, is the largest petroleum products hub in the Northeast, with bulk storage capacity exceeding 75 million barrels. Petroleum products delivered to the harbor are redistributed by truck or by barge to smaller ports on Long Island and upstate along the Hudson River. Western New York receives petroleum products from Pennsylvania and the Midwest through pipelines and from Canada through the Port of Buffalo.⁹⁰

With its large population, New York is one of the nation's largest consumers of petroleum overall, but the state uses less petroleum per capita than any other state.⁹¹ The transportation sector uses more than three-fourths of the petroleum consumed in the state.⁹² In 2020, New York was the fourth-largest consumer of both motor gasoline and jet fuel among the states, even though it had the second-lowest per capita transportation sector energy consumption of any state.^93,94 In large part because of the wide use of mass transportation, New York also had the lowest per capita motor gasoline consumption of any state.^95,96 The residential sector accounts for about one-tenth of New York's petroleum consumption.⁹⁷ About one in five New York households heat with petroleum products, primarily fuel oil.⁹⁸ Because of concerns about home heating oil shortages in New York and other northeastern states, the federal government created the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR) in 2000. In 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to convert the reserve to ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) containing a maximum of 15 parts per million of sulfur.⁹⁹ In 2012, New York was the first northeastern state to require the use of ULSD.¹⁰⁰ The industrial and commercial sectors account for the rest of the state's petroleum consumption. In 2020, the industrial sector used about 7% and the commercial sector consumed about 6%.¹⁰¹

To reduce ozone formation, the New York City metropolitan area and Long Island require the use of reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol. The rest of the state uses a low volatility motor gasoline blend.¹⁰² New York Harbor is the primary Northeast distribution hub for fuel ethanol supplies. Although some ethanol is produced in New York, almost seven times more fuel ethanol was consumed in New York than was produced there in 2020.^103,104 Typically, ethanol produced in the Midwest and marine imports from overseas arrive through New York Harbor for distribution throughout the state and beyond. An additional large storage facility at Albany, New York, receives fuel ethanol by rail for distribution throughout the Northeast.¹⁰⁵

Natural gas

New York has few natural gas reserves and only modest production.^106,107 The state's first commercial natural gas well was drilled in 1821.¹⁰⁸ Annual production reached a recent annual high of almost 56 billion cubic feet in 2006, but in 2021 New York produced less than 10 billion cubic feet of natural gas.¹⁰⁹ Most of the natural gas consumed in the state enters by pipelines from other states. The largest share of the natural gas that enters New York comes from Pennsylvania.¹¹⁰ The Marcellus Shale, named for a town in central New York where the shale is visible at the surface, is a natural gas-bearing formation that extends under parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland.¹¹¹ It is the largest natural gas area in the United States as ranked by estimated proved reserves.¹¹² In 2014, New York's governor banned hydraulic fracturing.¹¹³ Commonly called fracking, hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to produce natural gas from low permeability shales like the Marcellus. In 2020, the state legislature made the fracking ban permanent.¹¹⁴ Only a few natural gas wells were drilled into New York's Marcellus Shale before the ban.¹¹⁵ As a result, the total amount of natural gas retrievable from the Marcellus Shale in the state is unknown.¹¹⁶

New York was the sixth-largest natural gas consumer among the states in 2020. However, New York consumed less natural gas per capita than three-fourths of the states.¹¹⁷ In 2021, the residential sector, where three out of every five households heat with natural gas, accounted for more than one-third of the natural gas delivered to New York consumers.¹¹⁸ Natural gas fuels 46% of the state's electricity generation, and more than one-third of the natural gas delivered to consumers in New York in 2021 went to the electric power sector.¹¹⁹ The commercial sector received almost one-fourth of the natural gas deliveries, and the industrial sector accounted for 7%. The transportation sector used very little natural gas as vehicle fuel, but there are nearly 60 public and private access compressed natural gas fueling stations in New York.^120,121

New York has 26 natural gas underground storage facilities. Most are in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, but one is in a salt cavern. Those storage fields, along with storage in nearby states, are key to meeting demand spikes, particularly during the winter heating season.¹²² Virtually all major interstate pipelines from the Gulf Coast, Appalachia, and western Canada reach New York, both to supply in-state customers and to deliver supplies to New England.¹²³

Coal

New York does not have any coal mines and has no coal reserves.¹²⁴ In 2021, the industrial sector consumed the only coal used in the state.¹²⁵ Deliveries to the electric power sector ended in 2019, and the state's last coal-fired power plant closed in March 2020.^126,127,128

U.S. coal exports that travel through New York primarily leave the state through the Port of Buffalo, and through the port at Ogdensburg in northern New York. A small amount is exported through New York City. Very small amounts of imported coal enter the state at Buffalo.¹²⁹

