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Energy Indicators
Demography	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	10.0 million	3.0%		2023
Civilian Labor Force	5.0 million	3.0%		Oct-24
Economy	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 659.0 billion	14		2023
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 107,736 million	7		2023
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 59,714	40		2023
Vehicle Miles Traveled	95,901 million miles	10		2022
Land in Farms	9.5 million acres	30		2023
Climate	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	47.4 degrees Fahrenheit	38		2023
Precipitation	33.3 inches	31		2023

Prices
Petroleum	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	$ 70.08 /barrel	$ 74.97 /barrel		Aug-24
Natural Gas	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 2.39 /thousand cu ft	$ 4.23 /thousand cu ft		Aug-24	find more
Residential	$ 17.70 /thousand cu ft	$ 23.40 /thousand cu ft		Aug-24	find more
Coal	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	--	$ 54.04 /short ton		2023
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 2.33 /million Btu	$ 2.44 /million Btu		Aug-24
Electricity	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	19.67 cents/kWh	16.63 cents/kWh		Aug-24	find more
Commercial	13.88 cents/kWh	13.39 cents/kWh		Aug-24	find more
Industrial	8.19 cents/kWh	8.72 cents/kWh		Aug-24	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	46 million barrels	0.1%		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	1,302 billion cu ft	0.2%		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	11 million barrels	*		2022	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	--	--		2023	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	1,308 wells	0.3%		2020	find more
Capacity	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	140,000 barrels/calendar day	0.8%		2024
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	31,340 MW	2.6%		Aug-24

Supply & Distribution
Production	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	562 trillion Btu	0.6%		2022	find more
Crude Oil	13 thousand barrels per day	0.1%		Aug-24	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	68,132 million cu ft	0.2%		2023	find more
Coal	--	--		2023	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	12,136 thousand MWh	2.9%		Aug-24
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	0.1 %	0.2 %		Aug-24	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	49.0 %	48.0 %		Aug-24	find more
Coal-Fired	22.6 %	16.3 %		Aug-24	find more
Nuclear	20.1 %	16.5 %		Aug-24	find more
Renewables	7.9 %	18.8 %		Aug-24
Stocks	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	10 thousand barrels	0.1%		Aug-24
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	1,515 thousand barrels	1.6%		Aug-24	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	974,683 million cu ft	12.4%		Aug-24	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	166 thousand barrels	0.7%		Aug-24	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	4,058 thousand tons	3.3%		Aug-24	find more
Fueling Stations	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	3,539 stations	3.2%		2022
Propane	82 stations	3.4%		Oct-24
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	1,533 stations	2.3%		Oct-24
E85	246 stations	5.6%		Oct-24
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	8 stations	0.3%		Oct-24

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	2,707 trillion Btu	10		2022	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	270 million Btu	28		2022	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 46,032 million	9		2022	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 4,588	41		2022	find more
by End-Use Sector	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	754 trillion Btu	3.9%		2022	find more
»  Commercial	579 trillion Btu	3.5%		2022	find more
»  Industrial	664 trillion Btu	2.1%		2022	find more
»  Transportation	711 trillion Btu	2.6%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 11,064 million	3.3%		2022	find more
»  Commercial	$ 7,148 million	2.9%		2022	find more
»  Industrial	$ 6,267 million	2.2%		2022	find more
»  Transportation	$ 21,553 million	2.5%		2022	find more
by Source	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	166 million barrels	2.3%		2022	find more
»  Natural Gas	1,030 billion cu ft	3.2%		2022	find more
»  Coal	21,602 thousand short tons	4.2%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 25,280 million	2.4%		2022	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 9,195 million	3.4%		2022	find more
»  Coal	$ 1,231 million	4.6%		2022	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	17 thousand barrels	0.9%		Aug-24	find more
Natural Gas	43,254 million cu ft	2.9%		Aug-24	find more
Coal	1,512 thousand tons	3.8%		Aug-24	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Michigan	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	74.3 %	46.2 %		2022
Fuel Oil	0.8 %	3.9 %		2022
Electricity	12.3 %	41.3 %		2022
Propane	9.1 %	5.0 %		2022
Other/None	3.5 %	3.5 %		2022

