Data

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Energy Indicators
Demography	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	31.3 million	9.2%		2024
Civilian Labor Force	15.9 million	9.3%		Aug-25
Economy	Texas	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 2,709.4 billion	2		2024
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 300,250 million	2		2024
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 67,942	29		2024
Vehicle Miles Traveled	300,338 million miles	2		2023
Land in Farms	125.0 million acres	1		2024
Climate	Texas	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	68.6 degrees Fahrenheit	3		2024
Precipitation	29.4 inches	37		2024

Prices
Petroleum	Texas	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	$ 66.73 /barrel	$ 65.98 /barrel		Jul-25
Natural Gas	Texas	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	NA	$ 5.14 /thousand cu ft		Jul-25	find more
Residential	NA	$ 25.27 /thousand cu ft		Jul-25	find more
Coal	Texas	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	$ 18.76 /short ton	$ 54.04 /short ton		2023
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 1.91 /million Btu	$ 2.40 /million Btu		Jul-25
Electricity	Texas	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	15.36 cents/kWh	17.47 cents/kWh		Jul-25	find more
Commercial	9.03 cents/kWh	14.15 cents/kWh		Jul-25	find more
Industrial	6.60 cents/kWh	9.29 cents/kWh		Jul-25	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	20,309 million barrels	42.0%		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	170,262 billion cu ft	24.6%		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	12,376 million barrels	38.0%		2022	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	336 million short tons	3.0%		2023	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	118,957 wells	24.6%		2020	find more
Capacity	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	6,343,466 barrels/calendar day	34.4%		2025
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	174,329 MW	13.9%		Jul-25

Supply & Distribution
Production	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	27,105 trillion Btu	26.4%		2023	find more
Crude Oil	5,802 thousand barrels per day	42.5%		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	11,526,840 million cu ft	28.0%		2023	find more
Coal	13,815 thousand short tons	2.4%		2023	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	57,614 thousand MWh	12.9%		Jul-25
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Texas	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	*	0.3 %		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	52.1 %	45.4 %		Jul-25	find more
Coal-Fired	11.8 %	18.0 %		Jul-25	find more
Nuclear	6.4 %	15.8 %		Jul-25	find more
Renewables	29.4 %	20.2 %		Jul-25
Stocks	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	3,156 thousand barrels	30.8%		Jul-25
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	22,735 thousand barrels	26.5%		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	780,876 million cu ft	10.2%		Jul-25	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	1,378 thousand barrels	6.7%		Jul-25	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	10,168 thousand tons	9.3%		Jul-25	find more
Fueling Stations	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	10,670 stations	9.8%		2023
Propane	339 stations	12.9%		Sep-25
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	3,832 stations	5.1%		Sep-25
E85	251 stations	5.3%		Sep-25
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	67 stations	1.8%		Sep-25

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Texas	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	14,138 trillion Btu	1		2023	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	460 million Btu	6		2023	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 173,908 million	2		2023	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 5,660	12		2023	find more
by End-Use Sector	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	1,565 trillion Btu	8.5%		2023	find more
»  Commercial	1,558 trillion Btu	9.6%		2023	find more
»  Industrial	7,691 trillion Btu	24.9%		2023	find more
»  Transportation	3,324 trillion Btu	11.9%		2023	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 28,356 million	8.6%		2023	find more
»  Commercial	$ 17,796 million	7.5%		2023	find more
»  Industrial	$ 50,060 million	21.0%		2023	find more
»  Transportation	$ 77,696 million	10.2%		2023	find more
by Source	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	1,592 million barrels	21.5%		2023	find more
»  Natural Gas	5,197 billion cu ft	15.9%		2023	find more
»  Coal	50,908 thousand short tons	12.0%		2023	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 115,561 million	12.6%		2023	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 14,659 million	7.3%		2023	find more
»  Coal	$ 1,695 million	7.1%		2023	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	49 thousand barrels	2.3%		Jul-25	find more
Natural Gas	224,761 million cu ft	14.7%		Jul-25	find more
Coal	4,867 thousand tons	10.8%		Jul-25	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Texas	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	34.3 %	46.0 %		2023
Fuel Oil	0.1 %	3.7 %		2023
Electricity	61.2 %	41.7 %		2023
Propane	3.0 %	5.0 %		2023
Other/None	1.5 %	3.5 %		2023

