Data

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Energy Indicators
Demography	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	6.2 million	1.8%		2024
Civilian Labor Force	3.2 million	1.9%		Aug-25
Economy	Missouri	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 451.2 billion	22		2024
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 52,378 million	20		2024
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 64,740	35		2024
Vehicle Miles Traveled	80,825 million miles	14		2023
Land in Farms	26.9 million acres	12		2024
Climate	Missouri	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	58.0 degrees Fahrenheit	16		2024
Precipitation	44.0 inches	20		2024

Prices
Petroleum	Missouri	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	--	$ 65.98 /barrel		Jul-25
Natural Gas	Missouri	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 4.16 /thousand cu ft	$ 5.14 /thousand cu ft		Jul-25	find more
Residential	$ 30.02 /thousand cu ft	$ 25.27 /thousand cu ft		Jul-25	find more
Coal	Missouri	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	W	$ 54.04 /short ton		2023
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 1.92 /million Btu	$ 2.40 /million Btu		Jul-25
Electricity	Missouri	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	15.48 cents/kWh	17.47 cents/kWh		Jul-25	find more
Commercial	12.21 cents/kWh	14.15 cents/kWh		Jul-25	find more
Industrial	9.33 cents/kWh	9.29 cents/kWh		Jul-25	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	--	--		2022	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	*	*		2023	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	3 wells	*		2020	find more
Capacity	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	0 barrels/calendar day	0.0%		2025
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	20,869 MW	1.7%		Jul-25

Supply & Distribution
Production	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	210 trillion Btu	0.2%		2023	find more
Crude Oil	0 thousand barrels per day	0.0%		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	0 million cu ft	0.0%		2023	find more
Coal	140 thousand short tons	*		2023	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	7,206 thousand MWh	1.6%		Jul-25
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Missouri	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	0.3 %	0.3 %		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	23.0 %	45.4 %		Jul-25	find more
Coal-Fired	58.3 %	18.0 %		Jul-25	find more
Nuclear	9.2 %	15.8 %		Jul-25	find more
Renewables	9.1 %	20.2 %		Jul-25
Stocks	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	121 thousand barrels	1.2%		Jul-25
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	573 thousand barrels	0.7%		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	12,450 million cu ft	0.2%		Jul-25	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	312 thousand barrels	1.5%		Jul-25	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	6,776 thousand tons	6.2%		Jul-25	find more
Fueling Stations	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	2,635 stations	2.4%		2023
Propane	50 stations	1.9%		Sep-25
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	1,149 stations	1.5%		Sep-25
E85	138 stations	2.9%		Sep-25
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	33 stations	0.9%		Sep-25

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Missouri	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	1,682 trillion Btu	18		2023	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	271 million Btu	27		2023	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 28,439 million	19		2023	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 4,581	29		2023	find more
by End-Use Sector	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	469 trillion Btu	2.6%		2023	find more
»  Commercial	369 trillion Btu	2.3%		2023	find more
»  Industrial	293 trillion Btu	0.9%		2023	find more
»  Transportation	551 trillion Btu	2.0%		2023	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 6,423 million	1.9%		2023	find more
»  Commercial	$ 4,098 million	1.7%		2023	find more
»  Industrial	$ 3,031 million	1.3%		2023	find more
»  Transportation	$ 14,888 million	2.0%		2023	find more
by Source	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	123 million barrels	1.7%		2023	find more
»  Natural Gas	310 billion cu ft	1.0%		2023	find more
»  Coal	24,879 thousand short tons	5.8%		2023	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 16,972 million	1.8%		2023	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 3,282 million	1.6%		2023	find more
»  Coal	$ 878 million	3.7%		2023	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	69 thousand barrels	3.2%		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas	13,216 million cu ft	0.9%		Jul-25	find more
Coal	2,489 thousand tons	5.5%		Jul-25	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Missouri	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	48.7 %	46.0 %		2023
Fuel Oil	0.2 %	3.7 %		2023
Electricity	39.0 %	41.7 %		2023
Propane	8.7 %	5.0 %		2023
Other/None	3.4 %	3.5 %		2023

