Last Updated: May 18, 2023

Overview

New Mexico is home to the forested peaks and valleys of the southern Rocky Mountains, high plateaus of the Great Plains, and spectacular desert canyons and mesas. Elevations in the state range from New Mexico's lowest point of less than 3,000 feet above sea level to its highest at Wheeler Peak in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, more than 13,000 feet above sea level.^1,2 In addition to its dramatic vistas, the state has a wealth of fossil fuel, mineral, and renewable energy resources, including substantial oil and natural gas reserves, abundant sunshine, strong winds, and a large portion of the nation's known uranium reserves.^3,4,5,6,7 In 2020, New Mexico was the fifth-largest energy producer in the nation, primarily because of its crude oil, natural gas, and coal production.⁸ About one-third of the state's surface acreage and more than two-fifths of New Mexico's minerals acreage is federally administered, and the state has the nation's second-largest number of producing crude oil and natural gas leases on federal lands.^9,10

New Mexico is the 5th-largest state by land area and ranks 36th in population.^11,12 As a result, the state is the sixth-least densely populated in the nation.¹³ More than one in four New Mexico residents live in the city of Albuquerque, and more than two-thirds of the state has fewer than 10 people per square mile.^14,15 However, New Mexico's energy consumption per capita and energy consumption per dollar of state gross domestic product (GDP) are both above the national average.^16,17 The state's largest employers are the health care, hospitality, retail trade, and educational service industries. Although not a large employer, the mining sector, which includes the oil and gas and coal industries, contributes significantly to the state GDP, and workers in that industry earn among the highest average weekly wages in the state.¹⁸

Among the state's end-users, the industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy. In 2020, it accounted for about one-third of the state's total energy consumption. The transportation sector ranked among the top 10 states in per capita energy use and accounted for more than three-tenths of New Mexico's total energy consumption.¹⁹ The rest of the state's energy use was split between the residential sector and the commercial sector.²⁰ Despite the state's climate extremes, with summer temperatures above 100°F common in the desert south and winter temperatures that have fallen to 50°F below zero in the snowy peaks in the north, energy consumption per capita in the residential sector was lower than in all but 10 other states in 2020.^21,22 Although energy-intensive industries, such as oil and natural gas production and mining, are important contributors to New Mexico's GDP, a much larger share of state GDP is from less energy-intensive service sector businesses. Government activities, including the U.S. Department of Energy's Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories, account for about one-fifth of state GDP and of the non-farm jobs in New Mexico.^23,24 Even so, the state's energy intensity—the amount of energy needed to produce each dollar of GDP—is greater than in two-thirds of the states.²⁵

Petroleum

In 2022, New Mexico was the nation's second-largest crude oil-producing state, after Texas, and it accounted for more than 13% of the nation's total crude oil production and about 11% of U.S. total proved crude oil reserves.^26,27 New Mexico's crude oil production has increased significantly since 2010.²⁸ Most of it comes from the Permian Basin, which is located in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. The Permian Basin is one of the most prolific crude oil-producing areas in the nation and the world.^29,30 Advanced drilling and oil recovery technologies have increased production from the Basin's low-permeability shale formations.³¹ In 2022, New Mexico's annual crude oil production reached an all-time high of about 574 million barrels, almost 9 times greater than it was in 2010.³² Pipeline operators have accommodated New Mexico's increased crude oil production with pipeline expansions and new construction.³³

New Mexico's one remaining crude oil refinery is located in Artesia in southeastern New Mexico. It has a refining capacity of about 110,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day and can process both heavy sour and light sweet crude oils.³⁴ Most of the crude oil processed at Artesia comes from the Permian Basin, but some comes by pipeline from other areas, including Canada. The refinery serves markets in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.³⁵ A second, small refinery in northwestern New Mexico, which processed local San Juan Basin crude oil, closed in 2020.³⁶