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	69,836 MW	18.1%		Jul-25
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	430 million gal/year	2.3%		2025
Renewable Energy Production	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	83 thousand MWh	0.4%		Jul-25
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	16,758 thousand MWh	25.4%		Jul-25
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	89 thousand MWh	2.2%		Jul-25
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	545 thousand MWh	5.5%		Jul-25
Fuel Ethanol Production	8,409 thousand barrels	2.3%		2023
Renewable Energy Consumption	Texas	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	5.6 %	39		2023
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	37,164 thousand barrels	1		2023
Total Emissions	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	669.9 million metric tons	14.0%		2023
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Texas	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	212,769 thousand metric tons	13.9%		2023
Sulfur Dioxide	101 thousand metric tons	11.9%		2023
Nitrogen Oxide	150 thousand metric tons	13.4%		2023

Analysis

Last Updated: August 21, 2025

Overview

Texas leads the nation in energy production, providing about one-fourth of the country's domestically-produced primary energy.¹ Second only to Alaska in total land area, Texas occupies 7% of the nation's total area and stretches about 800 miles at its widest points, east to west and north to south.² Crude oil and natural gas fields exist across much of that expanse. Coal is also found in bands that cut across the eastern Texas coastal plain and in other areas in the north-central and southwestern parts of the state.³ Additionally, Texas has abundant renewable energy resources and is first in the nation in wind-generated electricity.⁴ With a significant number of sunny days across vast distances, Texas is among the leading states in solar energy potential and generation.^5,6 Geothermal resources suitable for power generation also are found in eastern and southern Texas.⁷ Uranium for nuclear reactors was mined from sandstone deposits in the Texas coastal plain as early as 1961, and significant resources remain.^8,9 More recently, a project that will mine critical minerals for many energy-related technologies is in development in southwest Texas.^10,11

Texas ranks second in the nation, after California, in both population and the size of its economy.^12,13 Texas is the largest energy-consuming state, accounting for about 15% of the nation's total energy use, and it is sixth among the states in per capita energy consumption.^14,15 However, because Texas produces much more energy than it consumes, it is the nation's largest net energy supplier.¹⁶ The Texas industrial sector, which includes the energy-intensive chemical manufacturing, crude oil and natural gas extraction, and petroleum refining industries, is the state's largest energy consumer.^17,18 The industrial sector accounts for more than half of the state's total energy consumption and 25% of the nation's total industrial sector energy use. The transportation sector is the second-largest end-use energy user in Texas and accounts for about one-fourth of the state's energy consumption.¹⁹

The Texas climate varies significantly from east to west. Warm, moist air from the Gulf of America sweeps westward across the state, losing moisture as it goes. The result is a climate that ranges from humid and subtropical along the coast, where much of the state's population resides, to semi-arid on the high plains of central and western Texas and arid in the state's mountainous west. Frequent freezing temperatures occur in winter in the lightly-populated high plains, and summer temperatures average above 90°F in the most densely populated parts of Texas, where energy use for cooling is high.^20,21,22 Even so, the residential sector accounts for about one-tenth of the state's total energy consumption. However, in part because of the state's large population, Texas leads the nation in total residential energy use, even though it ranks among the 10 states with the lowest per capita residential energy consumption. The commercial sector accounts for almost as much energy use as the residential sector at about one-tenth of the state's total.^23,24