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	3,875 MW	1.0%		Jul-25
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	338 million gal/year	1.8%		2025
Renewable Energy Production	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	76 thousand MWh	0.4%		Jul-25
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	568 thousand MWh	0.9%		Jul-25
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	9 thousand MWh	0.2%		Jul-25
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	85 thousand MWh	0.9%		Jul-25
Fuel Ethanol Production	6,729 thousand barrels	1.8%		2023
Renewable Energy Consumption	Missouri	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	5.4 %	40		2023
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	7,695 thousand barrels	14		2023
Total Emissions	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	101.5 million metric tons	2.1%		2023
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Missouri	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	45,916 thousand metric tons	3.0%		2023
Sulfur Dioxide	66 thousand metric tons	7.8%		2023
Nitrogen Oxide	34 thousand metric tons	3.0%		2023

Analysis

Last Updated: October 16, 2025

Overview

Missouri is a transportation hub for the United States at the junction of the nation's two longest rivers, the Missouri and the Mississippi.^1,2 Missouri is one of two states that border eight states.³ The state's infrastructure and location give shippers the ability to move raw materials and agricultural and manufactured products by rail, river, highway, and air to destinations across the country.^4,5 Missouri has little fossil fuel production, but it does have fossil fuel resources, including coal deposits, petroleum-bearing tar sands, and oil shales.^6,7

The rich soils of the plains, the rolling hills north of the Missouri River, and the southeastern lowlands form the state's fertile agricultural regions.^8,9 Missouri's large corn and soybean crops are feedstocks for the state's biofuels industry.^10,11 South of the Missouri River, the heavily forested Ozark Plateau has abundant biomass resource potential, and the open prairies of northern and western Missouri have the state's best wind resources.^12,13,14 Three of the largest earthquakes in North America were centered in southeastern Missouri over a two-month period in 1811-12, reaching a magnitude of 7.5.¹⁵ The potential for further tremors in that geologically active part of the state is taken into consideration in siting nuclear power plants throughout the Midwest.^16,17

Missouri has a moderate climate, and extended periods of very cold or very hot weather are uncommon.¹⁸ The state's total energy consumption per capita is close to the midpoint of the states. However, Missouri ranks fourth in the nation in per capita energy consumption in the residential sector.¹⁹ The state uses eight times more energy than it produces.²⁰ The transportation and residential sectors are the two largest energy-consuming end-use sectors, with the transportation sector accounting for one-third of the state's total energy use. The residential sector accounts for almost three-tenths and the commercial sector accounts for over one-fifth of Missouri's energy consumption. The industrial sector—which includes manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and mining—accounts for one-sixth of the state's energy use.^21,22

Petroleum

Missouri does not have significant crude oil reserves.²³ The state's crude oil production has mostly been in decline since 2014, although annual oil output increased in 2022 for the first time in nearly a decade, rising to 69,000 barrels. However, production totaled 57,000 barrels in 2024, down significantly from its peak of 285,000 barrels in 1984.²⁴ The first crude oil production in the state came from wells drilled near Kansas City, Missouri in the late 1860s. Today, crude oil is still produced in western Missouri near the state's border with Kansas and Nebraska, as well as in eastern Missouri near St. Louis. Cass County, in western Missouri just south of Kansas City, is the source of 6 out of every 10 barrels of crude oil produced in the state.^25,26,27

Six major crude oil pipelines pass through Missouri on their way to refining centers elsewhere in the Midwest.²⁸ The last petroleum refinery in the state closed in 1982.^29,30 Missouri receives finished petroleum products from several interstate pipelines, most of which originate at refining centers along the Gulf Coast.³¹ Some petroleum products also arrive at the state's inland ports by barge on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers.^32,33