New Mexico's per capita petroleum consumption is greater than in about two-thirds of the states.³⁷ The transportation sector is the leading petroleum consumer in New Mexico, and in 2021 it accounted for 83% of all petroleum used in the state.³⁸ More than half of that petroleum was consumed as motor gasoline.³⁹ Metropolitan Albuquerque is the only area in the state that requires the use of oxygenated motor gasoline to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.^40,41 Ethanol is used as the oxygenate and is blended with motor gasoline at fuel terminals. New Mexico accounts for less than 1% of the nation's fuel ethanol consumption, and because the state does not have any commercial fuel ethanol plants, ethanol supplies come from the Midwest.^42,43,44 The industrial sector was the second-largest petroleum consumer in New Mexico, and it accounted for about 12% of the petroleum used in the state. The residential sector, where about 1 in 7 households use petroleum products (mostly propane) for space heating, consumed about 3%.⁴⁵ The commercial sector accounted for 2%, and the electric power sector used a small amount.⁴⁶

Natural gas

New Mexico is among the top 10 natural gas producing states in the nation.⁴⁷ As with crude oil, the state's major natural gas deposits are in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the state.⁴⁸ Almost 6% of U.S. proved natural gas reserves are in New Mexico.⁴⁹ In 2022, the state's annual natural gas gross withdrawals exceeded 2.7 trillion cubic feet for the first time, and New Mexico accounted for 6% of the nation's total natural gas production.⁵⁰ Natural gas is produced from low permeability sands, from coalbeds as coalbed methane, and from shale-gas wells in the San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico. Conventional oil and gas wells and shale gas wells in the Permian Basin in southeastern New Mexico also produce large amounts of natural gas.^51,52 In 2021, New Mexico's natural gas production from shale gas wells was more than 20 times greater than it was in 2010 and accounted for about two-thirds of the natural gas produced in the state.^53,54 New Mexico also is 1 of only 15 states that produce natural gas from coalbeds. In 2021, the state was second only to Colorado in coalbed methane production. Even though New Mexico's coalbed methane production declined to less than one-third of its 2007 peak of more than 616 billion cubic feet, it accounted for one-fourth of the nation's total in 2021.^55,56

Interstate deliveries of natural gas enter New Mexico from Texas and Colorado by pipeline. However, because New Mexico produces much more natural gas than it consumes, about three times as much natural gas leaves the state as enters it. Most of that natural gas goes to Arizona and Texas.^57,58,59 Some of New Mexico's natural gas is placed in the state's two underground storage fields.⁶⁰ Those fields have a combined storage capacity of about 89 billion cubic feet of natural gas, or about 1% of the nation's total storage capacity.⁶¹

New Mexico produces about seven times more natural gas than it consumes.^62,63 However, since the state is a major natural gas producer, less than three-fifths of the natural gas consumed in New Mexico went to end users in 2021. The rest was used in the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas.⁶⁴ This contributes to New Mexico ranking among the top 10 states in the nation in per capita natural gas consumption.⁶⁵ The electric power sector is New Mexico's largest natural gas consumer. In 2021, electric power generation accounted for 50% of the state's deliveries to consumers. The state's residential sector, where about three in five households use natural gas as their primary energy source for home heating, accounted for 22% of end-use deliveries.⁶⁶ The commercial sector accounted for almost 17%, and the industrial sector used nearly 11%. The transportation sector consumed a small amount as compressed natural gas vehicle fuel.⁶⁷

Coal

New Mexico has almost 3% of the nation's estimated recoverable coal reserves and coal resources are estimated to underlie 12% of the state.⁶⁸ Most of the state's known coal reserves are in northern New Mexico in the San Juan and Raton Basins. The San Juan Basin is the state's largest coal-bearing region and the only area currently being mined.^69,70 In 2021, New Mexico's coal production from its three active mines was slightly more than 9 million tons, almost 2% of U.S. total coal production, a decline from the almost 30 million tons of coal the state produced two decades earlier.^71,72 In 2021, all of the coal mined in New Mexico was used for power generation in either New Mexico or Arizona. None of the state's coal was exported to other countries.⁷³ Industrial facilities in New Mexico received a small amount of coal from Colorado.⁷⁴

Electricity

Renewable energy is the largest source of New Mexico's total in-state electricity generation. Wind power alone accounted for 35% of total in-state generation—about twice as much as two years earlier. In 2022, wind energy supplied more power than coal for the first time, but coal remained the second-largest source of in-state generation at 32%, down from almost 90% two decades earlier.⁷⁵ Until 2022, New Mexico's two largest power plants were coal-fired, but the San Juan Generating Station, the second-largest, was retired in mid-2022.⁷⁶ More than 2,500 megawatts of the state's coal-fired capacity has retired since 2010.⁷⁷ Natural gas made up for some of the decline in coal-fired generation. In 2022, natural gas provided about 26% of New Mexico's total in-state generation, its lowest share since 2013 but up from about 9% in 2004. Solar energy supplied almost all the rest of the New Mexico's in-state generation in 2022, almost one-fourth of it from small-scale, customer-sited generation.⁷⁸ All of New Mexico's planned electricity generating capacity additions are solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, natural gas-fired, or battery installations.⁷⁹

New Mexico has no nuclear power plants, but it does have some of the largest known uranium reserves in the nation.^80,81 Although there are no active uranium mines in New Mexico, uranium was mined in the state between 1948 and 2002. Several companies have plans to recover uranium by in-situ leaching.⁸² That process avoids removing the ore from depth by chemically dissolving the mineral in place and then pumping the solution to the surface for uranium recovery.⁸³ Two new uranium in-situ leaching plants are in development in New Mexico's San Juan Basin. Those plants are in the permitting and licensing process and will have an anticipated combined capacity of 2 million pounds per year.⁸⁴

In 2022, New Mexico's industrial sector accounted for two-fifths of electricity sales, and the commercial sector accounted for one-third. The residential sector, where 24% of households use electricity as the primary source for home heating and 85% of homes use air conditioning, accounted for more than one-fourth.^85,86,87 Although New Mexico's per capita residential electricity sales are less than in all but nine other states, the state's total electricity use per capita is more than in almost half of the states.⁸⁸ However, because the state consumes less electricity than it produces, New Mexico is a net supplier of electricity to neighboring states.⁸⁹

Renewable energy

In 2022, renewable resources supplied about 42% of New Mexico's in-state electricity net generation from utility-scale (1 megawatt and larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) facilities combined. The amount of total electricity generation from renewable resources in the state was more than five times greater in 2022 than in 2015.⁹⁰ New Mexico is among the top states in wind energy potential.⁹¹ Much of it is on the high plains in the eastern half of the state.⁹² In 2022, wind energy contributed 84% of New Mexico's renewable generation and provided the largest share of the state's total in-state generation at 35%.⁹³ The largest wind farm in the state is a 522-megawatt wind facility in eastern New Mexico. It came online in December 2020. More than 1,700 megawatts of capacity were added in 2021 and another 145 megawatts were added in 2022.⁹⁴ In the beginning of 2023, New Mexico ranked ninth in the nation in wind capacity with about 4,411 megawatts installed.⁹⁵

New Mexico's climate is typified by abundant sunshine, and the state ranks third in the nation, after Nevada and Arizona, in solar energy potential.^96,97 Utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities provided about 5% of New Mexico's total in-state net generation in 2022, and small-scale, customer-sited solar PV installations supplied about 1%.⁹⁸ New Mexico does not have any in-state solar thermal power plants that concentrate the sun's rays to generate power. However, the Sandia National Laboratories, headquartered in Albuquerque, is the home of the National Solar Thermal Testing Facility, which provides data for the design, construction, and operation of components used in solar thermal power plants.⁹⁹

New Mexico has the nation's sixth-largest geothermal energy potential, most of which is in the southwestern and north-central parts of the state.¹⁰⁰ Geothermal energy has many direct use applications in the state. It is used to heat greenhouses in New Mexico, many of which are used to raise the state's famed green chilies, and for aquaculture. Geothermal energy also is used for space heating, district heating, and at spas.¹⁰¹ In December 2013, the state's first and only utility-scale geothermal power plant came online in southwestern New Mexico. In 2018, the plant added a new generating unit that increased its nameplate capacity from 4 megawatts to about 19 megawatts.¹⁰² Biomass contributes a minor amount to New Mexico's electricity net generation, but about 6% of New Mexico households heat with wood.^103,104 The state's biomass resources, including wood product manufacturing waste, provide the feedstock for New Mexico's three wood pellet manufacturing plants. Those plants can produce a combined total of about 19,000 tons of pellets annually. Wood pellets are used for heating and electricity generation.¹⁰⁵

In 2019, New Mexico revised its 2004 renewable portfolio standard and increased the state's required renewable energy targets. The 2019 law set new goals for investor-owned utilities requiring that 50% of their electricity retail sales come from renewable resources by 2030, 80% by 2040, and 100% by 2045. Rural electric cooperatives are given until 2050 to reach the 100% requirement. The legislation defines renewable energy as electric energy generated by low- or zero-emissions sources with substantial long-term production potential. It does not include nuclear power or any fossil energy fueled generation. Qualifying sources include: solar; wind; geothermal; biomass; hydropower facilities brought in service after July 1, 2007; and fuel cells that are not fossil energy-fueled. Electric cooperatives may count energy produced by geothermal heat pumps toward their requirements.¹⁰⁶ New Mexico also has regulatory and fiscal policies that encourage renewable energy and energy efficiency measures. Those include net metering, solar easements, interconnection standards, and financial incentives.¹⁰⁷

Energy on tribal lands

New Mexico is home to 23 federally recognized Native American tribes.¹⁰⁸ Tribal lands cover more than 7 million acres, or about one-tenth of the state, giving New Mexico the third-largest tribal acreage among the states, after Alaska and Arizona.¹⁰⁹ Much of that land has significant energy resources. Two of New Mexico's largest reservations—the Jicarilla Apache Reservation and the Navajo Reservation—are in the crude oil and natural gas-rich Four Corners region of northwestern New Mexico.¹¹⁰ The Jicarilla Apache Nation's reservation is on the east flank of the San Juan Basin, a prolific natural gas and crude oil-producing area in the Four Corners region. The tribe is the second-largest mineral rights owner in the basin after the federal government, and also has within its reservation's boundaries several oil and gas fields.¹¹¹ The Navajo Nation, whose reservation is in portions of three states, has oil and gas operations on its lands in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and has additional potential for crude oil and natural gas recovery from shale formations using horizontal drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies.¹¹² The Navajo Nation also has several fields in southeastern Utah and owns and operates a crude oil pipeline that runs between New Mexico and Utah.¹¹³ The Nation owns the Navajo Mine, located on reservation land in New Mexico's San Juan Basin. That mine is the source of the coal used by the Four Corners Generating Station, the largest power plant by capacity and generation in New Mexico, which is also on the reservation.^114,115 In 2018, the Navajo Nation expanded its holdings and acquired an interest in the Four Corners Generating Station.¹¹⁶

All of New Mexico, including the tribal areas, has significant solar energy resources.¹¹⁷ In late 2020, New Mexico's largest electric utility broke ground for a solar farm on the Jicarilla Apache Nation reservation land as part of a partnership between the tribe and the utility. The 50-megawatt facility, the third-largest solar project on tribal land in the nation, became operational in April 2022.¹¹⁸ The tribe receives 2 megawatts of power as part of their agreement with the utility.^119,120 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded several grants for solar deployments in New Mexico since 2015. In 2017, with the assistance of a $1 million grant from DOE, the Picuris Pueblo of northern New Mexico completed a 1-megawatt community solar PV array that offset 100% of the cost of the energy previously used by tribal buildings and residences on Picuris trust land.¹²¹ In 2018, the Pueblo received additional funding to develop a second 1-megawatt generating system.¹²² Several other New Mexico tribes use small-scale, customer-sited solar PV installations. In 2017, the Santo Domingo Tribe completed installation of a 115-kilowatt PV system to power the tribe's community water pump and water treatment facility.¹²³ In 2022, the Pueblo Laguna was awarded a DOE grant to bring solar PV to community buildings in four of the Pueblo's villages.¹²⁴

Almost all New Mexico reservations have some geothermal resources, and DOE identified several tribal areas in the state with potential for geothermal energy development. However, there are no geothermal-powered generating facilities on New Mexico tribal lands.¹²⁵ Although some mountain ridges on reservation lands have wind energy resources, New Mexico's greatest wind energy potential is in the east, while most of the state's tribal lands are in the west.^126,127

Endnotes

¹ NETSTATE, The Geography of New Mexico, updated February 25, 2016.
² U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Earth Observatory, Mesas and Mountains of Western New Mexico, accessed April 19, 2023.
³ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved reserves as of December 31, 2021.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of December 31, 20201.
⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 14, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines by State, 2021 and 2020.
⁶ Roberts, Billy J., Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
⁷ Uranium Producers of America, Uranium in America, Uranium in New Mexico, accessed March 14, 2022.
⁸ U.S. EIA, New Mexico, Rankings: Total Energy Production, 2020.
⁹ U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Public Land Statistics, 2021 (June 2022), Table 1-3, Mineral and Surface Acres Administered by the Bureau of Land Management, Fiscal Year 2021, p. 7.
¹⁰ U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oil and Gas Statistics, Fiscal Year 2022 Statistics, Table 5, Number of Producing Leases on Federal Lands, FY 2022.
¹¹ NETSTATE, The Geography of New Mexico, updated February 25, 2016.
¹² U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2022, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022.
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¹⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C10, Total Energy Consumption Estimates, Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Energy Consumption Estimates per Real Dollar of GDP, Ranked by State, 2020.
¹⁸ New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions, New Mexico 2022 State of the Workforce (September 2022), p. 33, 45.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2020.
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³³ U.S. EIA, "Permian region crude oil prices have increased with additional pipeline takeaway capacity," Today in Energy (March 26, 2019).
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³⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C8, Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2020.
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⁴² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2021.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, XLS, U.S. Nameplate Fuel Ethanol Production Capacity, January 2022.
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⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
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⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Reserves Summary as of Dec. 31, Wet Natural Gas, and Dry Natural Gas, 2021.
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⁵⁴ U.S. EIA, New Mexico Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas, 2007-21.
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⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, New Mexico, 2016-21.
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⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F18, Natural Gas Consumption Estimates, 2021.
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⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity, 2021.
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⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, New Mexico, 2017-22.
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⁷⁰ New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, FAQ - Coal Mine Reclamation Program, accessed April 23, 2023.
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⁷² U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2021 (October 2022), Table 2, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State, County, and Mine Type, 2021.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), U.S. Domestic and Foreign Coal Distribution by State of Origin.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2021 (October 2022), New Mexico Table OS-15, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2021, and Table DS-27, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2021.
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⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of March 2023.
⁸⁰ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, New Mexico, updated June 17, 2022.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Uranium Reserves Estimates, Summary (July 2010).
⁸² McLemore, Virginia T., "Uranium Resources in New Mexico," New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, updated January 27, 2020.
⁸³ Ulmer-Scholle, Dana S., "Uranium—How Is It Mined?" New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, revised April 17, 2023.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, Domestic Uranium Production Report, Annual, Table 5, U.S. uranium in-situ leach plants by owner, location, capacity, and operating status at end of the year, 2017-21.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
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⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Annual, New Mexico, All sectors, 2022.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales per Capita, Ranked by State, 2020.
⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, New Mexico Electricity Profile 2021, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2021.
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⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (April 2023), Table 6.2.B.
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