Petroleum

Texas produces more crude oil than any other state and provides more than two-fifths of the nation's total production in 2024.²⁵ The state accounts for more than two-fifths of the nation's crude oil proved reserves and one-fourth of the nation's 100 largest oil fields as measured by reserves. Many of those fields are in the Permian Basin of West Texas and in the Eagle Ford Shale of South Texas.^26,27 The discovery of the Spindletop oil field in East Texas started the state's first major oil boom in 1901.²⁸ Later discoveries led to increased state crude oil production until 1972, when Texas's output previously peaked at 1.26 billion barrels. Crude oil production declined steadily for three decades.²⁹ However, hydraulically-fractured horizontal wells drilled in shale formations led to increased crude oil production around 2010.^30,31 In 2024, Texas oil production reached a record high, surpassing 2 billion barrels for the second year in a row.³² West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a light (low density), sweet (low sulfur content) crude oil produced in Texas and elsewhere, is the benchmark crude oil price in North America for both physical and futures markets. WTI is the standard price in part because of its ample supply and because of its proximity to a major market trading hub at Cushing, Oklahoma.³³

Texas is home to two of the nation's four U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) crude oil storage sites. In the mid-1970s, Congress created the SPR to offset the impacts of supply disruptions. The SPR, managed by the U.S. Department of Energy, can hold a combined total of 714 million barrels of crude oil in 60 underground salt caverns. The Texas sites near the Gulf Coast have a combined storage capacity of about 417 million barrels.^34,35 As of August 2025, the SPR held a total of 403 million barrels of crude oil nationally.³⁶

Texas has about one-fourth of the nation's operable petroleum refineries and about one-third of the total U.S. crude oil refining capacity. The state's 35 petroleum refineries can process 6.3 million barrels of crude oil per calendar day.^37,38 Most Texas refineries are clustered near ports along the Gulf Coast, giving that region the highest concentration of oil refineries in the United States. The largest U.S. refinery is in Port Arthur, Texas, and it can process nearly 641,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.^39,40 Many of the Texas refineries are complex facilities that can process a wide variety of crude oil types into high-value products, such as motor gasoline, diesel, and chemical feedstocks.^41,42,43 Texas refineries send petroleum products by pipeline, barge, and tanker to U.S. markets, primarily in the eastern and central states, and foreign markets.^44,45,46 Both hurricanes and winter weather events can affect Texas refinery infrastructure.^47,48

Texas consumes more petroleum than any other state, and ranks third in per capita petroleum use, after Louisiana and Alaska.⁴⁹ The industrial sector accounts for more than three-fifths of the state's petroleum use.⁵⁰ Texas is one of two states, with Louisiana, where the industrial sector is the largest consumer of petroleum, in part because the petrochemical industry uses large amounts of hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs) as feedstocks. Texas is the nation's largest consumer of HGLs, using more than all other states combined. Texas is also the largest consumer of motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil, which includes diesel fuel for highway use.^51,52,53 The transportation sector accounts for more than one-third of the petroleum consumed in the state. The commercial and residential sectors together make up about 1% of Texas petroleum use. About 3% of Texas households use petroleum products, primarily propane, for space heating.^54,55

Much of Texas can sell conventional motor gasoline without ethanol, but the eastern half of the state and El Paso County in the west require various motor gasoline blends to meet clean air-quality requirements. The metropolitan areas of Greater Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth require reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol.⁵⁶ Texas has four fuel ethanol plants that can produce a combined total of 430 million gallons of ethanol annually.⁵⁷ Texas consumes about four times more fuel ethanol than the state's plants can produce, and additional supplies come from out of state.⁵⁸

Natural gas

One-fourth of U.S. proved natural gas reserves and 28 of the nation's 100 largest natural gas fields are located, in whole or in part, in Texas.^59,60 In 2024, the state produced a record 13 trillion cubic feet of natural gas gross withdrawals, or about 28% of the nation's total.⁶¹ Most of the recent growth in Texas natural gas production came from the Eagle Ford shale and the Permian Basin, in part because of advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies.^62,63,64