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	5,525 MW	1.6%		Aug-24
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	346 million gal/year	1.9%		2024
Renewable Energy Production	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	119 thousand MWh	0.6%		Aug-24
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	669 thousand MWh	1.2%		Aug-24
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	174 thousand MWh	4.3%		Aug-24
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	40 thousand MWh	0.5%		Aug-24
Fuel Ethanol Production	7,903 thousand barrels	2.2%		2022
Renewable Energy Consumption	Michigan	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	7.4 %	28		2022
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	10,287 thousand barrels	9		2022
Total Emissions	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	154.0 million metric tons	3.1%		2022
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Michigan	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	50,018 thousand metric tons	3.3%		2023
Sulfur Dioxide	31 thousand metric tons	3.7%		2023
Nitrogen Oxide	43 thousand metric tons	3.8%		2023

Analysis

Last Updated: October 17, 2024

Overview

Known as the Great Lakes State, Michigan's shores touch and include portions of four of the five Great Lakes.¹ The northern ends of two Great Lakes—Lake Michigan and Lake Huron—divide Michigan into the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. The northern shore of the Upper Peninsula is bordered by Lake Superior and a small portion of the southeastern shore of the Lower Peninsula touches Lake Erie.^2,3 The state‘s geologic history includes ancient broad shallow seas in a basin that was centered in Michigan's Lower Peninsula.⁴ That basin was ringed by reefs that, now deeply buried, contain most of the state's crude oil and natural gas reserves.⁵ In addition to Michigan's natural gas and crude oil, the state has many renewable energy resources. Winds that sweep across the Great Lakes provide the state with substantial offshore wind energy resources and moderate onshore ones.⁶ Forests cover more than half of the state's land area and many cities and large towns provide municipal solid waste and landfill gas, giving Michigan considerable biomass resources.^7,8 Dams on the state's rivers generate hydroelectric power, despite the generally level terrain.⁹ Most of those dams, including all of the largest ones, are in the Lower Peninsula, where Michigan's largest and longest rivers are located.^10,11

Most of Michigan's population and all of the major cities, manufacturing industries, commercial agriculture, crude oil production, and natural gas production are located in the state's Lower Peninsula.^12,13 The Upper Peninsula is lightly populated, heavily forested, and contains valuable iron and copper deposits.^14,15,16 With 40,000 square miles of the Great Lakes and thousands of smaller inland lakes and ponds within Michigan's borders, the state's total area is more than two-fifths water—the largest land-to-water ratio among all states.^17,18 As a result, Michigan has one of the longest shorelines in the United States. Vessels that move through the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Seaway deliver coal and refined petroleum products at several of the state's Great Lakes ports.^19,20,21

Michigan consumes almost five times more energy than it produces and ranks 10th among the states in both population and total energy consumption.^22,23,24 Although the Great Lakes moderate Michigan's temperatures, extremes occur in the interior of the Lower Peninsula. However, snowfalls are greatest on the Upper Peninsula and along the Lake Michigan shoreline of the Lower Peninsula.²⁵ In part because of its cold winters, Michigan is among the top 10 states in per capita residential energy use, but the state's total energy use per capita is below the U.S. average.²⁶ The residential sector is the leading energy-consuming sector, accounting for 28% of the state's total energy use, followed closely by the transportation sector at 26%, the industrial sector at 25%, and the commercial sector at 21%.²⁷ Detroit is known as Motor City, and Michigan employs the largest number of workers in the motor vehicles and parts manufacturing sectors in the nation.^28,29 This sector accounts for nearly two-fifths of the state's manufacturing GDP. Other important contributors to the state's GDP include the manufacture of machinery, fabricated metal products, chemicals, food and beverage products, and plastics.³⁰ Michigan does not have any significant critical mineral deposits, but is a major producer of cement, construction sand, and gravel.³¹

Natural gas

The Antrim Shale formation sweeps along a narrow arc in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula and contains most of Michigan's natural gas reserves, and the state holds about 0.2% of U.S. total proved reserves.^32,33,34 Michigan's natural gas production has declined from its 1997 peak of nearly 312 billion cubic feet to 68 billion cubic feet in 2023, making up 0.2% of total U.S. production.^35,36

Several interstate pipelines cross Michigan, as well as five U.S.-Canadian natural gas pipeline border crossings, but the state does not have any natural gas market hubs.³⁷ Natural gas enters Michigan from Ohio, Wisconsin, and Indiana. While some natural gas also arrives by pipeline from Canada, the bulk of the natural gas flowing across the border goes to Canada, most of it at St. Clair, located northeast of Detroit. Smaller volumes of natural gas also intermittently enter Canada at the Detroit, Sault St. Marie, and Marysville border crossings.^38,39,40 More natural gas enters Michigan than is consumed in the state, and most of the excess is exported to Canada.^41,42

Some of the natural gas that Michigan receives or produces is injected into underground natural gas storage fields. Michigan has the largest underground natural gas storage capacity in the nation at nearly 1.1 trillion cubic feet, which is almost one-eighth of the U.S. total. The state has 44 natural gas storage fields, the second-largest number after Pennsylvania.^43,44 During high demand periods, typically between November and April, natural gas is withdrawn from storage to meet increased demand for space heating. Much smaller volumes of natural gas are withdrawn from storage in the summer months when natural gas-fueled power generation increases to meet cooling demand.^45,46

In 2023, Michigan's total natural gas consumption was 15 times greater than the state's natural gas production.^47,48 The electric power sector became the largest consumer of natural gas in the state in 2023, surpassing the residential sector for the first time and making up two-fifths of total natural gas use. The residential sector, where almost 8 out of 10 Michigan households use natural gas as their primary source for home heating, accounted for about three-tenths of the state's natural gas consumption.^49,50 Michigan routinely ranks among the top 5 states in residential use of natural gas and in the top 10 for total natural gas consumption.^51,52 The commercial and the industrial sectors each account for about 16% of the state's natural gas consumption.⁵³

Petroleum

Michigan's crude oil reserves and production are modest. The state's crude oil reserves and production each account for 0.1% of the nation's total.^54,55 Commercial quantities of crude oil were first found in Michigan in 1925.⁵⁶ The state's oil production substantially increased in the 1970s when oil was produced from the deeply buried reefs that ringed the Michigan Basin millions of years ago. Those reefs accounted for 29 million of the 35 million barrels of crude oil recovered in Michigan's peak production year of 1979.^57,58,59 Since then, Michigan's crude oil output has generally declined and was about 4.8 million barrels in 2023.⁶⁰

Michigan has one crude oil refinery, located near Detroit. It can process about 140,000 barrels per calendar day of light sweet and heavy sour crude oils into gasoline, asphalt, propane, and other petroleum products.^61,62 Crude oil produced from wells in western Canada enters Michigan by pipelines through Wisconsin and Indiana. Crude oil produced in western Michigan is delivered by an intrastate pipeline to Lewiston, Michigan, where it is added into the Enbridge pipeline system that enters the state through northern Wisconsin. The Enbridge pipeline delivers crude oil to a Canadian refinery in Ontario and also has a branch that enters the state from Indiana and delivers crude oil to Michigan on its way to Ontario.^63,64,65 Michigan's governor revoked the pipeline's permit in May 2021 because of safety concerns about a potential leak where an underwater section of the pipeline crosses the Mackinac Strait between the state's Upper and Lower Peninsulas. Enbridge has refused to shut down the pipeline and the legal dispute remains. There have been discussions around building a tunnel to house the pipeline.^66,67,68 The Mid-Valley Pipeline, another crude oil pipeline that originates in the U.S. Gulf Coast states, enters Michigan through Ohio.⁶⁹ Port Huron on the Lower Peninsula receives additional crude oil imports from Canada.⁷⁰ Much of the crude oil that enters Michigan exits into Canada at a border crossing between Marysville, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario.⁷¹

Petroleum product pipelines bring refined products from the Chicago, Illinois, area to the southwest and from the Toledo, Ohio, area to the southeast of Michigan in the Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula has no petroleum product pipelines, and trucks transport most petroleum products from terminals in Wisconsin.^72,73 The Lower Peninsula port cities of Port Huron and Detroit receive almost all the state's petroleum product imports from Canada. Some Canadian petroleum products also arrive at the Sault St. Marie port on the Upper Peninsula.⁷⁴

Michigan ranks 11th among the states in total petroleum consumption. Four-fifths of the state's petroleum use is in the transportation sector, and motor gasoline accounts for 62% of that transportation petroleum consumption.^75,76 Federal regulations allow conventional motor gasoline without ethanol to be sold in most of the state year-round. However, to reduce emissions that contribute to ground-level ozone, eight southeastern Michigan counties around Detroit regulate the vapor pressure of motor gasoline sold during the summer.^77,78 The industrial sector accounts for one-tenth of the state's petroleum use. Although the residential sector accounts for only about 6% of the state's petroleum consumption, Michigan is among the top five states in residential sector petroleum consumption.⁷⁹ About 1 in 10 Michigan households heat with petroleum products, mostly propane.^80,81 Total consumption of hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs), such as propane, is greater in Michigan than in all but seven other states, and the state has the largest residential sector HGL consumption in the nation.⁸² The commercial sector accounts for most of the rest of the state's petroleum consumption. A small amount of petroleum is used intermittently for electricity generation.⁸³

Electricity

In 2023, natural gas fueled the largest share of Michigan's electricity generation at 46%, followed by nuclear power at 23%, and coal at 19%. Up until 2020, coal had provided the largest share of the state's electricity net generation.⁸⁴ Coal-fired plants make up 3 of the 10 largest power plants by generating capacity in the state, including the largest, and 4 of the top 10 were natural-gas fired.⁸⁵ Since 2020, about 2,700 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity have been retired and no new coal-fired facilities are planned. The state's most recent operating coal-fired generating unit came online in 1990.⁸⁶ Michigan's electricity net generation from natural gas is more than four times greater in the last decade.⁸⁷ Two new natural gas-fired power plants are expected to come online by 2025, adding 1,000 megawatts of generating capacity.⁸⁸

Typically, Michigan's nuclear power plants have supplied about 30% of in-state electricity, but the amount of electricity generated by nuclear power plants in Michigan has declined as plants have been decommissioned. The state's Big Rock Point nuclear power plant shut down in 1997 and the Palisades nuclear power plant closed in 2022.^89,90,91 However, the new owners of the Palisades nuclear power plant are seeking to restart the plant.⁹² The state currently has two operating nuclear power plants, Fermi with one reactor and Donald C. Cook with two reactors.⁹³

Wind energy accounts for a small but increasing share of Michigan's electricity generation and accounted for 7% of the state's total generation in 2023. This was a slight decline from 2022, due to below normal wind speeds, despite 337 megawatts of new wind power generating capacity that came online in 2023.^94,95,96 Biomass, solar energy, gases created as byproducts of industrial processes, petroleum coke, and hydroelectric power provided most of the rest of the state's net generation.⁹⁷ Most of Michigan's power plants are located in the Lower Peninsula, where electricity demand is greatest.⁹⁸

In 2023, Michigan ranked 11th among the states in the amount of electricity generated. Because consumption was less than generation, Michigan sent its surplus electricity out of state via the regional grid.^99,100 The commercial sector is the state's largest electricity consumer, accounting for 37% of the state's total electricity sales, followed very closely by the residential sector, with 34%. The industrial sector accounts for 29% of power sales.¹⁰¹ Residential electricity sales per capita are less than in three-fourths of the states and less than the national average.^102,103 Only about 1 in 8 Michigan households rely on electricity as their primary source of energy for home heating.¹⁰⁴

In July 2024, Michigan had about 1,500 public electric vehicle charging locations.¹⁰⁵ The majority of charging stations are located on the Lower Peninsula around Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Kalamazoo.¹⁰⁶ The Charge Up Michigan Program provides grants to private and public organizations to help expand the state's electric vehicle charging network.¹⁰⁷

Renewable energy

Renewable energy provided 11% of Michigan's total in-state electricity net generation in 2023, most of it from wind. In 2013, wind energy surpassed hydropower and biomass and became Michigan's largest source for renewable generation. In 2023, wind energy supplied 64% of the state's renewable electricity and about 7% of Michigan's total net generation from all sources.¹⁰⁸ The state's strongest onshore winds are along its curving Lake Huron and Lake Michigan coastlines.^109,110 Michigan ranks 12th in the nation in wind generation capacity and 16th in actual generation from wind energy.¹¹¹ The state has 34 wind farms with a total generating capacity of nearly 3,800 megawatts.¹¹² Many of Michigan's wind farms are located between Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron in the eastern part of the state's Lower Peninsula.¹¹³

In 2023, biomass provided 15% of Michigan's renewable electricity generation and about 2% of the state's total generation from all sources.¹¹⁴ Michigan has 35 biomass power plants with a combined generating capacity of 490 megawatts. A municipal solid waste plant in the Detroit area is one of the largest on the Lower Peninsula. The biomass plants that are fueled with wood and wood waste are primarily in more heavily forested northern Michigan, including on the Upper Peninsula. Several biomass facilities generate electricity using methane recovered from landfills.^115,116 Additionally, the state has anaerobic digesters that convert animal and food waste into biogas (methane) that is used as fuel for electricity generation.^117,118,119 Michigan's forests also provide the feedstock for the state's three wood pellet manufacturing plants that have a combined production capacity of 173,000 tons of pellets per year.¹²⁰ Wood pellets are used as fuel for electricity generation and for space heating. Wood is used for space heating by 2% of households in Michigan.¹²¹

Michigan has about four dozen conventional hydroelectric dams that accounted for about 1% of the state's total generation from all sources in 2023. However, the state's largest hydroelectric facility by capacity is a pumped-storage plant on the shores of Lake Michigan on the Lower Peninsula.^122,123,124 Built in 1973, Michigan's Ludington pumped storage plant has a nameplate generating capacity of about 2,200 megawatts and is one of the ten largest pumped storage power plants in the world.^125,126 During periods of low power demand, which are usually at night, less costly electricity is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Then, during periods when power demand and electricity prices are higher, the water is released from the upper reservoir and flows down through generating turbines on its way back to the lower reservoir, producing electricity. Although the plant uses more power than it generates, it supplies power in periods of peak demand when electricity prices are highest.¹²⁷

Michigan produces and consumes biofuels. It has four fuel ethanol production plants, all located in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula.¹²⁸ Those plants have a combined capacity of about 350 million gallons each year and produced 330 million gallons of fuel ethanol in 2022.^129,130 Michigan is among the nation's top 10 fuel ethanol-consuming states and uses more than it produces. In 2022, the state consumed about 430 million gallons of fuel ethanol.¹³¹ Michigan's two biodiesel plants are also located on the Lower Peninsula.¹³² These plants can produce 16 million gallons of biodiesel fuel each year, less than the 28 million gallons consumed in the state annually.^133,134

In 2023, utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar installations generated 1% of Michigan's total in-state electricity. The state's first utility-scale solar power facility, the 1-megawatt Domino Farms Solar, came online in 2015. In 2023, electricity net generation from utility-scale solar in Michigan increased by 53%.¹³⁵ Eleven solar farms came online in 2023, adding nearly 270 megawatts of generation capacity, including the 100-megawatt Cereal City Solar Energy Center project. An additional 1,280 megawatts of solar power capacity are expected to be added in the state by 2025.^136,137 Customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) solar photovoltaic (PV) generating systems, most of which are on residential and business rooftops, provided 19% of the state's total solar power.¹³⁸

