Maine State Energy Profile



Maine Quick Facts

  • About 5 of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products, primarily heating oil or propane, for home heating, a larger share than in any other state.
  • In 2023, renewable resources fueled 67% of Maine's total electricity net generation, with hydropower accounting for about two-fifths of the state's total renewable generation.
  • Maine uses less energy than 44 states, but Maine's economy uses significantly more energy per dollar of GDP than any other New England state and more than the national average.
  • Maine ranked 12th in the nation in the amount of electricity generated by biomass fuels in 2023. Biomass accounted for 14% of the state’s total electricity generation, the second highest share, after Vermont.
  • In 2022, Maine's natural gas use on a per capita basis was the fourth-lowest among the states, in large part because most of Maine lacks local natural gas distribution systems.

Last Updated: November 21, 2024



Data

Last Update: November 21, 2024 | Next Update: December 19, 2024

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Energy Indicators  
Demography Maine Share of U.S. Period
Population 1.4 million 0.4% 2023  
Civilian Labor Force 0.7 million 0.4% Oct-24  
Economy Maine U.S. Rank Period
Gross Domestic Product $ 91.1 billion 44 2023  
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector $ 8,096 million 40 2023  
Per Capita Personal Income $ 63,117 31 2023  
Vehicle Miles Traveled 14,651 million miles 40 2022  
Land in Farms 1.2 million acres 41 2023  
Climate Maine U.S. Rank Period
Average Temperature 44.4 degrees Fahrenheit 44 2023  
Precipitation 54.0 inches 5 2023  
Prices  
Petroleum Maine U.S. Average Period find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase -- $ 74.97 /barrel Aug-24  
Natural Gas Maine U.S. Average Period find more
City Gate $ 4.65 /thousand cu ft $ 4.23 /thousand cu ft Aug-24 find more
Residential NA $ 23.40 /thousand cu ft Aug-24 find more
Coal Maine U.S. Average Period find more
Average Sales Price -- $ 54.04 /short ton 2023  
Delivered to Electric Power Sector W $ 2.44 /million Btu Aug-24  
Electricity Maine U.S. Average Period find more
Residential 23.39 cents/kWh 16.63 cents/kWh Aug-24 find more
Commercial 17.17 cents/kWh 13.39 cents/kWh Aug-24 find more
Industrial 12.30 cents/kWh 8.72 cents/kWh Aug-24 find more
Reserves  
Reserves Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31) -- -- 2022 find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31) -- -- 2022 find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids -- -- 2022 find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines -- -- 2023 find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells -- -- 2020 find more
Capacity Maine Share of U.S. Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) -- -- 2024  
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity 5,414 MW 0.4% Aug-24  
Supply & Distribution  
Production Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Energy 96 trillion Btu 0.1% 2022 find more
Crude Oil -- -- Aug-24 find more
Natural Gas - Marketed -- -- 2023 find more
Coal -- -- 2023 find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Net Electricity Generation 1,185 thousand MWh 0.3% Aug-24  
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total) Maine U.S. Average Period
Petroleum-Fired 0.4 % 0.2 % Aug-24 find more
Natural Gas-Fired 39.7 % 48.0 % Aug-24 find more
Coal-Fired 0.2 % 16.3 % Aug-24 find more
Nuclear 0.0 % 16.5 % Aug-24 find more
Renewables 57.6 % 18.8 % Aug-24  
Stocks Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) -- -- Aug-24  
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) 803 thousand barrels 0.8% Aug-24 find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage -- -- Aug-24 find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers 233 thousand barrels 1.0% Aug-24 find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers 0 thousand tons 0.0% Aug-24 find more
Fueling Stations Maine Share of U.S. Period
Motor Gasoline 684 stations 0.6% 2022  
Propane 7 stations 0.3% Oct-24  
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations 487 stations 0.7% Oct-24  
E85 0 stations 0.0% Oct-24  
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels 1 stations * Oct-24  
Consumption & Expenditures  
Summary Maine U.S. Rank Period
Total Consumption 335 trillion Btu 45 2022 find more
Total Consumption per Capita 241 million Btu 34 2022 find more
Total Expenditures $ 8,347 million 42 2022 find more
Total Expenditures per Capita $ 6,008 15 2022 find more
by End-Use Sector Maine Share of U.S. Period
Consumption
    »  Residential 87 trillion Btu 0.4% 2022 find more
    »  Commercial 58 trillion Btu 0.4% 2022 find more
    »  Industrial 83 trillion Btu 0.3% 2022 find more
    »  Transportation 108 trillion Btu 0.4% 2022 find more
Expenditures
    »  Residential $ 2,401 million 0.7% 2022 find more
    »  Commercial $ 1,322 million 0.5% 2022 find more
    »  Industrial $ 933 million 0.3% 2022 find more
    »  Transportation $ 3,692 million 0.4% 2022 find more
by Source Maine Share of U.S. Period
Consumption
    »  Petroleum 33 million barrels 0.5% 2022 find more
    »  Natural Gas 60 billion cu ft 0.2% 2022 find more
    »  Coal 65 thousand short tons * 2022 find more
Expenditures
    »  Petroleum $ 5,650 million 0.5% 2022 find more
    »  Natural Gas $ 715 million 0.3% 2022 find more
    »  Coal $ 6 million * 2022 find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Petroleum 10 thousand barrels 0.5% Aug-24 find more
Natural Gas 3,542 million cu ft 0.2% Aug-24 find more
Coal 1 thousand tons * Aug-24 find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) Maine U.S. Average Period
Natural Gas 8.1 % 46.2 % 2022  
Fuel Oil 56.1 % 3.9 % 2022  
Electricity 10.6 % 41.3 % 2022  
Propane 13.9 % 5.0 % 2022  
Other/None 11.3 % 3.5 % 2022  
Environment  
Renewable Energy Capacity Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity 2,887 MW 0.8% Aug-24  
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity -- -- 2024  
Renewable Energy Production Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation 302 thousand MWh 1.4% Aug-24  
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation 245 thousand MWh 0.5% Aug-24  
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation 137 thousand MWh 3.4% Aug-24  
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation 109 thousand MWh 1.3% Aug-24  
Fuel Ethanol Production 0 thousand barrels 0.0% 2022  
Renewable Energy Consumption Maine U.S. Rank Period find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total 30.4 % 2 2022  
Fuel Ethanol Consumption 1,526 thousand barrels 41 2022  
Total Emissions Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 14.9 million metric tons 0.3% 2022  
Electric Power Industry Emissions Maine Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 2,434 thousand metric tons 0.2% 2023  
Sulfur Dioxide 4 thousand metric tons 0.5% 2023  
Nitrogen Oxide 4 thousand metric tons 0.4% 2023  