Missouri's petroleum consumption per capita is near the midpoint of the states.³⁴ Three-fifths of the state's petroleum consumption is in the form of motor gasoline.³⁵ Missouri requires the use of motor gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.^36,37 The St. Louis and Kansas City metropolitan areas have stricter motor gasoline requirements than the rest of the state, allowing the use of fuel blended with 15% ethanol year round.^38,39 In February 2024, federal regulators approved the sale of gasoline with up 15% ethanol (E15) throughout the year in Missouri and seven other Midwest states starting in 2025. Previously, E15 gasoline was banned during the summertime due to concerns that it caused smog in hotter temperatures.⁴⁰ About 1 in every 11 state households depend on propane for their primary heating fuel.⁴¹ In addition, Missouri is a top 10 corn-producing state, and propane is used in wet years to dry the corn crop after the harvest.^42,43,44 The electric power sector in Missouri consumes very little petroleum.⁴⁵

Coal

Missouri holds 1.5% of U.S. economically recoverable coal reserves, but the state's coal production is small and accounts for less than 0.1% of U.S. total coal output. The state has one operating surface mine that produces a minor amount of coal for industrial use.⁴⁶ All of Missouri's mined coal is bituminous, which has a high heat content when burned and is used to generate electricity and to make iron and steel.^47,48 Nearly all of the state's mined coal is sent out of the state by truck and rail to industrial plants in Kansas and Oklahoma.^49,50 Missouri has a rich coal mining history dating back to the 1880s, but coal production declined significantly from a high of 6.7 million tons in 1984 to about 150,000 tons in 2024.^51,52,53

In 2024, about 23 million tons of coal were burned for electricity generation in Missouri, the second-most in any state, only behind Texas.⁵⁴ Nearly all the coal that fuels Missouri's coal-fired power plants comes by rail from Wyoming. Minor amounts of coal also arrive by rail from Illinois. Additional small amounts of coal from Illinois, Colorado, Kentucky, West Viriginia, and Indiana are delivered by river barges, rail, and trucks to industrial and commercial users in the state.⁵⁵

Natural gas

Missouri has no major economically recoverable natural gas reserves, and except for a few private wells in the northwest corner of the state, commercial production of natural gas has ceased.^56,57,58 One-third of Missouri, about 24,000 square miles, lies on top of coal seams that potentially could produce coalbed methane. Those coal deposits are located in the northern and western areas of the state.^59,60,61

Missouri is crossed by about a dozen interstate natural gas pipelines.^62,63 Natural gas enters the state from the west and south, mostly by way of Kansas, Arkansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Iowa. Most of that natural gas continues on to Illinois and Iowa for delivery to markets in the Midwest and beyond.⁶⁴ The eastern and western sections of the Rockies Express Pipeline (REX), one of the nation's largest and longest natural gas pipelines, connect in northern Missouri. The REX pipeline's western section originates in Colorado and brings Rocky Mountain natural gas east. The pipeline's eastern section is bidirectional and can bring to Missouri natural gas that is produced from shale areas in Ohio and Pennsylvania.^65,66 Some of the natural gas that enters Missouri is injected into the state's one underground natural gas storage field. It can hold almost 14 billion cubic feet of gas, which represents about 0.1% of total U.S. storage capacity.^67,68

The electric power sector is the largest consumer of natural gas in Missouri and accounts for about 31% of the natural gas delivered to end users in the state. Missouri's residential sector, where about half of households use natural gas as their primary energy source for heating, consumes about 29% of the state's natural gas. The commercial and industrial sectors each account for about one-fifth of the state's natural gas consumption. A small amount of natural gas is used as vehicle fuel in the state's transportation sector.^69,70