Texas has almost 15,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines within its borders.⁶⁵ Those pipelines transport natural gas from Texas across the nation and into Mexico. Large volumes of natural gas enter the state, primarily through Oklahoma and New Mexico. However, nearly seven times more natural gas left Texas than entered the state in 2023. Slightly more than half of that natural gas went to other states, primarily Louisiana. The rest was exported to 29 countries, with three-fifths of those exports going to Mexico.⁶⁶

Texas exports natural gas by pipelines and by ships at the state's two liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals along the Texas Gulf Coast at Freeport and Corpus Christi. The Corpus Christi LNG export facility began operations in 2019 and expanded to nearly double its LNG export capacity in early 2025.^67,68 The Freeport LNG import terminal converted into an export terminal and began export operations in 2019.⁶⁹ Trucks also haul LNG to Mexico from Laredo in southern Texas.⁷⁰ Several other LNG export facilities are under construction in the state, including the Golden Pass terminal at Sabine Pass, the Rio Grande terminal in Brownsville, and the Sempra terminal in Port Arthur.^{71,72,73,74,75} In 2024, the United States was the world's largest LNG exporter and Texas's three existing LNG export terminals handled about 31% of all U.S. LNG exports.^76,77

Texas stores some natural gas underground for later use. The state has 863 billion cubic feet of underground natural gas storage capacity, about one-tenth of the U.S. total.⁷⁸ About half of the 37 active storage reservoirs in Texas—around 69% of the state's storage capacity—are depleted oil and gas fields converted for storage use. The rest are salt caverns.⁷⁹

Texas is the nation's largest natural gas consumer and accounts for about 16% of U.S. total natural gas use.⁸⁰ Texas uses more natural gas for both electric power and industrial sector purposes than any other state.^81,82 In 2024, the electric power sector was the largest consumer of natural gas in Texas, exceeding the industrial sector for the first time since 2015. The electric power sector accounted for 46% of the natural gas delivered to consumers and the industrial sector, excluding direct use by the natural gas industry, was 45%.⁸³ The commercial and residential sectors, together, accounted for about 9% of the natural gas delivered to Texas consumers. About one-third of Texas households rely on natural gas as their primary fuel for space heating.⁸⁴ Typically, the natural gas sector directly consumes about one-seventh of Texas's total annual natural gas consumption for the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas.⁸⁵

Coal

Texas has about 9 billion tons of estimated recoverable coal reserves, about 9% of the nation's total.⁸⁶ All of the coal mined in Texas is lignite, and the state is the second-largest lignite producer in the United States, after North Dakota, and one of four lignite-producing states.⁸⁷ Lignite is a type of coal with the lowest heat content used almost exclusively for power generation at power plants near lignite mines.⁸⁸ Substantial lignite deposits are found in a broad band in the Texas Gulf Coast region from the Rio Grande to the Arkansas border.⁸⁹ Although underground mines produced most of the coal in Texas before the mid-1950s, those mines closed decades ago, and now four surface mines produce all of the state's coal.^90,91

Texas is the nation's largest coal consumer, and almost all of it fuels the state's power plants.^92,93 On a tonnage basis, Texas lignite accounts for more than one-fourth of the state's total coal consumption by power plants, with nearly all the rest coming from Wyoming by rail. Industrial facilities in the state also receive small amounts of coal from Colorado and Indiana.^94,95

Electricity

Texas generates more than twice as much electricity than the next-largest state, Florida. In 2024, Texas accounted for 13% of the nation's total electricity net generation from utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) and small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) power plants and generating facilities.⁹⁶ Natural gas-fired power plants supplied 51% of the electricity generated in Texas. Natural gas fuels more electricity generation in Texas than in any other state and accounted for nearly 16% of all U.S. natural gas-fired generation.^97,98 Wind is the second-largest source of in-state generation in Texas. In 2024, wind supplied 22% of Texas's total in-state electricity net generation.⁹⁹ Coal supplied about 12% of the state's total net generation in 2024, down from 34% in 2014 because of 7,400 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity retirements in Texas over the period.^100,101 Solar power accounted for 8% of Texas's total in-state utility-scale and small-scale generation in 2024, exceeding nuclear power generation for the first time. The state's two operating nuclear power plants provided 7% of the state's total in-state electricity net generation. Other gases, biomass, and hydropower generated most of the state's remaining in-state electricity.^102,103