Michigan enacted a renewable energy standard (RES) in 2008 that required the state's retail electricity providers, including investor-owned electric utilities, alternative retail suppliers, electric cooperatives, and municipal electric utilities, to have at least 10% of the electricity they sold be generated by renewable energy resources by 2015. The RES goal was met, and, in December 2016, the state's RES requirement increased to 15% of electricity sales by 2021.¹³⁹ In 2020, all of Michigan's electric providers met the 15% RES.¹⁴⁰ Acceptable renewable energy resources for generating electricity include solar power, biomass, wind, geothermal energy, municipal solid waste, landfill gas, existing hydroelectricity, and tidal, wave, and river currents. Utilities are allowed to use energy efficiency to meet a portion of their requirements. In 2023, Michigan expanded the RES requirements, with an aim to use 100% clean energy by 2040.¹⁴¹

Coal

Michigan has a small amount of economically recoverable coal reserves, but no active coal mines.¹⁴² However, Michigan ports, including the Port of Detroit, handled 31% of all Great Lakes coal shipments in 2023.¹⁴³ The electric power sector uses 92% of the coal consumed in Michigan to generate electricity. The industrial and commercial sectors use the other 8% to produce coke for steelmaking and for electricity and heat.¹⁴⁴ Most of the coal consumed in Michigan comes by rail from the West, primarily from Wyoming and Montana. Small amounts of coal also arrive from nearby states, including West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Kentucky, Virginia, Indiana, and Illinois.¹⁴⁵

