Last Updated: May 15, 2025

Overview

Washington State borders Canada and is the furthest northwest of the Lower 48 states. The Pacific Ocean forms the state's western boundary and Idaho forms the eastern boundary.^1,2 The Columbia River, second only to the Mississippi in volume of water flow among the nation's rivers, enters Washington near the state's northeastern corner and flows in an arc through the eastern half of the state. It forms much of the boundary between Washington and Oregon and drains all of eastern Washington and the western slopes of the Cascade Range south of Mt. Rainier.³ The river provides water for vast hydroelectric projects including Washington's Grand Coulee Dam, the largest U.S. power plant by generation capacity, that help make the state the nation's largest hydroelectric power producer.^4,5 The Cascade mountains create a climate barrier, where the western part of the state experiences heavy precipitation and the eastern part is much drier.⁶ Crop residues from Washington's agricultural areas in the east and those from the state's western forests provide ample biomass resources, and many areas of the state have significant wind power development potential.^7,8 Even though the state has few fossil fuel resources, its five petroleum refineries provide the only crude oil refining capacity in the Pacific Northwest.^9,10,11 Washington also is the only Pacific state other than California that generates nuclear power.¹²

Washington's economy developed around logging and agriculture, and the state remains the largest producer of apples in the nation.^13,14 Today, the state's top industries include: information and information technology; real estate; professional and business services; and manufacturing.¹⁵ Washington is a leader in the energy-intensive forest products industry and in the aerospace industry, including the manufacture of aircraft.¹⁶ The transportation sector accounts for two-fifths of the state's total energy consumption, while the industrial sector accounts for about one-fourth.¹⁷ Most of Washington's more densely populated areas are west of the Cascade Range, where the Pacific Ocean moderates the climate with cool summers and mild winters.^18,19 The residential sector accounts for one-fifth of the state's energy consumption, and the commercial sector accounts for about one-seventh.²⁰ Overall, Washington consumes about three times more energy than it produces, but its per capita energy consumption is less than in four-fifths of the states.^21,22

Electricity

In 2024, hydroelectric power accounted for 59% of Washington's total electricity net generation from both utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities.²³ Washington typically contributes between one-fourth and one-third of all conventional hydroelectric generation in the nation annually, and 9 of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity and 7 of the 10 by generation are hydroelectric facilities.^24,25 Most of those hydroelectric plants are located on the Columbia River, and one of them, the Grand Coulee Dam, is one of the largest hydroelectric power plants by capacity in the world.^26,27 Grand Coulee Dam's hydroelectric plant supplies power to eight western states and Canada.²⁸ The state also imports electricity supply from Canada, primarily hydropower, but regional drought conditions can significantly reduce that amount.²⁹ Since 2023, most of Washington has been in a drought, with water reservoirs in the Yakima region about half full compared to historical normal amounts.³⁰ This three-year drought is also impacting the Grand Coulee Dam, which in 2024 generated nearly half the electricity it did from the record output in 2012.^31,32 Overall in 2024, Washington's total in-state hydropower generation was down about one-third compared to its peak electricity generation set in 2011.³³ The second-largest power plant in the state—Chief Joseph—is also a hydroelectric facility.³⁴ Grand Coulee and Chief Joseph are among the eight Washington hydroelectric power plants that are owned and operated by the federal government.³⁵ The Bonneville Power Administration, one of four federal power marketing administrations, distributes the electricity ¬produced at all federal dams in Washington.^36,37

Natural gas, nonhydroelectric renewable resources (mostly wind), nuclear energy, and coal provide almost all the rest of Washington's in-state electricity generation. Natural gas is the second-largest in-state source of net generation, fueling 18% of the state's total electricity generation in 2024. Renewable resources other than hydroelectric power accounted for 10% of state generation. Wind represented about four-fifths of that share and biomass and solar fueled all the rest. Nuclear provided about 10% of total in-state generation, all of it from the Columbia Generating Station, which is Washington's only operating nuclear power plant.^38,39 It also is the only nonhydroelectric power plant among the state's 10 largest by capacity. In 2023, the Columbia nuclear plant was the state's third-largest provider of electricity and fifth-largest power plant by capacity.⁴⁰ In 2024, coal fueled about 3% of the total electricity generated in Washington, all of it from one coal-fired power plant, the TransAlta Centralia plant. One of Centralia's two coal-fired units permanently shut down at the end of 2020, and the other is scheduled for retirement at the end of 2025.^41,42 Overall, Washington's electricity net generation exceeds electricity demand in the state. The excess power generated is sent to the Western Interconnection, a regional grid that stretches from British Columbia, Canada to the northern part of Baja California, Mexico, and across all or parts of 14 western states.^43,44

In 2024, Washington was among the top one-fourth of states in the nation with the lowest average electricity prices.⁴⁵ The residential sector, where almost three in five households use electricity as their primary heating source, accounted for more than two-fifths of Washington's electricity sales in 2024. The commercial sector used about one-third of the state's electricity, and the industrial sector accounted for about one-fourth. The transportation sector also used a small amount of electricity for light rail and electric trolley buses.^46,47,48

Washington is part of the West Coast Electric Highway, a network of public charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) located along Interstate 5 and other major roads in the Pacific Northwest. It is part of the larger West Coast Green Highway that extends from Canada to Mexico.^49,50 At the end of 2023, there were nearly 146,000 battery electric vehicles registered in Washington, the fourth-most of any state.⁵¹ As of February 2025, the state had almost 2,500 public EV charging locations, the sixth-highest in the nation.⁵²

Renewable energy

Washington leads the nation in electricity generation from hydroelectric power and accounted for about 25% of the nation's total hydroelectric generation in 2024.^53,54 The state was third in the nation, after Vermont and South Dakota, in percentage of utility-scale renewable generation from all sources. In 2024, Washington produced 7% of the nation's total renewable-sourced utility-scale electricity generation.⁵⁵ Hydroelectric power accounted for 85% of the state's total renewable power generation, and wind provided 12% , and biomass and solar provided the rest.⁵⁶ Some renewable energy resources are used in energy applications other than electricity generation, such as biofuel blends used for transportation.⁵⁷ About 2% of Washington's households heat with wood.⁵⁸ When biofuels and thermal energy are included with renewable electricity generation, renewable resources account for 80% of Washington's total energy production.⁵⁹

Wind power is the second-largest contributor to the state's renewable electricity generation. For a decade between 2013 and 2023, wind supplied about 6% of Washington's total electricity net generation annually. In 2024, mostly because of the ongoing drought that reduced hydropower output, wind generated 8% of in-state power.⁶⁰ Washington's first utility-scale wind project came online in 2001. The most recent additions are the Skookumchuck and Rattlesnake Flat wind farms, which came online in 2020.^61,62 As of February 2025, Washington had almost 3,400 megawatts of wind-powered capacity.⁶³ The state's largest wind farm is along the Snake River in southeastern Washington. It came online in 2012 and has a capacity of about 343 megawatts.⁶⁴

In 2024, biomass accounted for 1% of Washington's total electricity net generation, and about 2% of the nation's total net generation from biomass.⁶⁵ Forests cover about half of Washington's land area, and wood and wood-derived fuels are the main sources of biomass used to fuel electricity generation in the state.^66,67 Washington also has two wood pellet manufacturing plants with a combined production capacity of 100,000 tons per year. Wood pellets are used for electricity generation and space heating.^68,69

Solar energy supplies a small amount of Washington's total electricity generation. In 2024, almost three-fifths came from small-scale, customer-sited solar photovoltaic (PV) power installations, such as rooftop solar panels.⁷⁰ Washington's first utility-scale solar PV project, the Adams Nielson Solar Farm, a 19-megawatt facility, came online in 2018. A 150-megawatt solar project in Klickitat County came online in 2022 and is Washington's largest solar power plant to date. Other large solar projects are planned.⁷¹

Washington produces and consumes biofuels.⁷² The state has two co-processing refinery plants, which can produce both petroleum and renewable liquid fuels, in Cherry Point and Tacoma. Combined these plants can produce up to 116 million gallons of renewable diesel and other biofuels, such as renewable naphtha, per year.⁷³ Washington also has one biodiesel plant in Hoquiam, which can produce about 107 million gallons of biodiesel per year.⁷⁴ Washington is one of three states that consumes significant amounts of renewable diesel, along with California and Oregon. In 2023, Washington consumers used about 80 million gallons of renewable diesel and 15 million gallons of biodiesel.^75,76 State law requires that at least 2% of all diesel fuel sold in Washington be renewable diesel or biodiesel. The law also requires that at least 20% of all diesel fuel used in state agency vehicles be renewable diesel or biodiesel.⁷⁷ Washington has no commercial fuel ethanol production.⁷⁸ However, oxygenated motor gasoline blended with fuel ethanol is required statewide and nearly 280 million gallons of ethanol was consumed in the state in 2023.^79,80 Washington also has biogas projects, including several dairy farms in the state that use anaerobic digesters to generate electricity from methane captured from manure.⁸¹

Much of Washington has geothermal resources. Although the state does not generate utility-scale electricity from geothermal energy, those resources are used to heat buildings, greenhouses, and water.^82,83 In 2024, the Washington legislature passed legislation allowing the development of thermal energy networks, which enable utilities to deliver thermal energy for heating and cooling.⁸⁴

Washington established a renewable portfolio standard in 2006 and revised it in 2019 when it enacted the Clean Energy Transformation Act (CETA). CETA requires electric utilities that serve retail customers to phase out coal-fired electricity from their energy mix by 2025. CETA also requires that utilities have electricity supplies that are greenhouse gas emissions neutral by 2030 and allows utilities to meet a portion of the requirement through offsets. By 2045, 100% of all electricity sold to in-state customers must come from renewable or non-emitting sources.^85,86

Petroleum

Washington does not have any crude oil reserves or production.⁸⁷ Even though oil exploration in the state began in 1900, drillers found only small amounts of crude oil, and the state has not produced any crude oil since the early 1960s.⁸⁸ Nonetheless, Washington is a major oil refining center with the fifth-largest crude oil refining capacity in the nation from five refineries.⁸⁹ Washington's refineries receive crude oil supplies by pipeline, ship, and rail.⁹⁰ The state's five refineries process domestic and foreign crude oils, primarily from Canada, North Dakota, and Alaska.^91,92,93 Collectively, Washington's refineries can process about 650,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day into a variety of petroleum products including transportation fuels. The largest refinery, Cherry Point in northwestern Washington, can process about 240,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. That refinery can also produce renewable diesel from biomass-based feedstocks.^94,95

Washington's total petroleum consumption volume is the 15th-highest in the nation, but its per capita consumption of petroleum ranks 35th among the states.⁹⁶ The transportation sector accounts for four-fifths of the petroleum consumed in Washington.⁹⁷ Motor gasoline, which all five of the state's refineries produce, accounts for more than two-fifths of Washington's petroleum consumption, and diesel fuel accounts for one-fifth. Washington is also the nation's ninth-largest jet fuel consumer and jet fuel accounts for about one-seventh of the state's petroleum consumption.^98,99,100 The industrial sector is the second-largest petroleum consumer and accounted for one-seventh of state use.¹⁰¹ The commercial sector and the residential sector, where about 1 in 25 households heat with petroleum products, together accounted for the rest.^102,103

Natural gas

Washington has no natural gas reserves or production.¹⁰⁴ However, the state has one underground natural gas storage field, the Jackson Prairie Gas Storage Facility located in western Washington. It has a total storage capacity of about 47 billion cubic feet.^105,106,107 Most of the natural gas that Washington uses comes from Canada. Almost two-thirds of the natural gas that enters the state comes from Idaho and most of that is originally from Canada. In addition, more than one-third of the state's natural gas supply enters Washington directly from Canada.¹⁰⁸ Canada's Sumas Center, near the border between Washington and British Columbia, is a major natural gas trading and transportation hub.^109,110 Most of the natural gas that enters Washington continues south to Oregon.¹¹¹

Washington consumes less natural gas than over half of the states and uses less per capita than all but four other states.¹¹² Since 2019, the electric power sector has been the largest natural gas consumer in the state. In 2024, about one-third of the natural gas delivered to consumers was used to generate electricity.¹¹³ The residential sector, where about one-third of households rely on natural gas as their primary heating fuel, was the second-largest natural gas-consuming sector and accounted for one-fourth of the state total.^114,115 The industrial sector accounted for about one-fifth of the natural gas consumed. The commercial sector consumed one-sixth, and the transportation sector used a small amount as vehicle fuel.¹¹⁶

Coal

Washington has nearly 700 million tons of estimated recoverable coal reserves, but the last coal mine closed in 2006.^117,118 Coal from Montana and Wyoming supplies the Centralia power plant, the state's last coal-fired plant, which is scheduled to be retired at the end of 2025. Industrial facilities in the state also receive small amounts of coal.^119,120 Washington consumed about 2.9 million tons of coal in 2023, a decline from a peak of 7.3 million tons in 2003.¹²¹ Coal from several western states, especially the Powder River Basin, is exported through Washington's Seattle Customs District through Canada, onward to Asian markets. In 2023, Seattle was the fifth-largest coal export center in the nation and handled about 6% of U.S. total coal exports.^122,123

Energy on tribal lands

The Native American population of Washington is more than 145,000, almost 2% of the state's total.¹²⁴ Washington is home to 29 federally recognized tribes, and almost 6% of the state's land area is tribally held.^125,126 The state's tribal lands do not have fossil fuel resources, but they do have renewable resources.^127,128

Many tribal lands in Washington have abundant biomass resources. The 12 tribes on the Colville Reservation and those on the Yakama Reservation—the two largest reservations in the state—have substantial forestry industries.^129,130,131 Additionally, the Yakama reservation of southern Washington is among the top five reservations in the nation for potential electricity generation from biomass.¹³² The Quinault Indian Nation on Washington's Pacific coast has abundant woody biomass and uses sustainable forest practices. In addition to timber sales and cedar harvests, the tribe explored the feasibility of a wood pellet manufacturing facility on the reservation to manage forest slash, the woody debris left over from logging.^133,134

In 2008, an agricultural cooperative, a salmon habitat restoration organization, and the Tulalip tribe joined together to form the Qualco electric cooperative. The cooperative generates electricity from methane produced in an anaerobic biodigester using manure and agricultural waste from local farms to reduce runoff that would otherwise enter and pollute nearby salmon streams.^135,136 In 2022, Qualco Energy received funding from the state's Clean Energy Fund for participation in a hydrogen generation project using Qualco's renewable biogas.^137,138

Land that was once part of two Washington reservations—the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation and the Spokane Tribe Indian Reservation—is now the site of Grand Coulee Dam, the nation's largest hydroelectric power producer.^139,140 Today, the Yakama reservation, with over 1.1 million acres of land is one of the largest reservations in the state, has some of the best hydropower potential of any reservation in the nation.^141,142,143 The Yakama tribe is developing electric generation projects that will use solar and woody biomass resources and a micro-hydropower irrigation project, as well as exploring opportunities to develop its wind resources.^144,145 Yakama Power, a tribal-owned utility, has worked toward acquisition of ownership interests in transmission and distribution facilities that serve the reservation.¹⁴⁶

Several of Washington's tribal areas have solar resources that are being developed.^147,148 The Spokane Nation of eastern Washington owns an energy company that constructed a 643-kilowatt community solar facility and plans to build a 100-megawatt solar facility.¹⁴⁹ In 2021, the Lummi Nation installed a 100-kilowatt solar PV system at the Lummi Nation Health and Dental Facility in Bellingham, Washington.¹⁵⁰ In 2024, Washington State awarded $10 million in grants to support 13 solar projects on tribal lands.¹⁵¹

Endnotes

¹ NETSTATE, Washington, The Geography of Washington, updated February 25, 2016.
² Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Washington Geological Survey, Cape Flattery, accessed April 9, 2025.
³ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Washington, Rivers, accessed April 3, 2025.
⁴ U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA), Electricity explained, Electricity generation, capacity, and sales in the United States, updated October 26, 2023.
⁵ U.S. EIA, "Western U.S. hydropower generation fell to a 22-year low last year," Today in Energy (March 26, 2024).
⁶ North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, NOAA National Center for Environmental Information, State Climate Summaries 2022, Washington.
⁷ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Geospatial Data Science, Biomass Resource Data, Tools, and Maps, U.S. Biomass Resource Maps, accessed April 3, 2025.
⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Washington, accessed April 3, 2025.
⁹ Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas Resources, accessed April 3, 2025.
¹⁰ Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Coal, Metallic and Mineral Resources, Coal, Coal in Washington, accessed April 3, 2025.
¹¹ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity (B/CD) as of January 1, 2024, and Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Washington, Annual as of January 1, 2024.
¹² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual (October 17, 2024), Net Generation, Table 3.13, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Nuclear Energy.
¹³ Washington State Department of Commerce, Choose Washington, A brief history of Washington's economy, accessed April 3, 2025.
¹⁴ Weber, Catherine, "U.S. Apples: Slicing Through the Data," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (February 9, 2024).
¹⁵ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Washington, All statistics in table, 2024.
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¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
¹⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: Washington Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
¹⁹ Western Regional Climate Center, Climate of Washington, Western Washington, accessed April 3, 2025.
²⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C1, Energy Consumption Overview: Estimates by Energy Source and End-Use Sector, 2022.
²¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022.
²² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Washington, Annual, 2001-24.
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²⁵ U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A, Table 2B.
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²⁷ Isaac, Oludare, "World's 10 Largest Hydropower: Top 10 Plants," AllRoundGist.com (March 16. 2023).
²⁸ U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Grand Coulee Dam Statistics and Facts, revised December 2021.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile, 2023, Table 10.
³⁰ "Drought declared for Yakima region for third year in a row," Department of Ecology State of Washington (April 8, 2025).
³¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Plant Level Data, Grand Coulee, Annual, 2001-24.
³² U.S. EIA, "Western U.S. hydropower generation fell to a 22-year low last year," Today in Energy (March 26, 2024).
³³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Conventional hydroelectric, Washington, Annual, 2001-24.
³⁴ U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A, Table 2B.
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B), 2023 Form EIA-860 Data, download in zip format, Schedule 3, Generator Data (Operable Units Only), search by State and Entity Name.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, "Federal Power Marketing Administrations operate across much of the United States," Today In Energy (June 12, 2013).
³⁷ Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Bonneville Power Administration: Electricity, accessed April 7, 2025.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Washington, Annual, 2001-24.
³⁹ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, updated March 9, 2021.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile 2023, Table 2A, Table 2B, available in XLSX format.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Washington, Annual, 2001-24.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860) Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025, State Mask: Washington, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Washington Electricity Profile, 2023, Table 10, available in XLSX format.
⁴⁴ Western Electricity Coordinating Council, About WECC, accessed April 8, 2025.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Average retail price of electricity, annual (cents per kilowatthour), 2001-24.
⁴⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Washington, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Washington, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Other, Annual, 2001-24.
⁴⁸ King County Metro, Electric Trolley Buses, accessed April 8, 2025.
⁴⁹ State of Oregon, Transportation Electrification, Oregon's West Coast Electric Highway, accessed April 21, 2025.
⁵⁰ West Coast Green Highway, West Coast Electric Highway, accessed April 8, 2025.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F39, Electric light-duty vehicles overview, 2023.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (April 24, 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS, Public Ports only and Public & Private Ports combined.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, "Western U.S. hydropower generation fell to a 22-year low last year," Today In Energy (March 26, 2024).
⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, United States, Washington, Conventional hydroelectric, Annual, 2024.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Geography-Check all, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2024.
⁵⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2024.
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel consumption estimates, 2023.
⁵⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Washington, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P2, Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2022, Washington.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Washington, Annual, 2001-24.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025, Plant State: Washington, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Renewable Electricity Infrastructure and Resources Dashboard, Filter by State: Washington, Filter by Primary Energy Source: Wind, accessed April 11, 2025.
⁶³ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (April 24, 2025), Table 6.2.B.
⁶⁴ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025, Plant State: Washington, Technology: Onshore Wind Turbine.
⁶⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, United States, Washington, All fuels, Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2021-24.
⁶⁶ Washington Forest Protection Association, Forest Facts & Figures, accessed April 11, 2025.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, All fuels, Other renewables, Biomass, Wood and wood-derived fuels, Other biomass, Annual, 2021-24.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, January 2025.
⁶⁹ U.S. EIA, Glossary, Wood pellets, accessed April 11, 2025.
⁷⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Washington, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-24.
⁷¹ U.S. EIA, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of March 2025 and Inventory of Planned Generators as of March 2025, Plant State: Washington, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
⁷² U.S. EIA, Biofuels explained - Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels, updated February 26, 2024.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Renewable Diesel Fuel and Other Biofuels Plant Production Capacity, U.S. renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels plant count by state, 2024.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2024.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F30, Renewable diesel consumption estimate, 2023.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F29, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁷⁷ U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Biodiesel Laws and Incentives in Washington, Renewable Fuels Standard, accessed April 11, 2025.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P1, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Physical Units, 2022.
⁷⁹ Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, updated January 2018.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F31, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2023.
⁸¹ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AgStar, Livestock Anaerobic Digester Database, State: Washington, accessed April 11, 2025.
⁸² U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, United States, Washington, All fuels, Conventional Hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Geothermal, Biomass, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2021-24.
⁸³ Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Geology, Energy, Mining and Minerals, Geothermal Resources, accessed April 11, 2025.
⁸⁴ Washington State House of Representatives, Office of Program Research, Bill Analysis, Environment & Energy Committee, HB 2131, January 16, 2026.
⁸⁵ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Washington, Renewable Energy Standard, updated November 26, 2024.
⁸⁶ Washington State Department of Commerce, Clean Energy Transformation Act (CETA), accessed April 8, 2025.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Washington Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, accessed April 9, 2025.
⁸⁸ Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Oil and Gas Resources, Oil and Gas in Washington, accessed April 9, 2025.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity (B/CD) as of January 1, 2024, and Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Washington, Annual as of January 1, 2024.
⁹⁰ U.S. EIA, Washington Profile Overview, Interactive Map, Washington, Layer List: Oil and Gas Refining and Processing, Pipelines and Transmission, Other Transport and Storage, accessed April 9, 2025.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries as of January 1, 2024.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Crude Imports, Imports of all grades from World to Washington, Annual, 2009-24, accessed April 9, 2025.
⁹³ Washington State Department of Commerce, Washington State Refinery Economic Impact Study (February 2025), p. 15-18.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (Jun 14, 2024), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2024, p. 20-22.
⁹⁵ BP United States, Washington, Cherry Point Refinery, updated March 2025.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁹⁸ Washington Research Council, Economic Profile, The Economic Contribution of Washington State's Petroleum Refining Industry in 2019 (June 2021), p. 3.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C4, Total End-Use Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F2, Jet Fuel Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2023.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹⁰² U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Washington, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Washington Profile Data, Reserves and Supply & Distribution, updated March 20, 2025.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity (Million Cubic Feet), 2018-23.
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