Electricity

In 2024, coal fueled 57% of Missouri's electricity net generation, and 7 of the 10 largest power plants by annual generation capacity in the state are coal-fired.^71,72 Missouri ranks fourth, behind West Virginia, Kentucky, and Wyoming, for the highest share of in-state electricity net generation from coal.⁷³ Coal's net generation peaked in 2011, accounting for 83% share of the state's net generation. More than 3,100 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity in Missouri have been retired since 2011.^74,75

In 2024, Missouri's one nuclear facility, the Callaway nuclear power plant located west of St. Louis, accounted for 15% of in-state generation, natural gas also accounted for 15%, and wind accounted for about 10%. Hydropower accounted for 1% of total in-state generation, while solar, petroleum, and biomass accounted for the rest.^76,77

On an annual basis, Missouri typically uses more electricity than it generates and imports power from other states via the regional grid.⁷⁸ Electric utilities provide 90% of the electricity generated in Missouri.⁷⁹ The state also has 40 electric cooperatives that serve customers in almost every county.⁸⁰ However, most of the state's population is concentrated in urban areas—mainly St. Louis and Kansas City—and receives power from investor-owned utilities.^81,82 The residential sector uses the most electricity in the state, accounting for almost half of total power sales, followed by the commercial sector accounting for almost two-fifths and industrial sector accounting for about one-sixth of electricity sales, with a small amount going to the transportation sector.⁸³ About 4 out of 10 Missouri households rely on electricity as their primary energy source for home heating, and 95% of households have electric air conditioning equipment.^84,85 Missouri's average electricity price is below the national average and its residential sector price is among the lowest one-fourth of the states.⁸⁶

As of August 2025, Missouri had over 1,100 public electric vehicle (EV) charging locations.⁸⁷ The majority of these charging locations are in and around St. Louis and Kansas City, although many charging locations can also be found along the major highways throughout the state.⁸⁸ Several electric utilities in Missouri offer incentives for customers to install home EV charging stations, as well as reduced electricity rates for home EV charging.⁸⁹

Renewable energy

In 2024, renewable sources accounted for about 13% of Missouri's total in-state electricity generation from both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger capacity) and customer-cited small-scale installations (less than 1 megawatt capacity). Missouri's primary renewable electricity sources are wind energy, solar, and hydropower. Wind energy provided 78% of the state's total renewable generation, solar energy 11%, and hydropower 10%. Biomass provided the rest.⁹⁰

At the end of 2024, Missouri had about 2,400 megawatts of wind-powered generating capacity.⁹¹ The state ranked 18th in the nation in wind power generation.⁹² Missouri's best wind energy resources are located in the northwest corner of the state.^93,94

The amount of electricity generated from all solar photovoltaic (PV) installations in the state has nearly tripled since 2018, and solar power surpassed hydropower for the first time in 2023. About four-fifths of the state's solar power comes from small-scale generating systems, many of which are installed on rooftops at both businesses and homes.^95,96 About 740 megawatts of utility-scale solar power are scheduled to come online by the end of 2026.⁹⁷

Missouri had 550 megawatts of conventional hydropower generating capacity in 2024. The state's six conventional hydroelectric power plants were built between 1930 and 1984 and are located on the tributaries of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers.^98,99,100 Missouri also has three pumped-storage hydroelectric plants with about 660 megawatts of combined capacity. The pumped-storage power plants generate electricity during peak demand periods by using water pumped into an upper reservoir in off-peak periods and then releasing it to flow back to a lower reservoir when additional generating capacity is needed. Power is generated as the water flows through turbines located between the reservoirs. Although the plants use more power than they generate, the plants supply cheaper power in periods of peak demand when electricity prices are highest.^101,102