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Census Bureau, Data & Maps, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 (NST-EST2021-POP).
² U.S. Census Bureau, Library, Top 20 Cities, Highest Ranking Cities, 1790 to 2010 (July 19, 2012).
³ Castronuovo, Celine, "All 10 largest cities grew, Phoenix supplants Philly as 5th largest in US," The Hill (August 12, 2021).
⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Historical Population Density Data (1910-2020), accessed October 3, 2022.
⁵ Aubertine, Daniel J., Rural New York, New York State Senate (July 29, 2010).
⁶ Jennings, Ken, "Adirondack Park Is Bigger Than Death Valley and Yellowstone Combined," Condé Nast Traveler (April 18, 2018).
⁷ Niagara Parks, Niagara Falls Geology, Facts and Figures, accessed October 3, 2022.
⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.10.B.
⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in New York, accessed October 3, 2022.
¹⁰ U.S. EIA, New York, Profile Data, Supply & Distribution, accessed October 3, 2022.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2020.
¹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹⁴ Wysocki, Mark, "I Love NY's Climate Zones!," New York's Climate, The CoCoRaHS State Climates Series, accessed October 3, 2022.
¹⁵ NYSERDA, Monthly Cooling and Heating Degree Day Data, accessed October 3, 2022.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census: New York Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
¹⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, Data, Table B08301, Means of Transportation to Work, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, 2019, 2020, and 2021, All States within United States, Puerto Rico, and the Island Areas.
²⁰ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in Current Dollars, New York, All statistics in table, 2020, 2021.
²¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2020.
²² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Fuel type (Check all), Annual, 2001-21.
²³ U.S. EIA, New York Electricity Profile 2020, Table 2A, Ten largest plants by capacity, 2020.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), Natural gas, Annual, 2001-20.
²⁶ New York Independent System Operator, Power Trends 2017, p. 35.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, "About 13% of U.S. electricity generating capacity can switch between natural gas and oil," Today in Energy (February 11, 2020).
²⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), Petroleum liquids, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), Nuclear, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
³¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2019 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
³² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Indian Point 2 and Indian Point 3, Monthly, January 2001-July 2022.
³³ U.S. EIA, "New York's Indian Point nuclear power plant closes after 59 years of operation," Today in Energy (April 30, 2021).
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2021 Form EIA-860 Data, Schedule 3, 'Generator Data' (Operable Units Only).
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, Nuclear, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, All utility-scale solar, Biomass, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), Coal, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
³⁸ Prohaska, Thomas J., "New York's last coal-burning power plant closes on Lake Ontario shore," The Buffalo News (March 30, 2020).
³⁹ U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Electric Power Markets, New York (NYISO), updated July 20, 2021.
⁴⁰ New York Independent System Operator, Power Trends 2021, p. 7.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, New York Electricity Profile 2020, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2020.
⁴² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, New York, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, 2021.
⁴⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, New York, Table B25040, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁴⁵ New York Public Transit Association, Public Transit Facts, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Transportation sector, All states, 2021.
⁴⁷ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, New York, Electric, Access Public and Private, Available, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, "Daily electricity demand in New York falls about 13% after COVID-19 mitigation efforts," Today in Energy (May 6, 2020).
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, "Daytime electricity demand in New York City most affected by COVID-19 mitigation actions," Today in Energy (May 22, 2020).
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2021), Table 5.4.B.
⁵¹ Pew Research Center, "How the Coronavirus Outbreak Has - and Hasn't - Changed the Way Americans Work," Research Topics (December 9, 2020).
⁵² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, New York, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, 2001-21.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.10.B, 1.11.B, 1.17.B.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New York, All fuels (Utility-scale), Conventional hydroelectric, Other Renewables (Total), Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.10.B.
⁵⁶ New York State, NY Power Authority, Niagara Power Project, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁵⁷ World Atlas, World Facts, "The Largest Hydroelectric Power Stations In The United States," accessed October 7, 2022.
⁵⁸ "A Powerful 50 Years at Niagara," International Water Power & Dam Construction (April 15, 2011).
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass, All utility-scale solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2021.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (June 2021), Table 6.2.B.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2022.
⁶² U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in New York, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁶³ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Offshore Wind Standard, updated June 29, 2021.
⁶⁴ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Offshore Wind, Offshore Wind Projects, accessed October 7, 2022.
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New York, All fuels (utility-scale), All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-21.
⁶⁶ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Programs, New York, Solar Photovoltaics, accessed October 8, 2022.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Table 1.17.B.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2022.
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (September 2022), Table 6.2.B.
⁷⁰ Brandt, Jaclyn, "New York governor unveils plan to double solar goal and expand offshore wind," Daily Energy Insider (January 17, 2019).
⁷¹ New York State Office of the Governor, "Governor Hochul Announces New Framework to Achieve at Least 10 Gigawatts of Distributed Solar By 2030," Press Release (December 17, 2021).
⁷² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2022), Tables 1.3.B, 1.15.B.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2022.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, New York, Biomass (Total), Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Annual, 2001-21.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, June 2022.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, Excel file, U.S. Nameplate Fuel Ethanol Production Capacity: January 1, 2022.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2020.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, Table 4, Biodiesel producers and production capacity by state, December 2020.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁸⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, Data & Maps, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 (NST-EST2021-POP).
⁸¹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, New York, Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated June 26, 2018.
⁸² NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, New York, Clean Energy Standard, updated June 29, 2021.
⁸³ Roberts, David, "New York just passed the most ambitious climate target in the country," Vox (July 22, 2019).
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Environment, Energy-Related CO2 Emission Data Tables, Table 4, Per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by state (2000-20).
⁸⁵ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York's Natural Gas and Oil Resource Endowment: Past, Present and Potential, Part 1 (2007), First Commercial Oil Development in New York, p. 10.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, New York Field Production of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels), Annual, 1981-2021.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2020 (January 2022), Table 7, Crude oil proved reserves, reserves changes, and production, 2020.
⁸⁸ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York's Natural Gas and Oil Resource Endowment: Past, Present and Potential, Part 1 (2007), Crude Oil Refining in New York State, p. 10.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, New York Number of Operable Refineries as of January 1, 1982-2022.
⁹⁰ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Energy Infrastructure Reports, New York State Energy Assurance Plan (September 14, 2012) p. IV-6-IV-7, V-28-V-36.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
⁹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2020.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2020.
⁹⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, Data & Maps, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021 (NST-EST2021-POP).
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
⁹⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, New York, Table B25040, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁹⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR) History and About NEHHOR, accessed October 12, 2022.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, "Sulfur content of heating oil to be reduced in northeastern states," Today in Energy (April 18, 2012).
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2020.
¹⁰² Larson, B. K., "U.S. Gasoline Requirements as of January 2018," ExxonMobil, accessed October 12, 2022.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2020.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2020.
¹⁰⁵ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Energy Infrastructure Reports, New York State Energy Assurance Plan (September 14, 2012), p. IV-7.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, Dry Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Proved reserves as of December 31, 2015-2020.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, New York Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2021.
¹⁰⁸ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York's Natural Gas and Oil Resource Endowment: Past, Present and Potential, Part 1 (2007), Crude Oil Refining in New York State, p. 8.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. EIA, New York Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2021.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, New York, Annual, 2016-21.
¹¹¹ Soeder, Daniel J., Resource and Environmental Studies on the Marcellus Shale, National Energy Technology Laboratory (2008), p. 5-6.
¹¹² U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil and Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 4.
¹¹³ Kaplan, Thomas, "Citing Health Risks, Cuomo Bans Fracking in New York State," The New York Times (December 17, 2014).
¹¹⁴ Guerrero, Marisa, "New York State Codifies Fracking Ban in Budget," Natural Resources Defense Council (April 3, 2020).
¹¹⁵ U.S. EIA, Marcellus Shale Play Geology review, Updates to the Marcellus Shale Play Maps (January 2017), p. 3.
¹¹⁶ U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Estimates 214 trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas in Appalachian Basin Formations, accessed October 13, 2022.
¹¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹¹⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, New York, Table B25040, 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
¹¹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New York, All fuels, Natural gas, Annual, 2001-21.
¹²⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New York, Annual, 2016-21.
¹²¹ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Advanced Filters, New York, Compressed Natural Gas, Access Public and Private, Available, accessed October 14, 2022.
¹²² U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, New York, Annual, 2016-21.
¹²³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Pipelines in the Northeast Region, accessed October 14, 2022.
¹²⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2021 and 2020, and Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021.
¹²⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), By Coal Destination State, New York, Table DS-28, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2021.
¹²⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2019 (October 2020), By Coal Destination State, New York, Table DS-30, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2019.
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2020 (October 2021), By Coal Destination State, New York, Table DS-27, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2020.
¹²⁸ Prohaska, Thomas J., "New York's last coal-burning power plant closes on Lake Ontario shore," The Buffalo News (March 30, 2020).
¹²⁹ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, April-June 2022 (October 2022), Table 13, Coal Exports by Customs District, and Table 20, Coal Imports by Customs District.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 1B
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): New York Independent System Operator (NYISO)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC)

Other Websites

• New York State Department of Public Service
• New York State, Homes and Community Renewal, Weatherization Assistance Program
• New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance, Home Energy Assistance Program
• NY Power Authority
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Oil and Gas
• New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Energy and Climate
• New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)
• NYSERDA, Home Energy Efficiency Programs
• NYSERDA, Clean Energy Business Partners
• NYSERDA, Clean Energy Standard
• New York City, Citywide Administrative Services, Energy Management
• Open NY Data Portal
• New York Independent System Operator
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, New York
• EIA New York Flickr Album
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• Benefits.Gov, Housing and Public Utilities
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
• The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions