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Energy Indicators
Demography	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	10.0 million	3.0%		2022
Civilian Labor Force	5.0 million	3.0%		Jul-23
Economy	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 620.7 billion	14		2022
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 112,129 million	7		2022
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 56,813	39		2022
Vehicle Miles Traveled	96,744 million miles	10		2021
Land in Farms	9.2 million acres	30		2022
Climate	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	45.0 degrees Fahrenheit	40		2022
Precipitation	32.6 inches	30		2022

Prices
Petroleum	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	$ 65.12 /barrel	$ 68.58 /barrel		Jun-23
Natural Gas	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 3.03 /thousand cu ft	$ 4.68 /thousand cu ft		Jun-23	find more
Residential	$ 15.48 /thousand cu ft	$ 20.16 /thousand cu ft		Jun-23	find more
Coal	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	--	$ 36.50 /short ton		2021
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	W	$ 2.47 /million Btu		Jun-23
Electricity	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	19.26 cents/kWh	16.11 cents/kWh		Jun-23	find more
Commercial	13.63 cents/kWh	12.81 cents/kWh		Jun-23	find more
Industrial	8.29 cents/kWh	8.21 cents/kWh		Jun-23	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	53 million barrels	0.1%		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	1,148 billion cu ft	0.2%		2021	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	12 million barrels	*		2021	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	--	--		2021	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	1,308 wells	0.3%		2020	find more
Capacity	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	140,000 barrels/calendar day	0.8%		2022
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	30,391 MW	2.6%		Jun-23

Supply & Distribution
Production	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	697 trillion Btu	0.7%		2021	find more
Crude Oil	12 thousand barrels per day	0.1%		Jun-23	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	72,301 million cu ft	0.2%		2021	find more
Coal	--	--		2021	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	9,908 thousand MWh	2.8%		Jun-23
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	0.1 %	0.3 %		Jun-23	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	47.1 %	45.3 %		Jun-23	find more
Coal-Fired	18.1 %	16.2 %		Jun-23	find more
Nuclear	24.2 %	18.2 %		Jun-23	find more
Renewables	9.0 %	19.6 %		Jun-23
Stocks	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	13 thousand barrels	0.1%		Jun-23
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	1,531 thousand barrels	1.8%		Jun-23	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	858,510 million cu ft	11.7%		Jun-23	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	192 thousand barrels	0.8%		Jun-23	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	3,982 thousand tons	3.1%		Jun-23	find more
Fueling Stations	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	3,520 stations	3.2%		2021
Propane	96 stations	3.9%		Aug-23
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	1,231 stations	2.3%		Aug-23
E85	237 stations	5.6%		Aug-23
Compressed Natural Gas and Other Alternative Fuels	10 stations	0.4%		Aug-23

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	2,711 trillion Btu	11		2021	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	270 million Btu	31		2021	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 36,782 million	9		2021	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 3,664	34		2021	find more
by End-Use Sector	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	757 trillion Btu	3.6%		2021	find more
»  Commercial	586 trillion Btu	3.4%		2021	find more
»  Industrial	658 trillion Btu	2.0%		2021	find more
»  Transportation	711 trillion Btu	2.6%		2021	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 9,931 million	3.5%		2021	find more
»  Commercial	$ 6,323 million	3.2%		2021	find more
»  Industrial	$ 4,767 million	2.1%		2021	find more
»  Transportation	$ 15,760 million	2.6%		2021	find more
by Source	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	165 million barrels	2.3%		2021	find more
»  Natural Gas	899 billion cu ft	2.9%		2021	find more
»  Coal	22 million short tons	4.1%		2021	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 18,533 million	2.4%		2021	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 6,087 million	3.2%		2021	find more
»  Coal	$ 1,026 million	4.4%		2021	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	21 thousand barrels	1.3%		Jun-23	find more
Natural Gas	30,834 million cu ft	3.5%		Apr-23	find more
Coal	972 thousand short tons	2.9%		Jun-23	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	74.8 %	46.5 %		2021
Fuel Oil	0.9 %	4.1 %		2021
Electricity	11.8 %	41.0 %		2021
Propane	8.7 %	5.0 %		2021
Other/None	3.7 %	3.5 %		2021