Analysis

Last Updated: November 21, 2024

Overview

Maine is the only U.S. state that borders only one other state, New Hampshire. To the north, the state borders the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.1 Maine rises from a jagged Atlantic coastline in the east to the state's highest point, Mount Katahdin, at the northern end of the Appalachian Trail in the center of the state.2 The largest of the New England states, Maine has the easternmost land area in the nation.3 Although the state has no fossil energy reserves, its rivers, winds, and forests give Maine substantial renewable energy resources.4 Rivers that flow from the state's interior highlands to the sea provide hydroelectricity resources, while winds that sweep along the coast and across Maine's uplands and the mountain crests of its Appalachian ranges make the state New England's leader in wind-powered electricity generation.5,6,7 Forests cover about nine-tenths of Maine, the largest share of any state, and forest products are both a major energy-intensive industry and an important biomass resource, powering electricity generation and supplying wood-derived fuels.8,9,10 Maine's ports handle shipments of coal and petroleum products that enter the region.11,12 However, because Maine has no reserves of coal, natural gas, or crude oil, the state produces only about one-third of the energy it consumes.13

The West Quoddy Head Lighthouse in Maine is the easternmost point in the contiguous United States.14 Although Maine is home to several coastal cities, it is the least densely populated state east of the Mississippi River.15 The state contains large rural areas, including Northwest Aroostook, a 2,600 square-mile area with only 18 residents.16 Overall, more than three-fifths of Maine's population lives in rural areas, the second-largest proportion of any state after Vermont.17 Maine's average temperatures range from 15°F in the winter to 70°F in the summer, which tend to be mild. The climate and temperatures vary from the southern, northern, and coastal regions of the state.18 Ranking among the top 10 coldest states, heating needs during the winter months contribute to Maine having the highest per capita energy use in New England.19,20

Maine has the most energy-intensive economy in New England.

Maine's transportation sector accounts for the largest share of the state's energy consumption. In 2022, it accounted for about 32% of the state's energy use. The residential sector made up 26% of Maine's energy consumption, followed closely by the industrial sector at 25%, a larger share than in any other New England state, except Massachusetts.21 Energy-intensive manufacturing industries such as forestry, forest products, and paper manufacturing have contributed to Maine's economy for decades. However, private service industries, such as finance, insurance, real estate, educational services, health care, professional services, and retail accounted for about 75% of the state's GDP in 2023.22 Maine uses less energy than 44 states but uses significantly more energy per dollar of GDP than any other New England state and more than the national average.23

Petroleum

Maine does not have any crude oil reserves or production, nor does it have any oil refineries.24,25 Refined petroleum products arrive in the state at several marine points of entry, including the second-largest port in New England, Maine's Port of Portland on Casco Bay.26 Although no interstate petroleum product pipelines enter Maine, one intrastate product pipeline runs between Portland and Bangor.27 Most of the rest of the state's refined products enter farther north at Searsport and Belfast, Maine, or at several border crossings from Canada. Heating oil and propane also arrive at New Hampshire's Port of Portsmouth on Maine's southern border, and those products are distributed regionally, including into Maine. Canada is the dominant supplier of the petroleum products that arrive at all of Maine's ports.28 The Portland-Montreal Pipeline is a crude oil pipeline system in Maine, built in 1941, that transports crude oil from the Port of Portland to refineries in Quebec and Ontario. Currently, it operates only intermittently.29,30,31

About 5 of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products for home heating, a larger share than in any other state.

Petroleum accounts for the largest share of Maine's energy use, about half of the state's total in 2022.32 About three-fifths of the petroleum consumed in Maine was used in the transportation sector, where almost half of it was motor gasoline. The residential sector accounted for about one-fifth of state petroleum use.33,34 About 5 out of every 10 Maine households use petroleum products, primarily fuel oil, as their primary source for home heating, the largest share for any state.35 Transportation and home heating fuel consumption together contribute to making Maine's per capita petroleum use the highest among the New England states.36 In 2022, the commercial sector accounted for 11% of Maine's petroleum consumption, and the industrial sector used about 6%. The electric power sector consumed 1%.37 Maine law sets goals to reduce the state's petroleum use by 30% below the 2007 consumption level by 2030 and 50% by 2050.38 By 2022, petroleum consumption in Maine was 30% less than in 2007.39

Maine was home to one of two storage sites that made up the one-million-barrel federal Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR), which was created in 2012 to counter motor fuel supply disruptions caused by hurricanes, winter storms, and other natural events. However, the NGSR was sold off in July 2024.40 Maine's heavy reliance on fuel oil for home heating also makes the state particularly vulnerable to heating oil supply disruptions and price spikes during the winter months. The U.S. Department of Energy created the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR) in 2000 to protect consumers in the northeastern states, including Maine, from supply disruptions. The NEHHOR holds 1 million barrels in four states, including Maine, holding 200,000 barrels.41

Renewable energy

Hydropower, wind, and biomass fuels produce 87% of renewable electricity generated in Maine.

Renewable resources generated 67% of Maine's in-state electricity in 2023. Hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, and biomass fuels supplied 87% of the state's renewable generation. Contributions from solar energy from both utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) and customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) photovoltaic (PV) installations increased from 1% in 2019 to 13% of the state's renewable generation in 2023.42

Conventional hydroelectric power was the largest source of renewable electricity generation in Maine in 2023, accounting for 44% of total renewables.43 The state ranked 15th in the nation in hydroelectric generation, but hydropower's share of in-state utility-scale generation was 2nd after Vermont among the states east of the Mississippi River and 6th among all the states.44 Maine's many rivers powered the mills used by the lumber industry and later were used to generate electricity. However, hydroelectric dam owners and conservationists have agreed to remove some dams to restore natural river flows and fish migrations.45,46 As of September 2024, the state had 51 hydroelectric power plants with about 726 megawatts of capacity. About 126 of those megawatts are at generating units more than a century old.47 Maine is looking to harness ocean energy and demonstration projects are being undertaken to generate power from tidal currents.48

Wind energy generated 27% of Maine's renewable electricity generation in 2023, the 10th highest wind power share among the states.49,50 The state's wind energy accounted for almost 70% of all wind-powered generation in New England.51 The state's best onshore wind resources are on the ridge crests along its western border, but the state's greatest wind resources are offshore along Maine's Atlantic coastline.52 The largest wind farm in Maine is the 186-megawatt Bingham Wind project, which began operating in late 2016.53 As of September 2024, Maine had about 1,030 megawatts of onshore wind-powered generating capacity.54 Maine currently has no active offshore wind projects.55 However, Maine and federal regulators have agreed on a wind energy research lease at a site about 30 miles off the state's coast in the Gulf of Maine. If developed, the project would have up to 12 floating offshore wind turbines and be capable of generating up to 144 megawatts of renewable energy.56,57 Additionally, the Department of Interior held an offshore wind energy lease sale in October 2024, for four lease areas in federal waters in the Gulf of Maine, if fully developed, this lease could generate more than 15 gigawatts of renewable energy.58,59

Maine ranked 12th in the nation in utility-scale biomass-fueled power generation in 2023.60 Biomass accounted for 14% of the state's total electricity generation, the second highest share, after Vermont.61 Almost all of the Maine's biomass-fueled generation uses wood and wood waste-derived fuels.62 Maine's biomass resources also provide feedstock for the state's four wood pellet manufacturing plants that together can produce 232,000 tons of pellets annually.63 About 1 in 11 Maine households use wood as their primary fuel for space heating.64 Maine produces some biofuels, but uses much more than it makes. One million gallons of biodiesel is produced annually at Maine's one biodiesel plant.65 However, almost 4 million gallons of biodiesel were consumed in the state in 2022.66 Maine has no fuel ethanol plants, but the state consumed 64 million gallons of fuel ethanol in 2022.67,68

Although Maine's solar resources are modest, the state's total electricity generation from solar energy was 10 times greater in 2023 than in 2020.69,70 All 84 utility-scale solar-powered generating facilities in Maine have come online since 2017.71 Customer-sited, small-scale solar generation is also growing, with generation increasing by 50% between 2022 to 2023 primarily due to incentives offered by the state. In 2023, solar generation from both utility-scale and small-scale facilities produced about 9% of Maine's total in-state net generation, with 55% coming from small-scale installations.72,73 An additional 490 megawatts of total or utility-scale solar power capacity are expected to be added in the state by 2026.74

Maine's original renewable portfolio standard (RPS) was passed in 1997 and in 1999 Maine's Public Utility Commission required that at least 30% of each retail electricity provider's power sales come from renewable sources. However, electricity providers had already met this standard with the state's biomass and hydroelectric resources. In 2019, Maine increased the RPS target to have 80% of electricity retail sales come from renewable sources by 2030, and 100% renewable electricity by 2050.75 Although almost 70% of Maine's in-state net generation comes from renewable resources, a significant amount of the electricity sold in the state is generated elsewhere.76,77

Electricity

Maine generates less electricity than all but five other states.

Maine generates less electricity than all but five other states.78 In 2023, renewable resources provided 67% of Maine's total in-state net generation, the fourth largest among states, behind Vermont, South Dakota, and Washington.79 However, Maine's electricity generation from all sources in 2023 was down by about 30% from what it was two decades earlier.80 The state's energy mix has changed significantly since the early 1990s. Nuclear power had previously supplied as much as two-fifths of the state's power, but the state's only nuclear plant ceased operations in 1997.81,82 Although Maine's largest power plant by capacity is petroleum-fired, it is now used only to meet peak electricity demand.83,84 Petroleum accounted for more than one-third of the state's net generation in the late 1990s, but its contribution declined to less than 1% in 2023.85,86 Now the state's largest power plant by generation is natural gas-fired.87 In 2023, natural gas fueled 30% of the state's total net generation. Coal and other fuels supplied the rest of the state's power.88 Maine has the highest proportion of in-state electricity generation by the industrial sector of any New England state. In 2023, Maine's industrial sector accounted for 10% of the state's electricity generation.89

Because Maine does not generate enough electricity to meet demand, the state typically imports between 10% and 30% of its electricity supply each year from other states and Canada.90 Most of Maine is part of the regional transmission grid operated by Independent System Operator New England (ISO-NE). An exception is in the northern part of the state, where Maine's power system links to the rest of New England through Canada by way of Canada's New Brunswick Power Corporation.91,92 The U.S. Department of Energy's Grid Deployment Office recently announced supporting the Aroostook Renewable Project, which would construct a 111-mile transmission line connecting ISO-NE to renewable energy generated in northern Maine.93 Additionally, the New England Clean Energy Connect 145-mile transmission line, when completed in a few years, will bring 1,200 megawatts of hydropower from Canada to New England.94,95 In part because of the small amount of power generated in-state and the state's limited use of both coal and petroleum for electricity generation, Maine ranks among the five states with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions.96

Maine used less electricity than all but six other states in 2022, and its total per capita retail sales of electricity were less than in almost three-fourths of the states.97 Maine's residential sector accounts for more than two-fifths of the state's total electricity retail sales.98 Only about 1 in 9 state households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating, and Maine's residential sector's per capita electricity consumption is less than in two-thirds of the states.99,100 The commercial sector accounted for more than one-third of state electricity purchases and the industrial sector accounted for about one-fifth.101 Maine has the second-lowest average electricity retail price in New England.102

In August 2024, Maine had 478 public electric vehicle charging locations, ranking third in New England behind Massachusetts and Connecticut.103 Maine's electric vehicle charging locations are clustered along major highways, coastal regions, and urban areas, such as Portland, Brunswick, and the capital Augusta. Few charging locations are in the northeastern part of the state.104 The state launched the Recharge Maine initiative in 2022 to expand the availability of charging locations on Maine's highways and within communities.105

Natural gas

Maine does not have any natural gas reserves and does not produce natural gas.106,107 The Saint John liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in New Brunswick, Canada, receives natural gas from overseas and sends it by pipeline to Canadian markets and to U.S. markets, including Maine.108,109 Another interstate pipeline delivers natural gas from Canada and the United States through New Hampshire to southern Maine.110,111,112

Maine uses very little natural gas because of the state's small population and lack of distribution infrastructure. As a result, Maine's natural gas consumption is among the lowest in the nation. In 2022, the state's natural gas use on a per capita basis was the fourth-lowest in the nation, ahead of New Hampshire, Vermont, and Hawaii.113 The electric power sector, where 3 of the state's 10 largest power plants by generation are natural gas-fired, used 45% of the natural gas delivered to consumers in Maine in 2023.114,115 However, constraints on pipeline delivery capacity force increased competition between electricity generators and other customers for supply during the high-demand winter months.116 The industrial sector made up one-third of the state's natural gas use in 2023, and commercial sector accounted for one-sixth. Most of Maine lacks local natural gas distribution systems, so only about 1 in 12 households rely on natural gas for home heating, and the residential sector used only 5% of the natural gas consumed in the state.117,118,119

Coal

Maine is among the 10 states with the lowest coal consumption.

Maine has no operating coal mines in Maine, and the state does not have any recoverable coal reserves.120 In 2023, the only utility-scale coal-fired electricity generation in the state was from a cogeneration plant that can burn paper mill byproducts, biomass, and coal.121 Maine is among the 10 states with the lowest coal consumption.122 The Portland customs district imports the largest amount of coal in the Northeast, but only receives 1% of U.S. total coal imports.123

Endnotes

1 Marshall, Elizabeth, "Maine is the only state that has borders with only one other US state New Hampshire while bordering two Canadian provinces," The Fact Base (February 2, 2024)," The Fact Base (February 2, 2024).
2 Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Welcome to Maine, accessed October 28, 2024.
3 NETSTATE, The Geography of Maine, The Land, updated February 25, 2016.
4 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Maine Profile Data, Reserves and Environment, accessed October 2, 2024.
5 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860) Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024, Maine, Conventional Hydroelectric.
6 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Maine, accessed October 2, 2024.
7 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, New England, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wind, Annual, 2023.
8 National Association of State Foresters, Forest Action Plan, accessed October 3, 2024.
9 Maine Forest Products Council, Maine Forest Products Essentials, accessed October 2, 2024.
10 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Manufacturing facilities with capacity and status, July 2024, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, July 2024.
11 Marine Port Authority, Portland Terminals, accessed October 3, 2024.
12 Canfield, Clarke, "The Ebb and Flows of Maine's Three-Port Strategy," Island Institute (January 30, 2024).
13 U.S. EIA, State Energy data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
14 The Historical Marker Database, Easternmost Point in the USA, accessed October 3, 2024.
15 U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Population Density Data (1910-2020) (April 26, 2921).
16 Census Reporter, Northwest Aroostook UT, Aroostook County, ME, accessed October 3, 2024.
17 World Population Review, 2020 Rural Population, accessed October 3, 2024.
18 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Maine, accessed October 3, 2024.
19 Haines, Julia, "These Are the 10 Coldest States in the U.S.," U.S. News (January 31, 2024).
20 U.S. EIA, Rankings, Total Energy Consumed Per Capita, 2022 (million Btu).
21 U.S. EIA, States Energy Data System, Table C11, Total Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
22 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Interactive Data Tables, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in Current Dollars, Maine, All statistics in table, 2023.
23 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2022.
24 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves as of 12/31, 2021, and Estimated Production, Annual, 2021.
25 U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 2024), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State and Individual Refinery as of January 1, 2024.
26 Ahmed, Zahra, "8 Major U.S. East Coast Ports," Marine Insight (December 5, 2023).
27 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Maine, Petroleum Product Pipelines, Petroleum Product Terminals, Petroleum Ports, accessed October 11, 2024.
28 U.S. EIA, Petroleum & Other Liquids, Company Level Imports July 2024, detailed data from XLSX.
29 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Maine, Crude Oil Pipelines, accessed October 11, 2024.
30 Canada Energy Regulator, Pipeline Profiles: Montreal and Throughput and capacity, accessed October 24, 2024.
31 Portland Pipe Line Corporation, Montreal Pipe Line Limited, About Us, accessed October 11, 2024.
32 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
33 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
34 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2022.
35 U.S. Census Bureau, All states, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
36 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
37 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
38 LaCapra Associates, Oil Dependence Reduction Assessment (April 2013), Executive Summary, p. 1.
39 U.S. EIA, State Energy Consumption Estimates 1960 Through 2022 (June 2024), Maine, Table CT2.
40 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve, accessed October 11, 2024.
41 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, and NEHHOR History, accessed October 11, 2024.
42 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other resources, Wind, Biomass Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Small-scale solar photoelectric, Annual, 2001-23.
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other resources, Wind, Biomass Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Small-scale solar photoelectric, Annual, 2001-23.
44 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 1.10.B.
45 Maine Preservation, Maine's Historic Dams, Statewide, updated July 2023.
46 Natural Resources Council of Maine, Edwards Dam and Kennebec River Restoration, accessed October 15, 2024.
47 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
48 Ogrysko, Nicole, "Developers granted preliminary permits for tidal power project in Cobscook Bay," Maine Public (October 10, 2024).
49 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors, Maine, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass, All solar, Annual, 2001-23.
50 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B.
51 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, New England, All fuels, Wind, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
52 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Maine, accessed October 15, 2024.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
54 U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
55 State of Maine Governor's Energy Office, Offshore Wind, accessed October 16, 2024.
56 State of Maine, Office of Governor Janet T. Mills, "Governor Mills Announces Agreement on Federal Research Lease to Advance Floating Offshore Wind," Press Release (August 19, 2024).
57 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, State of Maine Research Lease, accessed November 11, 2024.
58 U.S. Department of the Interior, "Biden-Harris Administration Holda First Offshore Wind Lease Sale in the Gulf of Maine," Press Release (October 29, 2024).
59 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Gulf of Maine, accessed November 11, 2024.
60 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 1.15.B.
61 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Biomass (total) Wood and wood derived fuels, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
62 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, Biomass (total), Wood and Wood-derived fuels, Other Biomass, Annual, 2001-23.
63 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, July 2024.
64 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
65 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2024.
66 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30 Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
67 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2024.
68 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2022.
69 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001-23.
70 Roberts, Billy J., U.S. Annual Direct Normal Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
71 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of September 2024.
72 Maine Public Utilities Commission, RPS, Programs for Small Solar, Community and Other Renewable Energy Projects, accessed October 16, 2024.
73 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, Annual, 2001-23.
74 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of September 2024.
75 DSIRE, NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Maine Renewable Portfolio Standard, updated November 18, 2022.
76 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Maine, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-23.
77 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Maine Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10.
78 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.3.B.
79 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Geography (Check all), Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2023.
80 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-23.
81 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Maine Electricity Profile 2023, Table 5.
82 Maine Yankee, Maine Yankee Decommissioning, accessed October 4, 2024.
83 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Maine Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A.
84 Constellation Energy Corporation, Wyman, accessed October 4, 2024.
85 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Electric Power Annual, Previous Issues, 2000 Volume 1, in PDF, accessed October 29, 2024.
86 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2001-23.
87 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Maine Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2B.
88 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation from all sectors, Maine, Fuel Type (Check All), Annual, 2001-23.
89 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 1.3.B.
90 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Maine Electricity Profile 2023, Table 10.
91 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Electric, ISO-NE, updated July 25, 2024.
92 Maine Office of the Public Advocate, Wholesale Electricity Market, accessed October 16, 2024.
93 U.S. Department of Energy, Transmission Facilitation Program Selections, accessed October 16, 2024.
94 New England Clean Energy Connect, Who We Are, accessed October 16, 2024.
95 New England Clean Energy Connect, Updates From the Project Team, accessed October 16, 2023.
96 U.S. EIA, Environment, Energy-Related CO2 Emission Data Tables (October 29, 2024), Table 1, State Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Year, XLSX.
97 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
98 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Maine, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2023.
99 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
100 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
101 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail Sales of Electricity, Maine, End-Use Sector (Check all), Annual, 2023.
102 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Average Retail Price of Electricity, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, All sectors, Industrial, Annual, 2023.
103 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (October 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
104 U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations, Maine, Map Results, accessed October 3, 2024.
105 Efficiency Maine, Maine's Electric Vehicle Charging Initiatives, Progress Report as of May 2024.
106 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Dry Natural Gas, 2016-21.
107 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, 2018-23.
108 Saint John LNG, About Saint John LNG, accessed October 3, 2024.
109 Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, Home and Map, accessed October 3, 2024.
110 Portland Natural Gas Transmission System (PNGTS), accessed October 7, 2024.
111 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Calais, ME, Natural Gas Pipeline Imports From Canada (Million Cubic Feet), 2000-23.
112 U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Maine, Natural Gas Pipelines, accessed October 10, 2024.
113 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C16, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
114 U.S. EIA, State Electricity Profiles, Maine Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2B.
115 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Annual, Maine - Natural Gas 2023.
116 North American Electric Reliability Corporation, 2023-2024 Winter Reliability Assessment, November 2023, p. 16-17.
117 Maine Office of the Public Advocate, Natural Gas Service, Natural Gas Service Territories, accessed October 10, 2024.
118 U.S. Census Bureau, Maine, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
119 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Annual, Maine - Natural Gas 2023.
120 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 1, Table 15.
121 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for coal, Maine, all sectors, Annual, 2023.
122 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F23, Coal Consumption Estimates and Imports and Exports of Coal Coke, 2022.
123 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2023 (April 2024), Tables 13, 20.


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