A small amount of the state's renewable electricity generation comes from biomass.¹⁰³ Missouri has significant biomass potential from agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and the 15 million acres of forest that cover roughly one-third of the state.^104,105 Electricity generation from biomass has remained relatively stable over the last five years and accounted for 1% of the state's renewable electricity in 2024.¹⁰⁶ Missouri's forests and biomass resources also provide feedstock for the state's wood pellet industry. The state had three wood pellet manufacturing plants with a combined production capacity of about 157,000 tons per year. However, the largest of these, Ozark Hardwood Pellets, was damaged in a fire in February 2024 that reduced the capacity to 17,000 tons per year.^107,108 The state offers a wood energy production tax credit that provides a state income tax credit of $5 for each ton of wood pellets manufactured.¹⁰⁹ Wood pellets are used as fuel for generating electricity and for space heating.¹¹⁰

Missouri produces significant amounts of both biodiesel and fuel ethanol. The state is the second-largest biodiesel producer in the nation after Iowa, with a production capacity of 257 million gallons annually at 5 biodiesel plants.^111,112 The biodiesel plants use mostly soy oil or animal fats as feedstocks.¹¹³ Missouri's biodiesel consumption of 34 million gallons is among the top 20 states.¹¹⁴ The state is the 13th-largest fuel ethanol producer. Its six ethanol manufacturing plants use corn as a feedstock to produce 338 million gallons of ethanol a year.^115,116,117 Missouri ranks among the top one-third of states in fuel ethanol consumption, using 323 million gallons.¹¹⁸

Some of Missouri's large pig farms provide methane from manure lagoons that is converted into renewable natural gas (RNG). This RNG is then delivered by pipeline to cities and towns in the state.^119,120 The state also has 10 waste-to-energy (anaerobic digesters) projects, where biogas and fertilizer are produced.^121,122

In 2008, Missouri implemented a renewable portfolio standard that required investor-owned electric utilities to meet 15% of their electricity sales with power generated from renewable sources by 2021 and each year thereafter. Missouri's largest utility has met this requirement.¹²³ State regulators implemented cost caps to keep electricity retail rates from rising more than 1% in any year because of the mandate.¹²⁴ Since 2007, Missouri has required all electricity suppliers to offer net metering to residents with customer-sited renewable electricity generating systems up to 100 kilowatts in capacity. The excess electricity generated is sent to the grid and the value of that power is credited to the customer's next bill.¹²⁵

Endnotes

¹ Missouri Department of Transportation, A Vision for Missouri's Freight Transportation Future, accessed September 3, 2025.
² Kammerer, J.C., "Largest Rivers in the United States," U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, updated September 1, 2005.
³ WorldAtlas, U.S. States Bordering The Most Other States, accessed September 3, 2025.
⁴ U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Rivers of the World: World's Longest Rivers, June 11, 2018.
⁵ Missouri Partnership, Perfect Strategic Location, accessed September 3, 2025.
⁶ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System, Missouri Profile Data, Reserves, updated August 21, 2025.
⁷ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas Resources, accessed September 22, 2025.
⁸ Missouri Department of Agriculture, Missouri Ag Highlights, accessed September 3, 2025.
⁹ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Physiographic Regions of Missouri - PUB2515, August 26, 2021.
¹⁰ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹² Britannica, Geography & Travel, Physical Geography of Land, Mountains & Volcanoes, Ozark Mountains, updated August 15, 2025.
¹³ University of Missouri Extension, Woody Biomass for Energy in Missouri, updated August 2025.
¹⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Missouri, Maps & Data, accessed September 3, 2025.
¹⁵ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, History of Earthquakes in Missouri, accessed September 22, 2025.
¹⁶ U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, The New Madrid Seismic Zone, accessed September 3, 2025.
¹⁷ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Background on Seismic Reviews at U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, updated January 16, 2025.
¹⁸ University of Missouri, Missouri Climate Center, Climate of Missouri, accessed September 3, 2025.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
²¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
²² U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in Current Dollars, Missouri, All statistics in table, 2024.
²³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Missouri Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 1981-2024.
²⁵ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas in Missouri-PUB0652 (November 1, 2016).
²⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, Missouri: 2020 Census, State profile, Population and Housing, Missouri Counties, updated August 25, 2021.
²⁷ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Annual Oil Production Figures 2024, accessed September 3, 2025.
²⁸ U.S. EIA, Missouri Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Missouri, Layer List: Petroleum Product Pipelines, accessed September 3, 2025.
²⁹ "Amoco to close Sugar Creek refinery," UPI (March 3, 1982).
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, Annual (as of January 1), 2020-25.
³¹ Pipeline 101, Where Are Liquids Pipelines Located? accessed September 3, 2025.
³² Missouri Port Authority, Welcome to Our Waterways, accessed September 3, 2025.
³³ Waterways Council, Inc., Missouri, accessed September 3, 2025.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2023.
³⁶ Missouri Department of Agriculture, The Missouri Renewable Fuel Standard Act, accessed September 4, 2025.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, "Almost all U.S. gasoline is blended with 10% ethanol," Today in Energy (May 4, 2016).
³⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA, Kansas, Missouri Announce Change in Fuel Requirements for Suppliers in KC Metro Region," Press Release (March 12, 2021).
³⁹ Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements (2018).
⁴⁰ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Ahead of Summer Driving Season, EPA Allows Expanded E15 Access to Midwest States Year-Round," Press Release (February 21, 2025).
⁴¹ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Missouri, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁴² U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Crop Production 2024 Summary (January 2025), Corn Area Planted for All Purposes and Harvested for Grain, Yield, and Production - States and
United States: 2020-2024, p. 9-10.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, "Propane Use for Crop Drying Depends on Weather and Corn Markets as well as Crop Size," Today in Energy, (October 2, 2014).
⁴⁴ Missouri Department of Agriculture, Missouri Ag Highlights, accessed September 4, 2025.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C9, Electric Power Sector Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023; Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2023 and 2022.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Coal Explained, Types of Coal, Bituminous, updated October 24, 2023.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Origin State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Missouri, Table OS-12, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2023.
⁵¹ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Coal, p. 3-4, updated January 1, 2020.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (April 2025), Table 2, Coal production by state (thousand short tons).
⁵³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Production Estimates 1960 Through 2023, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Missouri, 1960-2023, p. 66.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Total consumption for electric power, Coal (thousand tons), Annual, 2001-24.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Missouri, Table DS-21, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2023.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-End 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 8, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Summary, Missouri, Annual, Production (Million Cubic Feet), 2019-24.
⁵⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Missouri Natural Gas Flaring and Venting Regulations (May 2019).
⁵⁹ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Coal, p. 3, updated January 1, 2020.
⁶⁰ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Oil and Gas in the Show-Me State, The Geologic Column of Missouri, Volume 2, Issue 1 (Summer 2007), p. 2, 4.
⁶¹ U.S. Department of Energy, Missouri Natural Gas Flaring and Venting Regulations (May 2019).
⁶² Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, Map, accessed September 4, 2025.
⁶³ Missouri Public Service Commission, Missouri Natural Gas Pipelines, updated July 12, 2018.
⁶⁴ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State (Million Cubic Feet), Missouri, 2018-23.
⁶⁵ Tallgrass Energy Partners, LP, Rockies Express Pipeline map, updated June 7, 2023.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, "First westbound natural gas flows begin on Rockies Express Pipeline," Today in Energy (June 19, 2014).
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity (Count), Total Number of Existing Fields, Annual, 2018-23.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity (Million Cubic Feet), Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (Million Cubic Feet), Annual, Missouri, 2019-24.
⁷⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Missouri, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Missouri Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Tables, 1.3.B., 1.4.B., 1.17.B.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of August 2025, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
⁷⁶ Ameren Corporation, Ameren Missouri, Callaway Energy Center Facts & Stats, accessed September 23, 2025.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Missouri Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.3.B.
⁸⁰ Association of Missouri Electric Cooperatives, Our Co-ops, accessed September 11, 2025.
⁸¹ U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: Missouri Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
⁸² Missouri Public Service Commission, Missouri Electric Service Areas (November 8, 2019), and Missouri Utilities, accessed September 23, 2025.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
⁸⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Missouri, 2024 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 5.6.B.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (September 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private ports combined.
⁸⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Finder, Missouri, accessed July 8, 2024.
⁸⁹ Green Cars Compare, USA EV Incentives: Missouri, accessed September 11, 2025.
⁹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 6.2.B.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.14.B.
⁹³ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Missouri, Maps & Data, accessed September 11, 2025.
⁹⁴ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Wind, accessed September 11, 2025.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2020-23.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Short-Term Energy Outlook, STEO Between the Lines: Small-scale solar account for about one-third of U.S. solar power capacity (September 12, 2023).
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of August 2025, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2025, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
⁹⁹ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Water Management, Missouri River Basin Gages and Mesonet Stations, accessed September 25, 2025.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missions, Hydropower, accessed September 25, 2025.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2025, Plant State: Missouri, Technology: Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
¹⁰² U.S. Department of Energy, Water Power Technologies Office, Hydropower Program, Hydropower Basics, Pumped Storage Hydropower, accessed October 16, 2025.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
¹⁰⁴ Missouri Department of Conservation, Missouri Forest Facts, By the Numbers, accessed September 12, 2025.
¹⁰⁵ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Biomass, accessed September 12, 2025.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, annual (thousand megawatthours), Missouri, 2001-24.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (September 18, 2025), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2025.
¹⁰⁸ Padgett, Parker, "Parent Company says its too soon to decide future of burned pellet factory," Ozark First (February 8, 2024).
¹⁰⁹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Missouri, Wood Energy Production Credit, updated March 27, 2025.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, "New EIA survey collects data on production and sales of wood pellets," Today in Energy (December 14, 2016).
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2023.
¹¹² U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
¹¹³ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, Biofuels, Biodiesel, accessed September 12, 2025.
¹¹⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
¹¹⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State 2023.
¹¹⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (September 26, 2025), Detailed annul production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
¹¹⁷ Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, Biofuels, accessed September 12, 2025.
¹¹⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F31, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2023.
¹¹⁹ TC Energy, "Moving energy from hog waste in Missouri," Press Release (September 13, 2021).
¹²⁰ Smithfield Foods, Inc., "Largest Renewable Natural Gas Project of Its Kind Implements Manure-to-Energy Technology Across Northern Missouri, Celebrates Construction Completion Ahead of Joint Venture's 10-Year Anniversary," Press Release (August 11, 2021).
¹²¹ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Biomass explained - Landfill gas and biogas, updated November 19, 2024.
¹²² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AgSTAR, Livestock Anaerobic Digester Database, State: Missouri, accessed September 12, 2025.
¹²³ Schoeck, Michael, "50 states of solar incentives: Missouri," pv magazine (March 15, 2023).
¹²⁴ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Missouri, Renewable Energy Standard, updated November 18, 2024.
¹²⁵ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Missouri, Net Metering, updated February 28, 2025.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Coal Region: Interior
• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), Southwest Power Pool (SPP)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC)

Other Websites

• Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Energy
• Missouri Public Service Commission
• Missouri Department of Social Services, Help with Heating/Cooling
• Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Energy, Weatherization
• Missouri Department of Natural Resources, State Oil and Gas Council
• Missouri Environmental Improvement and Energy Resources Authority (EIERA)
• Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Mining Commission
• Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Energy Efficiency
• Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund
• Missouri Propane Safety Commission
• Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Research in Energy and Environment
• Association of Missouri Electric Cooperatives
• Southern States Energy Board
• EIA Missouri Flickr Album
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• USA.Gov, Get help with energy bills
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science, Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC)
• Southwestern Power Administration
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), SLOPE: State and Local Planning for Energy
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions Maps
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development Energy Programs