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	5,057 MW	1.6%		Jun-23
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	345 million gal/year	2.0%		2023
Renewable Energy Production	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	102 thousand MWh	0.5%		Jun-23
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	621 thousand MWh	1.3%		Jun-23
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	174 thousand MWh	4.4%		Jun-23
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	34 thousand MWh	0.5%		Jun-23
Fuel Ethanol Production	7,657 thousand barrels	2.1%		2021
Renewable Energy Consumption	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	9.1 %	29		2021
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	10,427 thousand barrels	9		2021
Total Emissions	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	147.8 million metric tons	3.0%		2021
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	55,045 thousand metric tons	3.3%		2021
Sulfur Dioxide	58 thousand metric tons	5.0%		2021
Nitrogen Oxide	53 thousand metric tons	4.2%		2021

Analysis

Last Updated: August 17, 2023

Overview

Known as the Great Lakes State, Michigan's shores touch and include portions of four of the five Great Lakes. The northern ends of two of the Great Lakes—Lake Michigan and Lake Huron—divide Michigan into the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. The northern shore of the Upper Peninsula is bordered by Lake Superior and a small portion of the southeastern shore of the Lower Peninsula touches Lake Erie.^1,2 The state‘s geologic history includes ancient broad shallow seas in a basin that was centered in Michigan's Lower Peninsula.³ That basin was ringed by reefs that, now deeply buried, contain most of the state's crude oil and natural gas reserves.⁴ In addition to Michigan's natural gas and crude oil, the state has many renewable energy resources. Winds that sweep across the Great Lakes provide the state with substantial offshore wind energy resources and moderate onshore ones.⁵ Forests cover more than half of the state's land area and many cities and large towns provide municipal solid waste and landfill gas, giving Michigan considerable biomass resources.^6,7,8 Dams on the state's rivers generate hydroelectric power despite the generally level terrain.⁹ Most of those dams and all of the largest ones are in the Lower Peninsula, where Michigan's largest and longest rivers are located.^10,11

Most of Michigan's population and all of the major cities, manufacturing industries, commercial agriculture, crude oil, and natural gas production are located in the state's Lower Peninsula.^12,13 The Upper Peninsula is lightly populated, heavily forested, and contains valuable iron and copper deposits.¹⁴ With 40,000 square miles of the Great Lakes and thousands of smaller inland lakes and ponds within Michigan's borders, the state's total area is more than two-fifths water—the largest land to water ratio among all states.^15,16 As a result, Michigan has one of the longest shorelines in the U.S., and vessels that move through the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Seaway deliver coal and refined petroleum products at several of the state's Great Lakes ports.^17,18,19

Michigan consumes almost four times more energy than it produces and ranks 10th among the states in population and 11th in total energy consumption.^20,21,22 Although the Great Lakes moderate Michigan's temperatures, extremes occur in the interior of the Lower Peninsula. However, snowfalls are greatest on the Upper Peninsula and along the Lake Michigan shoreline of the Lower Peninsula.²³ In part because of its cold winters, Michigan is among the top one-fourth of states in per capita residential energy use, but the state's total energy use per capita is below the U.S. average.²⁴ The residential sector is the leading energy-consuming sector, accounting for 28% of the state's energy use, followed closely by the transportation sector at 26%, the industrial sector at 24%, and the commercial sector at 22%.²⁵ Detroit is known as Motor City and Michigan employs the largest number of workers in the motor vehicles and parts manufacturing sectors in the nation.²⁶ This sector accounts for two-fifths of the state's manufacturing gross domestic product (GDP). Other important contributors to the state's GDP include the manufacture of machinery, fabricated metal products, chemicals, food and beverage products, and plastics.²⁷ Michigan's most important mined non-fuel mineral products include quarried limestone, iron ore, stone, sand and gravel, lime, copper, and cobalt.²⁸

Natural gas

The Antrim Field in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula contains most of Michigan's natural gas reserves, and the state holds about 0.2% of U.S. total proved reserves.^29,30 Michigan's natural gas production has declined from its 1997 peak of nearly 312 billion cubic feet to 72 billion cubic feet in 2021, 0.2% of total U.S. production.^31,32,33

Several interstate pipelines cross Michigan and there are also five U.S.-Canadian natural gas pipeline border crossings, but the state does not have any natural gas market hubs.³⁴ Natural gas enters Michigan from Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin. While a small amount of natural gas also arrives by pipeline from Canada, the bulk of the natural gas flowing across the border goes to Canada, most of it at St. Clair, located northeast of Detroit. Smaller volumes of natural gas also intermittently enter Canada at the Detroit, Sault St. Marie, and Marysville border crossings.^35,36,37 More natural gas enters the state than is consumed there and most of the excess is exported to Canada.^38,39

Some of the natural gas that Michigan receives or produces is injected into underground natural gas storage fields. Michigan has the largest underground natural gas storage capacity in the nation at nearly 1.1 trillion cubic feet, which is almost one-eighth of the U.S. total. The state has 44 natural gas storage fields, the second-largest number after Pennsylvania.^40,41 During high demand periods, typically between November and April, natural gas is withdrawn from storage to meet increased demand for space heating. Much smaller volumes of natural gas are withdrawn from storage in the summer months when natural gas-fueled power generation increases to meet cooling demand.^42,43

In 2021, Michigan's total natural gas consumption was 12 times greater than the state's natural gas production.^44,45 The residential sector, where more than three-fourths of Michigan households use natural gas as their primary source for home heating, accounted for one-third of the state's natural gas use.^46,47 Michigan routinely ranks among the top 5 states in residential use of natural gas and in the top 10 for total natural gas consumption.^48,49 The electric power sector is the second-largest consumer of natural gas in the state and has been since 2016, making up about three-tenths of natural gas use. The commercial and the industrial sectors each account for slightly less than one-fifth of the state's natural gas consumption.⁵⁰

Petroleum

Michigan's crude oil reserves and production are modest. The state's crude oil reserves and production each account for 0.1% of the nation's total.^51,52 Commercial quantities of crude oil were first found in Michigan in 1925.⁵³ The state's oil production substantially increased in the 1970s when oil was produced from the deeply buried reefs that ringed the Michigan Basin millions of years ago. Those reefs accounted for 29 million of the 35 million barrels of crude oil recovered in Michigan's peak production year of 1979.^54,55 Since then, Michigan's crude oil production has steadily declined and was about 4.5 million barrels in 2022.⁵⁶

Michigan has one crude oil refinery, located near Detroit. It can process about 140,000 barrels per calendar day of light sweet and heavy sour crude oils into gasoline, asphalt, propane, and other petroleum products.^57,58 Crude oil produced from wells in western Canada enters Michigan by pipelines through Wisconsin and Indiana. Crude oil produced in western Michigan is delivered by an intrastate pipeline to Lewiston, Michigan, where it is added into the Enbridge pipeline system that enters the state through northern Wisconsin. The Enbridge pipeline delivers crude oil to a Canadian refinery in Ontario and also has a branch that enters the state from Indiana and delivers crude oil to Michigan on its way to Ontario.^59,60,61 Michigan's governor revoked the pipeline's permit in May 2021 because of safety concerns about a potential leak where an underwater section of the pipeline crosses the Mackinac Strait between the state's Upper and Lower Peninsulas.⁶² Enbridge has refused to shut down the pipeline and the legal dispute remains.^63,64 Another crude oil pipeline that originates in the U.S. Gulf Coast states enters Michigan through Ohio.⁶⁵ Port Huron on the Lower Peninsula receives additional crude oil imports from Canada.⁶⁶ Much of the crude oil that enters Michigan exits into Canada at a border crossing between Marysville, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario in Canada.⁶⁷

Petroleum product pipelines bring refined products from the Chicago, Illinois, area to the southwest and from the Toledo, Ohio area to the southeast of Michigan in the Lower Peninsula. There are no petroleum product pipelines in the Upper Peninsula, and most petroleum products are delivered to that region by truck from terminals in Wisconsin.^68,69 The Lower Peninsula port cities of Port Huron and Detroit receive almost all the state's petroleum product imports from Canada. Some Canadian petroleum products also arrive at the Sault St. Marie port on the Upper Peninsula.⁷⁰