Endnotes

¹ State Symbols of USA, Great Lakes State, accessed September 24, 2024.
² U.S. Census Bureau, Michigan, updated October 8, 2021.
³ Michigan Economic Development Corporation, Pure Michigan, Michigan's Great Lakes, accessed September 24, 2024.
⁴ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, The Michigan Basin, accessed September 5, 2024.
⁵ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas, accessed September 5, 2024.
⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Michigan, Maps & Data, accessed September 5, 2024.
⁷ Michigan State University, MSU Extension, Forestry, accessed September 5, 2024.
⁸ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Biomass Power Plants, accessed September 5, 2024.
⁹ Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Michigan Dam Inventory, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹⁰ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Biomass Power Plants, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹² Britannica, Michigan, Economy, updated September 4, 2024.
¹³ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Oil Wells Generalized, Gas Wells Generalized, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹⁴ U.S. Census, Michigan's Population Topped 10 Million in 2020, updated August 25, 2021.
¹⁵ Michigan Forest, Location, Forest Density, accessed September 25, 2024.
¹⁶ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Iron Mining: Where and Why? and Michigan's Copper Deposits and Mining, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹⁷ Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Learn About our Great Lakes, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹⁸ U.S. Geological Survey, How Wet is Your State? The Water Area of Each State, updated June 8, 2018.
¹⁹ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Shoreline Mileage Of the United States, accessed September 5, 2024.
²⁰ Michigan Economic Development Corporation, Michigan Commercial Ports, accessed September 5, 2024.
²¹ Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System, Commodities, accessed September 5, 2024.
²² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
²³ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023, Population Estimates, Population Change, and Components of Change, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 (NST-EST2021-POP) (Excel File).
²⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁵ Britannica, Climate of Michigan, accessed September 5, 2024.
²⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁸ Rankin, Alan, "Why Is Detroit Called the "Motor City"?," AmericanExplained.org (May 17, 2024).
²⁹ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Automotive Industry; Employment, Earnings, and Hours, Employment in Selected States, Annual average 2023 (NAICS 3361, 2, 3).
³⁰ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, GDP in current dollars (SAGDP2), NAICS, Michigan, All statistics in table, 2022.
³¹ U.S. Geological Survey, The Mineral Industry of Michigan, accessed September 5, 2024.
³² Michigan Public Service Commission, Michigan Antrim Shale Production: History and Physical Attributes as it Related to U-16230 (August 24, 2010), p. 9-10.
³³ U.S. Department of Energy, Michigan Natural Gas Flaring and Venting Regulations, updated June 2022.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 8, Natural gas, wet after lease separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas (billion cubic feet), 2022.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Michigan Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1967-2023.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2018-23.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Border Crossings - Natural Gas, Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed September 5, 2024.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Michigan, 2018-23.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Imports by Point of Entry, Pipeline Volumes, 2018-23.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Point of Exit, Pipeline Volumes, 2018-23.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Michigan, 2018-23.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, Annual, 2018-23.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2018-23.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields, Annual, 2018-23.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Michigan Natural Gas Underground Storage Withdrawals, Monthly, January 1990-July 2024.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Delivered to Consumers in Michigan (Including Vehicle Fuel), Monthly, January 2001-July 2024.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Marketed Production, Annual, 2018-23.
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, Annual, 2018-23.
⁴⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Michigan, Annual, 2018-23.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Volumes Delivered to Residential, Annual, 2018-23.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Total Consumption, Annual, 2018-23.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Michigan, Annual, 2018-23.
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas (million barrels), 2022.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2018-23.
⁵⁶ Central Michigan University, Clarke Historical Library, Commercial Quantities of Oil First Discovered in 1925, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁵⁷ Michigan State University, Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region, Hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁵⁸ Harrison, William, History and Development of Oil and Gas Plays of the Michigan Basin, Oil, Gas and Salt Resources Library, p. 4, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Production Estimates 1960 Through 2022, Table PT1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, Michigan, 1960-2022, p. 60.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Michigan Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual, 1981-2023.
⁶¹ Marathon Petroleum Corporation, Detroit Refinery, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 204), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2024.
⁶³ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Crude Oil Pipelines, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁶⁴ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR, Enbridge Inc., Form 10-K (December 31, 2023), p. 15.
⁶⁵ U.S. Department of Energy, State of Michigan Energy Sector Risk Profile, Petroleum, p. 4, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁶⁶ Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Line 5 in Michigan, Overview, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁶⁷ Enbridge Inc., Line 5 Newsroom, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁶⁸ Wimmer, Danny, "Federal Appeals Court Remands AG Nessel's Line 5 Lawsuit Back to State Court," Michigan Department of Attorney General, Press Release (June 17, 2024).
⁶⁹ Energy Transfer LP, Crude Oil, Mid-Valley Pipeline, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁷⁰ U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, monthly (XLSX File), accessed September 6, 2024.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Border Crossings - Liquids, Crude Oil Pipelines, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁷² U.S. Department of Energy, State of Michigan, Energy Sector Risk Profile (March 2021), p. 6.
⁷³ Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Analysis of Propane Supply Alternatives for Michigan (March 2020), p. 46, 52.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, monthly (XLSX File), accessed September 6, 2024.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Unit, 2022.
⁷⁷ Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, updated January 2018.
⁷⁸ Midwest Independent Retailed Association, Michigan Summertime Low RVP Gasoline Restrictions, accessed September 6, 2024.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C5, Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F11, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Michigan Electricity Profile 2022, Table 2A, Ten largest plants by capacity, 2022.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (September 24, 2024), Inventory of Operating, Planned, and Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (September 24, 2024), Inventory of Operating, Planned, and Retired Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
⁹⁰ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Facility Locator, Decommissioning Sites by Location or Name, Power Reactor Sites, Big Rock Point, updated March 9, 2021.
⁹¹ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Facility Locator, Decommissioning Sites by Location or Name, Power Reactor Sites, Palisades Nuclear Plant, updated July 19, 2024.
⁹² White, Ed, "Biden Administration will lend $1.5B to restart Michigan nuclear power plant, a first in the US," AP News (March 28, 2024).
⁹³ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Michigan, updated August 15, 2022.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, "Wind generation declined in 2023 for the first time since the 1990s," Today in Energy (April 30, 2024).
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (September 24, 2024), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, All Power Plants, accessed September 4, 2024.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.3.B.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Michigan Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), 2019-23.
¹⁰² U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023, Population Estimates, Population Change, and Components of Change, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 (NST-EST2021-POP) (Excel File).
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (September 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS.
¹⁰⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Finder, Michigan, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹⁰⁷ Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, Charge Up Michigan Program, accessed September 5, 2024.
¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Michigan, accessed September 10, 2024.
¹¹⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Michigan 50-Meter Community-Scale Wind Resource Map, accessed September 10, 2024.
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 6.2.B., 1.14.B.
¹¹² U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (September 24, 2024), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
¹¹³ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Wind Power Plants, accessed September 10, 2024.
¹¹⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
¹¹⁵ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Landfill Gas, Municipal Solid Waste, Other Waste Biomass, Wood/Wood Waste Biomass.
¹¹⁶ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Biomass Power Plants, Solid Biomass Resources, accessed September 10, 2024.
¹¹⁷ Brightmark LLC, "Brightmark, Chevron Partnership Expands to Michigan with its Second Largest Renewable Natural Gas Project to Date," Press Release (May 31, 2023).
¹¹⁸ Michigan State University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, "Anaerobic Digester Case Study - Scenic View Dairy - Fennville, Michigan," accessed September 10, 2024.
¹¹⁹ Michigan State University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Powering campus using food waste, updated February 13, 2019.
¹²⁰ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (September 3, 2024), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, June 2024.
¹²¹ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Michigan.
¹²² U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (September 24, 2024), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric, Hydroelectric Pumped Storage.
¹²³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
¹²⁴ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Pumped Storage Power Plants, accessed September 11, 2024.
¹²⁵ Consumers Energy Co., An Inside Look Into How The Ludington Pumped Storage Plant Powers Michigan, accessed October 7, 2024.
¹²⁶ Stocks, Carrieann, "Largest pumped storage plants in operations and development," NS Energy (May 13, 2020).
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Hydropower explained, Hydroelectric power is produced with moving water, Pumped-storage hydropower facilities, updated April 20, 2023.
¹²⁸ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Ethanol Plants, accessed September 11, 2024.
¹²⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
¹³⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2022.
¹³¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2022.
¹³² U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Michigan, Biodiesel Plants, accessed September 11, 2024.
¹³³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
¹³⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹³⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
¹³⁶ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), (June 27, 2023), Inventory of Operating Generators as of August 2024, Plant State: Michigan, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
¹³⁷ NextEra Energy, Inc., Project Overview, The Cereal City Solar Energy Center, accessed September 11, 2024.
¹³⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), 2001-23.
¹³⁹ Michigan Public Service Commission, Renewable Energy, accessed September 11, 2024.
¹⁴⁰ Michigan Public Service Commission, Report on the Implementation and Cost-Effectiveness of the P.A. 295 Renewable Energy Standard, (February 15, 2022), p. i.
¹⁴¹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Michigan Renewable Energy Standard, updated December 21, 2023.
¹⁴² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022, and Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
¹⁴³ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (April 2024), Table 13, U.S. Coal Export by Customs District, October-December 2023.
¹⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
¹⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), Domestic Distribution of U.S. coal by: Destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Michigan, Table DS-18, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), PJM Interconnection (PJM)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO), Reliability First Corporation (RFC)

Other Websites

• Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy, Office of Climate and Energy
• Michigan Public Service Commission
• Michigan Department of Health & Human Services, Energy and Weatherization
• Michigan Public Service Commission, Renewable Energy
• Michigan Public Service Commission, Michigan Energy Assistance Program (MEAP)
• EIA Michigan Flickr Album
• Michigan Department of Environmental, Great Lakes and Energy, Geologic Resources Management Division, Oil and Gas
• Michigan Energy Workforce Development Consortium (MEWDC), Get into Energy, Michigan
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Michigan
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• USA.Gov, Get help with energy bills
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC)
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Community Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, SLOPE: State and Local Planning for Energy
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions Maps
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs