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Energy sources

Renewable

Renewable energy sources include biomass (which includes biofuels), hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar. In 2023, about 9% of U.S energy consumption was from renewable energy. Most of renewable energy use is for producing electricity.

What is renewable energy?

Renewable energy is energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited; renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible, but they are limited by the availability of the resources.

The major types of renewable energy sources are:

U.S. primary energy consumption by energy source, 2023 total = 93.59 quadrillion British thermal units total = 8.24 quadrillion British thermal units 1% - geothermal 11% - solar 18% - wind 5% - biomass waste 32% - biofuels 23% - wood 10% - hydroelectric biomass 60% renewable energy 9% natural gas 36% petroleum 38% nuclear electric power 9% coal 9% Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Table 1.3 and 10.1, April 2024, preliminary data Note: Sum of components may not equal 100% because of independent rounding.

What role does renewable energy play in the United States?

Until the mid-1800s, wood was the source of nearly all the nation's energy needs for heating, cooking, and lighting. From the late 1800’s until today, fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, and natural gas—have been the major sources of energy. Hydropower and solid biomass were the most used renewable energy resources until the 1990s. Since then, the amounts and the percentage shares of total U.S. energy consumption from biofuels, geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind energy increased. Total U.S. renewable energy production and consumption reached record highs in 2022.

In 2023, renewable energy provided about 9%, or 8.2 quadrillion British thermal units (quads)—1 quadrillion is the number 1 followed by 15 zeros—of total U.S. energy consumption. The electric power sector accounted for about 39% of total U.S. renewable energy consumption in 2023, and about 21% of total U.S. electricity generation was from renewable energy sources.

Renewable energy can play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Using renewable energy can reduce the use of fossil fuels, the largest source of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions. In the Annual Energy Outlook 2023 Reference case, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that U.S. renewable energy consumption will continue to increase through 2050.