Michigan ranks 11th among the states in total petroleum consumption. Four-fifths of the state's petroleum use is in the transportation sector, and motor gasoline accounts for 63% of that.^71,72 Federal regulations allow conventional motor gasoline without ethanol to be sold in most of the state year-round. However, to reduce emissions that contribute to ground-level ozone, eight southeastern Michigan counties regulate the vapor pressure of motor gasoline sold during the summer.^73,74,75,76 The industrial sector accounts for one-tenth of the state's petroleum use. Although the residential sector accounts for only about 6%, Michigan is among the top five states in residential sector petroleum consumption.⁷⁷ About 1 in 10 Michigan households heat with petroleum products, and over 90% of those homes use hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL), mostly propane.^78,79 Total consumption of HGLs is greater in Michigan than in all but six other states, and the state has the largest residential sector HGL consumption in the nation.⁸⁰ The commercial sector accounts for most of the rest of the state's petroleum consumption. A small amount of petroleum is used intermittently for electricity generation.⁸¹

Electricity

In 2022, natural gas fueled the largest share of Michigan's electricity generation at 34%, surpassing coal at 29% and nuclear power at 22%. In 2021, coal had provided the largest share of the state's electricity net generation (32%) after natural gas prices increased, followed by nuclear energy (30%) and natural gas-fired power (26%).⁸² Coal-fired plants made up 4 of the 10 largest power plants by generating capacity in the state, including the largest, and 3 of the top 10 were natural-gas fired.⁸³ Generating units at over a dozen of Michigan's coal-fired power plants have retired in the past decade and no new coal-fired facilities are planned. The state's most recent operating coal-fired generating unit came online in 1990.⁸⁴ Michigan's electricity net generation from natural gas-fired power plants has more than tripled since 2010.⁸⁵ Two new natural gas-fired power plants are expected to come online by 2025, adding 1,000 megawatts of new generation capacity.⁸⁶

Typically, Michigan's nuclear power plants have supplied about 30% of in-state electricity. This is expected to decline as more plants are decommissioned, such as Big Rock Point nuclear power plant in 1997 and the Palisades nuclear power plant in May 2022.^87,88,89 However, the new owners of the Palisades nuclear power plant are seeking to restart the plant.⁹⁰ The state currently has two operating nuclear power plants, Fermi and Donald C. Cook.⁹¹ Wind energy accounts for a small, but increasing share of Michigan's electricity generation and accounted for 8% of the state's total generation in 2022. Biomass, hydroelectric power, gases created as byproducts of industrial processes, petroleum coke, and solar energy provided most of the rest of the state's net generation.^92,93 Most of Michigan's power plants are located in the Lower Peninsula, where electricity demand is greatest.⁹⁴

In 2022, Michigan ranked 12th among the states in the amount of electricity generated. Because consumption was less than generation, Michigan sent its surplus electricity out of state via the regional grid.^95,96 The commercial sector is the state's largest electricity consumer followed very closely by the residential sector, with each accounting for about 37% of the state's total electricity sales. The industrial sector accounts for 28% of sales. In part because of Michigan's large population—10th in the nation—residential electricity sales per person are less than in three-fourths of the states and less than the national average.^97,98,99 Only about 1 in 10 Michigan households rely on electricity as their primary source of energy for home heating.¹⁰⁰

Michigan currently has more than 1,100 public charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs), with over 2,700 DC fast charging and Level 2 ports. The majority of charging stations are located on the Lower Peninsula around Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Kalamazoo.¹⁰¹ The Charge Up Michigan Program provides grants to help expand the state's EV charging station network.¹⁰²

Renewable energy

Renewable energy accounted for 12% of Michigan's total in-state electricity net generation in 2022, most of it from wind. In 2013, wind energy surpassed hydropower and biomass and became Michigan's largest source for renewable generation. In 2022, wind energy supplied about 65% of the state's renewable electricity and 8% of Michigan's total net generation from all sources.¹⁰³ The state's strongest onshore winds are along its curving Lake Huron coastline.^104,105 Michigan ranks 16th in the nation in wind generation capacity and 15th in actual generation from wind energy.¹⁰⁶ The state has 34 wind farms with a total generating capacity of just over 3,500 megawatts.¹⁰⁷ Many of Michigan's wind farms are located between Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron in the eastern part of the state's Lower Peninsula.¹⁰⁸

In 2022, biomass provided about one-fifth of Michigan's renewable electricity generation and 2% of the state's total generation from all sources.¹⁰⁹ Michigan has 35 biomass power plants with a combined generating capacity of 540 megawatts. A municipal solid waste plant in the Detroit area is one of the largest on the Lower Peninsula. The biomass plants that are fueled with wood and wood waste are primarily in more heavily forested northern Michigan, including on the Upper Peninsula. Several biomass facilities generate electricity using methane recovered from landfills.^110,111 Additionally, the state has anaerobic digesters that convert animal and food waste into biogas (methane) that is used as fuel for electricity generation.^112,113 Michigan's forests also provide the feedstock for the state's four wood pellet manufacturing plants that have a combined production capacity of about 190,000 tons of pellets per year.¹¹⁴ Wood pellets are used as fuel for electricity generation and for space heating. About 2% of Michigan homes use wood for space heating.¹¹⁵

Michigan has 50 conventional hydroelectric dams that accounted for 1% of the state's total generation from all sources in 2022. However, the state's largest hydroelectric facility by capacity is a pumped-storage plant on the shores of Lake Michigan on the Lower Peninsula.^116,117,118 Built in 1973, Michigan's Ludington pumped storage plant has a nameplate generating capacity of about 2,000 megawatts and is one of the ten largest pumped storage power plants in the world.^119,120 During periods of low power demand, which are usually at night, less costly electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods when power demand and electricity prices are higher, the water is released from the upper reservoir and flows down through generating turbines on its way back to the lower reservoir, producing electricity. Although the plant uses more power than it generates, it supplies power in periods of peak demand when electricity prices are highest.¹²¹

Michigan produces and consumes biofuels. It has five fuel ethanol production plants, all located in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula.¹²² Those plants have a combined capacity of about 390 million gallons each year and produced 320 million gallons in 2021.^123,124 Michigan is among the nation's top 10 fuel ethanol-consuming states and uses more than it produces. In 2021, state consumption of fuel ethanol was 440 million gallons.¹²⁵ Michigan's two biodiesel plants are also on the Lower Peninsula.¹²⁶ These plants can produce 15 million gallons of biodiesel fuel each year, less than the 28 million gallons consumed in the state annually.^127,128

In 2022, utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar installations generated less than 1% of Michigan's total in-state electricity. The state's first utility-scale solar power facility, the 3-megawatt Grand Valley Solar Garden, came online in 2016. In 2022, electricity net generation from utility-scale solar in Michigan more than doubled.¹²⁹ Seven solar farms came online in 2022, adding more than 350 megawatts of generation capacity. An additional 630 megawatts of solar power capacity are expected to be added in the state by 2025.¹³⁰ Customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) generating systems provided 20% of the state's total solar power.¹³¹

Michigan enacted a renewable energy standard (RES) in 2008 that required the state's retail electricity providers, including investor-owned electric utilities, alternative retail suppliers, electric cooperatives, and municipal electric utilities, to obtain at least 10% of the electricity they sold be generated by renewable energy resources by 2015. The RES goal was met, and, in December 2016, the state's RES requirement increased to 15% of electricity sales by 2021.¹³² In 2020, all of Michigan's electric providers met the 15% RES.¹³³ Acceptable renewable energy resources for generating electricity include solar power, biomass, wind, geothermal energy, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, existing hydroelectricity, and tidal, wave, and river currents. Utilities are allowed to use energy efficiency to meet a portion of their requirements.¹³⁴

Coal

Michigan has a small amount of economically recoverable coal reserves, but there are no active coal mines in the state.¹³⁵ However, Michigan ports, including the Port of Detroit, handle about 13% of all Great Lakes coal shipments.¹³⁶ The electric power sector uses 92% of the coal consumed in Michigan to generate electricity. The industrial and commercial sectors use the other 8% to produce coke for steelmaking and for electricity and heat.¹³⁷ Most of the coal consumed in Michigan comes by rail from the West, primarily from Wyoming and Montana. Small amounts of coal also arrive from nearby states, including West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and Virginia.¹³⁸