Unlike other states, most of Texas is not connected to the nation's regional power grids and therefore largely dependent on its own resources to meet the state's electricity demand.¹⁰⁴ The Electricity Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) operates the state's main power grid. The ERCOT grid operates completely within Texas and serves about 75% of the state's land area, 90% of the electric load, and 27 million customers.¹⁰⁵ The ERCOT service area does not extend across the state's borders, so ERCOT is not subject to federal oversight.¹⁰⁶

Although Texas is the nation's largest electricity consumer, its per capita electricity consumption ranks 10th among the states. In 2024, the residential sector accounted for 34% of Texas's electricity use. Texas leads the nation in residential sector total electricity consumption, but the sector's per capita consumption is less than in one-fourth of the states.^107,108 About six in ten Texas households use electricity as their primary source for home heating and almost all homes have air conditioning.^109,110 The industrial sector was 33% of the state's electricity consumption, followed closely by the commercial sector at about 32%. Large-scale industrial and commercial computing facilities, such as data centers and cryptocurrency mining operations, are an increasing source of power demand in Texas. The transportation sector which consists of the Texas's public electric rail system accounts for a very small amount of power consumption in the state.^111,112 However, Texas ranks third among the states, after California and Florida, with the most electric vehicles (EVs).¹¹³ As of July 2025, Texas had about 3,700 EV public charging locations, the fifth-highest amount after California, New York, Massachusetts, and Florida.¹¹⁴

Renewable energy

Renewable sources generated three-tenths of the total in-state electricity in Texas in 2024. The state accounted for about 17% of the nation's total electricity generation from renewable sources.¹¹⁵ In 2024, Texas led the nation in wind-powered electricity generation, producing nearly three-tenths of the U.S. total.¹¹⁶ By the end of 2024, wind powered-generating capacity in Texas was about 42,300 megawatts.¹¹⁷

In 2024, Texas was the country's second-largest producer of solar power, after California. Total solar generating capacity at the state's utility-scale and small-scale facilities was 25,400 megawatts. In 2024, solar energy accounted for about 8% of in-state total electricity net generation. Small-scale, customer-sited solar panels provided about one-tenth of the state's total solar power.^118,119 Power plant developers plan to add 11,600 megawatts of utility-scale solar generating capacity in the state during 2025 and 13,100 megawatts in 2026.¹²⁰

Biomass fueled 0.2% of Texas's total in-state electricity generation in 2024, mostly from wood or wood-derived fuels and smaller amounts from landfill gas.^121,122 Texas's biomass resources also provide feedstock for the state's one wood pellet manufacturing plant, which can process wood waste into about 507,000 tons of wood pellets per year.^123,124 The state has several biogas facilities that recycle organic waste into renewable energy. Most are at wastewater treatment centers and landfills. The state also has anaerobic digesters that process livestock manure into methane that is used as pipeline gas, furnace fuel, or compressed natural gas.^125,126 The state's four biodiesel plants can produce about 174 million gallons of biodiesel each year.¹²⁷ A new refinery under development in Newton County, Texas, will process one million tons of wood waste into 65 million gallons of transportation biofuels annually, including sustainable aviation fuel and renewable diesel.^128,129,130

Hydroelectric power plants accounted for less than 0.2% of in-state electricity in 2024. Although Texas has a large number of non-powered dams, the state has limited potential for hydroelectric generation development.^131,132,133 Texas does not have any utility-scale geothermal power plants.¹³⁴ However, heated water, as hot as 200°C, produced from the thousands of crude oil and natural gas wells in Texas is a potential geothermal resource that could generate electricity. Direct-use applications, such as ground-source heat pumps, use low-temperature geothermal resources at locations around the state.¹³⁵

In 1999, Texas Public Utility Commission rules required electricity providers to install 10,000 megawatts of renewable electricity generating capacity by 2025. In 2009, Texas exceeded the 2025 goal, mostly because of the state's many wind farms.¹³⁶ In 2024, Texas had nearly 66,000 megawatts of utility-scale generating capacity from renewables, or 69,000 megawatts including small-scale solar.¹³⁷ Many municipal utilities, electric cooperatives, and investor-owned utilities offer net metering programs, such as rooftop solar panel systems, to their customers.^138,139,140

Endnotes

¹ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), State Energy Data System, Table P2, Primary Energy Production Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
² Texas State Historical Association, Texas Almanac, Texas' Natural Environment, accessed July 14, 2025.
³ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layers List: State Mask Texas, Oil Wells, Gas Wells, Coal Fields, Coal Fields Layers, accessed July 14, 2025.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), All states, Wind, Annual, 2021-24.
⁵ Roberts, Billy J., Direct Normal Solar Irradiance, Map, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), All states, All Solar, Annual, 2021-24.
⁷ Roberts, Billy J., Geothermal Resources of the United States, Map, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
⁸ Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, Uranium, accessed July 14, 2025.
⁹ Uranium Producers of America, Uranium in America, Uranium in Texas, accessed July 14, 2025.
¹⁰ Friend, Daniel, Texas Could Play Central Role in Shift Away from China's Rare Earth Dominance, The Texan (December 27, 2021).
¹¹ U.S. Geological Survey, What is a critical mineral, updated July 14, 2025.
¹² U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024.
¹³ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, All Areas, All Industry Total, 2024.
¹⁴ U.S. EIA. State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2023.
¹⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2023.
¹⁷ U.S. EIA. State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total energy consumption, price, and expenditure estimates, 2023.
¹⁸ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in current dollars, Texas, All statistics in table, 2023.
¹⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total energy consumption, price, and expenditure estimates, 2023.
²⁰ Bomar, George W., Weather, Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas, updated February 1, 1996.
²¹ U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: Texas Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
²² U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
²³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total energy consumption, price, and expenditure estimates, 2023.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2023.
²⁵ U.S. EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2019-24.
²⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 6, Crude oil and lease condensate proved reserves, reserves changes, by states and areas, 2023.
²⁷ U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil & Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 5-7, 11.
²⁸ Wooster, Robert, and Christine Moor Sanders, "The Historic Discovery of Spindletop Oilfield: Birth of the Modern Petroleum Industry," Texas State Historical Association, updated April 2, 2019.
²⁹ The Railroad Commission of Texas, Historical Crude Oil Production and Well Counts, History of Texas Initial Crude Oil, Annual Production and Producing Wells Since 1935, 1935-2018.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, U.S. tight oil production—selected plays, 2007-2024.
³¹ U.S. EIA, "Tight oil production in Permian drives growth in onshore U.S. Lower 48 states production," Today in Energy (June 2, 2025).
³² U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Texas Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 1981-2024.
³³ U.S. EIA, "North American crude oil prices are closely, but not perfectly, connected," Today in Energy (May 27, 2020).
³⁴ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, SPR Storage Sites, accessed July 15, 2025.
³⁵ U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response, Petroleum Reserves, Strategic Petroleum Reserve, Infographic: Strategic Petroleum Reserve (March 31, 2025).
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Weekly U.S. Ending Stocks of Crude Oil in SPR, August 8, 2025.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, Annual (as of January 1), 2025.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity (B/CD), Annual (as of January 1), 2025.
³⁹ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 20, 2025), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2025.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, "U.S. refining capacity largely unchanged as of January 2025," Today in Energy (June 30, 2025).
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Input Qualities, API Gravity, Annual, 2019-24.
⁴² U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Input Qualities, Sulfur Content, Annual, 2019-24.
⁴³ U.S. EIA, Refinery Net Production, Texas Gulf Coast, and Texas Inland, Annual-Thousand Barrels, 2019-24.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Movements by Pipeline, Tanker, Barge and Rail between PAD Districts, Petroleum Products, Annual Thousand Barrels, 2019-24, From PADD 3.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets (February 2016), Supply and logistics, Markets, p. 87-93.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, "Significant volumes of gasoline and distillate move from the Gulf Coast to the East Coast," Today in Energy (June 28, 2022).
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, "Cold weather led to refinery shutdowns in U.S. Gulf Coast region," Today in Energy (March 1, 2021).
⁴⁸ U.S. EIA, "Refining industry risks from 2025 hurricane season," Today in Energy (May 20, 2025).
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C2, Energy Consumption Estimates for Selected Energy Sources in Physical Units, 2023.
⁵² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F6, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁵³ U.S. EIA, Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Explained, updated December 26, 2023.
⁵⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Texas, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁵⁶ Southern States Energy Board, Gardner, K. W., U.S. Gasoline Requirements, (January 2018).
⁵⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
⁵⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F3, Fuel Ethanol Consumption Estimates, 2023.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2023 (June 25, 2025), Table 8, Natural gas, wet after least separation, proved reserves, reserves changes, by sales and areas, 2023.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Top 100 U.S. Oil & Gas Fields (March 2015), p. 8-10.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross withdrawals, Texas, Annual, 2024.
⁶² U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals from Shale Gas Wells, Texas, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2007-24.
⁶³ Railroad Commission of Texas, Eagle Ford Shale, Statistics, Historical Production, Eagle Ford Shale 2008 To Current, available in XLSX format, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁶⁴ Railroad Commission of Texas, Permian Basin, Statistics, Historical Production, Permian Basin 2008 to Current, available in XLSX format, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁶⁵ Texas Railroad Commission, Texas Pipeline System Mileage, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Texas, Annual 2018-23.
⁶⁷ Cheniere Energy, Inc., Where we work, Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi Liquefaction, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁶⁸ U.S. EIA, "First liquefied natural gas cargo produced at Corpus Christi Stage 3 export facility," Today in Energy (March 11, 2025).
⁶⁹ Freeport LNG Development, L.P., Corporate History, Brief History of Freeport LNG, accessed July 16, 2025.
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⁷¹ Golden Pass LNG Terminal LLC, LNG Export Project, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁷² Next Decade Corporation, Rio Grande LNG, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁷³ Sempra Infrastructure, Port Arthur LNG, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁷⁴ U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, U.S. LNG Export Terminals: Existing, Approved Not Yet Built, and Proposed, updated July 22, 2025.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas, Imports/Exports, U.S. Liquefaction Capacity, accessed July 16, 2025.
⁷⁶ U.S. EIA, "The United States remained the world's largest liquefied natural gas exporter in 2024," Today in Energy (March 27, 2025).
⁷⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Natural Gas Exports and Re-Exports by Point of Exit, Liquefied Natural Gas Volumes, Annual, 2019-24.
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Storage Capacity (Million Cubic Feet), Annual, 2018-23.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Texas, Annual, 2018-23.
⁸⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use (Million Cubic Feet), Total Consumption, Annual, 2019-23.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Share of Total U.S. Natural Gas Delivered to Consumers (Percentage), Industrial, Annual, 2018-23.
⁸² U.S. EIA, Share of Total U.S. Natural Gas Delivered to Consumers (Percentage), Electric Power, Annual, 2018-23.
⁸³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use (Million Cubic Feet), Texas, Annual, 2019-24.
⁸⁴ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Texas, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use (Million Cubic Feet), Texas, Annual, 2019-24.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2023.
⁸⁷ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
⁸⁸ U.S. EIA, Glossary, Lignite, accessed July 17, 2025.
⁸⁹ Henderson, Dwight F., and Diana J. Kleiner, "Coal and Lignite Resources: History and Production," Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas, updated September 26, 2019.
⁹⁰ Garner, L. Edwin, "Minerals and Mineral Products of Texas: Comprehensive Overview," Coal, Lignite, Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas, updated January 19, 2019.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2023.
⁹² U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C12, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates by Source, Ranked by State, 2023.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2023 and 2022.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 30, 2024), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2023.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 30, 2024), Domestic distribution of U.S. coal by: Origin State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Texas, Table OS-21, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Origin State, 2023, and Destination State, consumer, destination and method of transportation, Texas, Table DS-37, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2023.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.3.B., Table 1.17.B.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.3.B., Table 1.7.B, Table 1.17.B.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
¹⁰¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of June 2025, Plant State: Texas, Technology: Conventional Steam Coal.
¹⁰² U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Texas, Operating Nuclear Power Reactors, updated March 9, 2021.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
¹⁰⁴ Texas State Historical Association, Texas Almanac, Texas Electric Grids: Demand and Supply, accessed July 18, 2025.
¹⁰⁵ ERCOT, About ERCOT, Company Profile, accessed July 18, 2025.
¹⁰⁶ Morehouse, Catherine, "Congress, Texas should 'rethink' ERCOT's 'go it alone approach': FERC Chair Glick," Utility Dive (February 19, 2021).
¹⁰⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2023.
¹⁰⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Texas, All sectors, Annual, 2001-24.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, Tables, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, Texas, 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Housing Characteristics, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
¹¹¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity (million kilowatthours), Texas, All sectors, Annual, 2001-24.
¹¹² U.S. EIA, "Data centers and cryptocurrency mining in Texas drive strong power demand growth," Today in Energy (October 3, 2024).
¹¹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F39, Electric light-duty vehicles overview, 2023.
¹¹⁴ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (July 28, 2025), Appendix F monthly state file, Public ports only and Public & private ports combined.
¹¹⁵ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), United States, Texas, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables (total), Small-scale solar photovoltaic, Annual, 2001-24.
¹¹⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.14.B.
¹¹⁷ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 6.2.A, Table 6.2.B.
¹¹⁸ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 1.17.B, Table 6.2.B.
¹¹⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2021-24.
¹²⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Planned Generators as of December 2024, Plant State: Texas, Technology: Solar Photovoltaic.
¹²¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
¹²² U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of June 2025, Plant State: Texas, Technology: Landfill Gas.
¹²³ Woodville Pellets, About Woodville Pellets, accessed July 23, 2025.
¹²⁴ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (July 10, 2025), Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, March 2025.
¹²⁵ American Biogas Council, Biogas State Profiles, Texas, accessed July 23, 2025.
¹²⁶ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AgSTAR, Livestock Anaerobic Digester Database, Texas, accessed July 23, 2025.
¹²⁷ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
¹²⁸ "USA BioEnergy to build $1.7 bn biorefinery in Texas," Upstream (February 16, 2022).
¹²⁹ Stewart, Steve, "USA BioEnergy and Southwest Airlines enter 20 year fuel agreement," KJAS (November 10, 2023).
¹³⁰ "USA BioEnergy secures long-term feedstocks supply for $2.8 billion SAF refinery in Texas," Biomass Magazine (June 10, 2025).
¹³¹ Hadjerioua, Boualem, et. al, An Assessment of Energy Potential at Non-Powered Dams in the United States, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (April 2012), p. 8.
¹³² U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of June 2025, Plant State: Texas, Technology: Conventional Hydroelectric.
¹³³ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
¹³⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors (thousand megawatthours), Texas, Annual, 2001-24.
¹³⁵ The University of Texas at Austin, The Future of Geothermal in Texas, Executive Summary, (January 2023), p. 4, 8.
¹³⁶ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Texas, Renewable Generation Requirement, updated December 5, 2023.
¹³⁷ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2025), Table 6.2.B.
¹³⁸ Environment Texas, Does Texas have net Metering? (January 27, 2023).
¹³⁹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Texas, Programs, accessed July 23, 2025.
¹⁴⁰ Pressler, Mary, Texas Net Metering and Solar Buyback Programs, Quick Electricity.com, updated May 18, 2025.

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• Coal Region: Interior
• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 3
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• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO), SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC), Texas Reliability Entity (TRE), Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC)

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