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Census Bureau, Michigan, updated October 8, 2021.
² Great Lakes Commission, About the Lakes, accessed July 6, 2023.
³ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, The Michigan Basin, accessed July 6, 2023.
⁴ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas, accessed July 6, 2023.
⁵ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Michigan, Maps & Data, accessed July 6, 2023.
⁶ Michigan State University, MSU Extension, Forestry, accessed July 6, 2023.
⁷ U.S. Census Bureau, Michigan: 2020 Census, updated August 25, 2021.
⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Biomass Power Plant, accessed July 6, 2023.
⁹ Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Dams Regulated by the State of Michigan, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹⁰ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Hydroelectric Power Plant, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹² Britannica, Michigan, Economy, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹³ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Oil and Gas Wells, accessed July 11, 2022.
¹⁴ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Iron Mining: Where and Why? and Michigan's Copper Deposits and Mining, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹⁵ Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Learn About our Great Lakes, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹⁶ U.S. Geological Survey, How Wet is Your State? The Water Area of Each State, June 8, 2018.
¹⁷ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Shoreline Mileage Of the United States, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹⁸ Michigan Economic Development Corporation, Michigan Commercial Ports, accessed July 6, 2023.
¹⁹ World Port Source, Michigan Port Index, accessed July 6, 2023.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2021.
²¹ U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1 2021 (Table NST_EST2021_POP).
²² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²³ Britannica, Climate of Michigan, accessed July 6, 2023.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2021.
²⁶ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Automotive Industry; Employment, Earnings, and Hours, Employment in Selected States, Annual average 2022 (NAICS 3361, 2, 3).
²⁷ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in current dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, Michigan, All statistics in table, 2022.
²⁸ U.S. Geological Survey, The Mineral Industry of Michigan, accessed July 6, 2023.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil and Gas Fields (March 2015), Table 2, Top 100 U.S. gas fields as of December 31, 2013, p. 8.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of December 31, Dry Natural Gas, Annual, 2016-21.
³¹ U.S. EIA, Number of Producing Gas Wells, Annual, 2015-20.
³² U.S. EIA, Michigan Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2021.
³³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2017-22.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Natural Gas Interstate Pipeline, Natural Gas Pipeline Border Crossing, and Natural Gas Trading Hub, accessed July 7, 2023.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Michigan, 2016-21.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Imports by Point of Entry, Pipeline Volumes, 2017-22.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Point of Exit, Pipeline Volumes, 2017-22.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Michigan, 2016-21.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, Annual, 2014-21.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2016-21.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, Annual, 2014-21.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Michigan Natural Gas Underground Storage Withdrawals, Monthly, January 1990-April 2023.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Delivered to Consumers in Michigan (Including Vehicle Fuel), Monthly, January 2001-April 2023.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual, 2017-21.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, Annual, 2014-21.
⁴⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Michigan, Annual, 2017-21.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Volumes Delivered to Residential, Annual, 2017-22.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, Annual, 2017-21.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Michigan, Annual, 2017-21.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2017-22.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2016-21.
⁵³ Central Michigan University, Clarke Historical Library, Commercial Quantities of Oil First Discovered in 1925, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁵⁴ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁵⁵ Harrison, William, History and Development of Oil and Gas Plays of the Michigan Basin, Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library, p. 4, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, Michigan Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual, 1981-2022.
⁵⁷ Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Detroit Refinery, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 21, 2023), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2023.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Crude Oil Pipeline, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁶⁰ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR, Enbridge Inc., Form 10-K (December 31, 2022), p.14-15.
⁶¹ U.S. Department of Energy, State of Michigan Energy Sector Risk Profile, Petroleum, p. 4, accessed July 18, 2022.
⁶² Cecco, Leyland, "Michigan orders closure of pipeline in escalating dispute with Canada," The Guardian (May 11, 2021).
⁶³ Enbridge Inc., About Line 5, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁶⁴ Dahlberg, Brett, "Federal appeals court takes up question of which court should hear Line 5 dispute," Michigan Radio (July 21, 2023).
⁶⁵ Energy Transfer LP, Crude Oil, Mid-Valley Pipeline, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, monthly (Excel File), accessed July 11, 2023.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Crude Oil Pipeline and Liquids Pipeline Border Crossing, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁶⁸ Michigan Public Service Commission, Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Petroleum Product Pipelines (May 2014).
⁶⁹ Snyder, Richard D., Governor, State of Michigan, Executive Order No. 2012-12, State of Energy Emergency, Waiver of Regulations Relating to Motor Carriers and Drivers Transporting Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, and Jet Fuel (July 24, 2012).
⁷⁰ U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, monthly (Excel File), accessed July 11, 2023.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁷² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Unit, 2021.
⁷³ Larson, B. K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, American Petroleum Institute (January 2018).
⁷⁴ Midwest Independent Retailed Association, Michigan Summertime Low RVP Gasoline Restrictions, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁷⁵ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Reformulated Gasoline, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁷⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure, accessed July 11, 2023.
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁷⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C5, Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F11, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
⁸² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Michigan Electricity Profile 2021, Table 2A, Ten largest plants by capacity, 2019; Table 2B, Ten largest plants by generation, 2021.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating, Planned, and Retired Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating, Planned, and Retired Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
⁸⁸ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Facility Locator, Decommissioning Sites by Location or Name, Power Reactor Sites, Big Rock Point, accessed July 25, 2023.
⁸⁹ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NRC Library, ADAMS Public Documents, Palisades Nuclear Plant - Notification of the Availability of the Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report in the Federal Register (EPID L-2022-LRO-0073) (FRN Package), January 9, 2023.
⁹⁰ Flesher, John, "Company seeks first-time restart of shuttered nuclear plant," AP News (April 26, 2023).
⁹¹ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Michigan, updated August 15, 2022.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Select All.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: All Power Plants, accessed July 17, 2023.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.3.B, 5.4.B.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Michigan Electricity Profile 2021, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2021.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), 2019-22.
⁹⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Population Estimates, Population Change, and Components of Change, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1 2022 (NST-EST2021-POP) (Excel File).
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
¹⁰¹ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Finder, Missouri, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹⁰² Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Charge Up Michigan Program, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Michigan, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Michigan 80-Meter Wind Resource Map, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2023), Tables 1.14.B, 6.2.B.
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Wind Power Plant, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Other Waste Biomass, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Biomass Power Plant, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹¹² Scenic View Dairy, Energy, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹¹³ Fremont Regional Digester, Home, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹¹⁴ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (July 3, 2023), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, April 2023.
¹¹⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2021 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
¹¹⁶ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric, Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
¹¹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
¹¹⁸ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Hydroelectric and Pumped Storage Power Plants, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹¹⁹ Consumers Energy, Pumped Storage Hydro Electricity, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹²⁰ Stocks, Carrieann, "Largest pumped storage plants in operations and development," NS Energy (May 13, 2020).
¹²¹ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Hydropower explained, Hydroelectric power is produced with moving water, Pumped-storage hydropower facilities, updated April 20, 2023.
¹²² U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Ethanol Plant, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹²³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 8, 2022), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLS.
¹²⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2021.
¹²⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2021.
¹²⁶ U.S. EIA, Michigan Profile Overview, Map, Layers/Legend: Biodiesel Plant, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 8, 2022), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLS.
¹²⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2021.
¹²⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
¹³⁰ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of May 2023, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
¹³¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2018-22.
¹³² Michigan Public Service Commission, Renewable Energy, accessed July 17, 2023.
¹³³ Michigan Public Service Commission, Report on the Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness of the P.A. 295 Renewable Energy Standard, (February 15, 2022), p. i.
¹³⁴ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Michigan Renewable Energy Standard, updated November 18, 2022.
¹³⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 18, 2022), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2021, and Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2021 and 2020.
¹³⁶ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (July 3, 2023), Table 13, U.S. Coal Export by Customs District, January-March 2023.
¹³⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 18, 2022), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2021 and 2020.
¹³⁸ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 18, 2022), Domestic Distribution of U.S. coal by: Destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Michigan, Table DS-18, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2021.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), PJM Interconnection (PJM)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO), Reliability First Corporation (RFC)

Other Websites

• Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes & Energy, Office of Climate and Energy
• Michigan Public Service Commission
• Michigan Department of Health & Human Services, Energy and Weatherization
• Michigan Public Service Commission, Renewable Energy
• EIA Michigan Flickr Album
• Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes & Energy, Oil, Gas, and Minerals Division
• Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes & Energy, UP Energy Task Force
• Michigan Energy Workforce Development Consortium (MEWDC), Get into Energy, Michigan
• Michigan State University, Energy and Automotive Research Lab (EARL)
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Michigan
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• Benefits.Gov, Housing and Public Utilities
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs