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Energy Indicators
Demography	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period
Population	5.7 million	1.7%		2023
Civilian Labor Force	3.1 million	1.8%		Jul-24
Economy	Minnesota	U.S. Rank		Period
Gross Domestic Product	$ 471.8 billion	20		2023
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector	$ 57,159 million	17		2023
Per Capita Personal Income	$ 71,866	14		2023
Vehicle Miles Traveled	57,471 million miles	21		2022
Land in Farms	25.4 million acres	14		2023
Climate	Minnesota	U.S. Rank		Period
Average Temperature	43.9 degrees Fahrenheit	46		2023
Precipitation	24.1 inches	38		2023

Prices
Petroleum	Minnesota	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase	--	$ 77.45 /barrel		Jun-24
Natural Gas	Minnesota	U.S. Average		Period	find more
City Gate	$ 4.23 /thousand cu ft	$ 4.36 /thousand cu ft		Jun-24	find more
Residential	NA	$ 21.10 /thousand cu ft		Jun-24	find more
Coal	Minnesota	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Average Sales Price	--	$ 54.46 /short ton		2022
Delivered to Electric Power Sector	$ 2.34 /million Btu	$ 2.51 /million Btu		Jun-24
Electricity	Minnesota	U.S. Average		Period	find more
Residential	16.38 cents/kWh	16.41 cents/kWh		Jun-24	find more
Commercial	13.23 cents/kWh	13.10 cents/kWh		Jun-24	find more
Industrial	9.51 cents/kWh	8.44 cents/kWh		Jun-24	find more

Reserves
Reserves	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Crude Oil (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Dry Natural Gas (as of Dec. 31)	--	--		2022	find more
Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids	--	--		2022	find more
Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines	--	--		2022	find more
Rotary Rigs & Wells	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Natural Gas Producing Wells	--	--		2020	find more
Capacity	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period
Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1)	440,000 barrels/calendar day	2.4%		2023
Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity	17,845 MW	1.5%		Jun-24

Supply & Distribution
Production	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Energy	461 trillion Btu	0.5%		2022	find more
Crude Oil	--	--		Jun-24	find more
Natural Gas - Marketed	--	--		2022	find more
Coal	--	--		2022	find more
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Net Electricity Generation	4,982 thousand MWh	1.3%		Jun-24
Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation (share of total)	Minnesota	U.S. Average		Period
Petroleum-Fired	NM	0.4 %		Jun-24	find more
Natural Gas-Fired	24.4 %	43.3 %		Jun-24	find more
Coal-Fired	19.5 %	15.8 %		Jun-24	find more
Nuclear	23.5 %	17.5 %		Jun-24	find more
Renewables	31.9 %	22.7 %		Jun-24
Stocks	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines)	191 thousand barrels	1.7%		Jun-24
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines)	1,931 thousand barrels	2.0%		Jun-24	find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage	5,875 million cu ft	0.1%		Jun-24	find more
Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers	75 thousand barrels	0.3%		Jun-24	find more
Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers	3,041 thousand tons	2.3%		Jun-24	find more
Fueling Stations	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period
Motor Gasoline	2,064 stations	1.9%		2022
Propane	42 stations	1.7%		Aug-24
Electric Vehicle Charging Locations	801 stations	1.2%		Aug-24
E85	405 stations	9.1%		Aug-24
Biodiesel, Compressed Natural Gas, and Other Alternative Fuels	317 stations	10.9%		Aug-24

Consumption & Expenditures
Summary	Minnesota	U.S. Rank		Period
Total Consumption	1,760 trillion Btu	18		2022	find more
Total Consumption per Capita	308 million Btu	19		2022	find more
Total Expenditures	$ 29,964 million	22		2022	find more
Total Expenditures per Capita	$ 5,244	23		2022	find more
by End-Use Sector	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Residential	402 trillion Btu	2.1%		2022	find more
»  Commercial	338 trillion Btu	2.0%		2022	find more
»  Industrial	568 trillion Btu	1.8%		2022	find more
»  Transportation	447 trillion Btu	1.6%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Residential	$ 6,129 million	1.8%		2022	find more
»  Commercial	$ 4,634 million	1.9%		2022	find more
»  Industrial	$ 5,163 million	1.8%		2022	find more
»  Transportation	$ 14,038 million	1.6%		2022	find more
by Source	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period
Consumption
»  Petroleum	116 million barrels	1.6%		2022	find more
»  Natural Gas	507 billion cu ft	1.6%		2022	find more
»  Coal	10,478 thousand short tons	2.0%		2022	find more
Expenditures
»  Petroleum	$ 17,648 million	1.7%		2022	find more
»  Natural Gas	$ 4,767 million	1.8%		2022	find more
»  Coal	$ 439 million	1.6%		2022	find more
Consumption for Electricity Generation	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Petroleum	NM	NM		Jun-24	find more
Natural Gas	8,214 million cu ft	0.7%		Jun-24	find more
Coal	575 thousand tons	1.7%		Jun-24	find more
Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households)	Minnesota	U.S. Average		Period
Natural Gas	65.3 %	46.2 %		2022
Fuel Oil	1.2 %	3.9 %		2022
Electricity	18.7 %	41.3 %		2022
Propane	11.2 %	5.0 %		2022
Other/None	3.6 %	3.5 %		2022

Environment
Renewable Energy Capacity	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Total Renewable Energy Electricity Net Summer Capacity	6,752 MW	1.9%		Jun-24
Ethanol Plant Nameplate Capacity	1,443 million gal/year	8.0%		2024
Renewable Energy Production	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Utility-Scale Hydroelectric Net Electricity Generation	80 thousand MWh	0.4%		Jun-24
Utility-Scale Solar, Wind, and Geothermal Net Electricity Generation	1,410 thousand MWh	2.2%		Jun-24
Utility-Scale Biomass Net Electricity Generation	101 thousand MWh	2.6%		Jun-24
Small-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Generation	43 thousand MWh	0.5%		Jun-24
Fuel Ethanol Production	31,289 thousand barrels	8.6%		2022
Renewable Energy Consumption	Minnesota	U.S. Rank		Period	find more
Renewable Energy Consumption as a Share of State Total	13.1 %	13		2022
Fuel Ethanol Consumption	7,237 thousand barrels	18		2022
Total Emissions	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	83.2 million metric tons	1.7%		2021
Electric Power Industry Emissions	Minnesota	Share of U.S.		Period	find more
Carbon Dioxide	22,327 thousand metric tons	1.4%		2022
Sulfur Dioxide	14 thousand metric tons	1.3%		2022
Nitrogen Oxide	21 thousand metric tons	1.7%		2022

Analysis

Last Updated: September 19, 2024

Overview

Minnesota is one of the largest Midwestern states, and it extends further north than any of the other Lower 48 states.^1,2 Although Minnesota has no fossil fuel reserves or production, the state plays an important role in moving fossil fuels to markets throughout the Midwest and beyond.^3,4,5,6 The Mississippi River's headwaters are in Minnesota, and the first 650 miles of the river's nearly 2,350-mile-length flows through the state.^7,8 Ports along the river handle transport for dry and liquid commodities, including coal and petroleum, as well as over half of the state's agricultural exports.⁹ Lake Superior, the nation's largest lake by volume and surface area, forms Minnesota's northeastern border, and that waterway plays a significant role in energy transport.^10,11 Duluth-Superior, Minnesota's largest port, is on Lake Superior at the western end of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System, which connects the port to worldwide shipping. Coal from Wyoming and Montana enters Minnesota by rail and transfers to ships at Duluth-Superior, some of which travel the 2,300 miles to the Atlantic Ocean to deliver coal to overseas markets.^12,13 Most of the crude oil shipped east by rail from North Dakota also travels across Minnesota.¹⁴ Additionally, several pipelines bring North Dakota's crude oil into the state, and other pipelines move Canadian supplies of crude oil from the north to Minnesota's refineries and on to other U.S. refining centers.¹⁵

Minnesota has significant renewable resources. Winds that move unobstructed across the state's broad western and southern prairies provide energy for electricity generation.¹⁶ Minnesota's rolling plains are covered by fertile topsoil, giving the state some of the nation's richest farmland, which, along with the 18 million acres of forest that cover about one-third of the state's land area, provide Minnesota with ample biomass resources.^17,18,19 The state's abundant cornfields produce Minnesota's most valuable crop and provide feedstock for the state's many fuel ethanol production plants. Minnesota's corn crop is fourth highest among the states based on value.^20,21,22 With almost 70,000 miles of natural streams and rivers, the state's waterways are an abundant hydropower resource.^23,24

Minnesota's climate is known for Arctic chills in the winter. However, while the northern part of the state has frigid winters, southern Minnesota can experience prolonged hot weather in the summer.²⁵ Minnesota's per capita energy consumption is greater than in three-fifths of the states.²⁶ The industrial sector, which includes energy-intensive agriculture, computer and electronic products manufacturing, food processing, chemical products manufacturing, petroleum refining, and mining, leads the state in total energy consumption. The sector accounts for about one-third of Minnesota's total energy use. The transportation sector is the second-largest energy user and consumes one-fourth. The residential sector accounts for almost one-fourth of state energy use, and the commercial sector consumes nearly one-fifth.^27,28

Electricity

Renewable resources, including wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower, generate the largest share of Minnesota's electricity. In 2023, renewables accounted for 33% of total in-state electricity net generation, natural gas fueled 24%, coal contributed 22%, and nuclear power supplied 21%.²⁹

Coal-fired power plants provided the largest share of Minnesota's electricity net generation until 2020, when their contribution fell below that of renewables and nuclear power for the first time. The state's natural gas-fired generation reached a record high in 2023 and exceeded coal fired-generation for the first time. Total renewable generation in 2023, mostly from wind energy, almost doubled from a decade earlier, while nuclear generation was the lowest since 2013.³⁰

The state's largest power plant by capacity, the Sherburne County Generating Station, is coal-fired. It previously had three generating units with a combined capacity of 2,238 megawatts. One of the plant's units was retired at the end of 2023. Two-fifths of the remaining capacity at the Sherburne plant will retire at the end of 2025, and the rest is scheduled for retirement in late 2034.^31,32 Part of the plant's coal-fired generating capacity will be replaced with the largest solar farm in the Midwest, which will have 460 megawatts of capacity and will be built next to the plant.^33,34 The Prairie Island nuclear power plant, which is located on the Mississippi River in southeastern Minnesota, accounts for almost as much of the state's electricity net generation as the Sherburne coal plant.^35,36

Minnesotans consume more electricity than the state generates, and Minnesota consistently receives a portion of its annual electricity supply from out of state.³⁷ The state's residential, commercial, and industrial sectors consume almost equal amounts of power.³⁸ Minnesota's total electricity sales rank near the midpoint of the states, but its per capita electricity sales are less than in three-fifths of the states. Total electricity sales to Minnesota's residential sector, where almost one in five households use electricity for home heating, are also greater than in half the states. However, its per capita residential sales are less than in two-thirds of the states.^39,40

In mid-2024, Minnesota had about 800 public electric vehicle charging locations, most of which were located in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area.^41,42 The state plans to use $68 million in federal funds over five years from 2022 to 2026 to help pay for new charging locations spaced no more than 50 miles apart and within one mile of the exits along Minnesota's two Alternative Fuel Corridors, which are the state's interstates I-35 and I-94.⁴³

Renewable energy

Wind energy provides the largest share of Minnesota's electricity generation from renewable resources. In 2023, it accounted for more than three-fourths of the state's renewable generation and 25% of the state's total net generation.⁴⁴ Minnesota was among the 10 states with the largest share of in-state generation from wind.⁴⁵ The state ranked eighth in the nation in wind capacity and accounted for more than 3% of the U.S. total.⁴⁶ Most of Minnesota's utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) wind farms are located on the gently rolling prairie in the southwestern part of the state.⁴⁷ However, the potential for small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) wind installations exists across the state and Minnesota is among the five states with the greatest potential for residential small-scale, customer-sited wind installations.⁴⁸

In 2023, solar energy provided 4% of Minnesota's total electricity generation and about one-eighth of the state's renewable generation. More than four-fifths of the state's solar power came from utility-scale installations.⁴⁹ Biomass fueled 2% of Minnesota's total electricity generation and about 6% of the state's renewable generation. Nearly three-fourths of the state's generation from biomass uses wood or wood-derived fuels.⁵⁰ Most of the state's landfill gas and municipal solid waste biomass power plants are located in more densely populated areas in southern Minnesota, while two of the largest wood-fueled plants are in the more heavily forested areas of northern Minnesota.^51,52,53 Some biomass power plants also use agricultural crop residues.⁵⁴ Minnesota does not manufacture wood pellets, which are often used for space heating, but almost 2% of the state's households heat with wood.^55,56

Although Minnesota is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes," including Lake Itasca, the source of the Mississippi River, the state produces only modest amounts of hydroelectric power, in part because of its gently rolling terrain.^57,58 There are 27 utility-scale hydroelectric power plants in the state, the largest of which has a capacity of about 76 megawatts. Although most of the plants are small, they account for about 1% of the state's total electricity net generation and almost 4% of generation from renewable resources.^59,60

Minnesota is the nation's fifth-largest fuel ethanol producer and accounts for almost 9% of U.S. total production.⁶¹ The state has 18 fuel ethanol production plants, and all of them are in agriculturally rich southern and western Minnesota, where most of the state's cropland is located.^62,63,64 All of the state's ethanol plants use corn as a feedstock.⁶⁵ Minnesota also has three biodiesel plants and the state is the eighth-largest biodiesel producer, providing about almost 5% of the nation's total biodiesel output.^66,67 The state's biodiesel mandate requires that diesel fuel sold in Minnesota contain at least 20% biodiesel from April through September, when air quality is worst. Diesel fuel may contain less than 20% biodiesel from April 1 to April 14 but not less than 10%, and it must contain at least 5% biodiesel during the rest of the year.⁶⁸ Minnesota has about 300 public-access biodiesel fueling stations, which is the third-highest number after Illinois and Iowa.⁶⁹ Minnesota also is among the top 5 biodiesel-consuming states in the nation and uses about 124 million gallons annually.⁷⁰

Minnesota's mandatory renewable energy standard, initially enacted in 2007, requires that the state's electricity providers generate or procure at least 25% of their electricity retail sales from eligible renewable sources by 2025. In 2023, Minnesota's legislature raised the standard, requiring utilities to obtain 80% carbon-free electricity by 2030, 90% by 2035, and 100% by 2040. Eligible carbon-free generating fuels include solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, biomass, and nuclear energy.^71,72

Petroleum

Minnesota does not have any crude oil reserves or production.^73,74 However, pipelines that carry a significant share of the crude oil used in the United States converge at the Clearbrook terminal in northwestern Minnesota, a key distribution point in the transport of crude oil to refineries in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and other states. Two major pipeline systems bring crude oil from Canada and the western United States into Minnesota. Most of the crude oil transported by rail across Minnesota comes from North Dakota and continues on to East Coast refineries.^75,76,77

Minnesota has two crude oil refineries with a combined capacity of about 440,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day.⁷⁸ The Pine Bend refinery, located in the Minneapolis-St. Paul suburbs, is the nation's 13th-largest oil refinery and the largest refinery located in a non-oil-producing state. It can process about 335,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. It produces transportation fuels that are delivered to markets throughout the Midwest.^79,80 Minnesota's other refinery, St. Paul Park, is located along the Mississippi River. St. Paul Park, built in 1939, expanded over the years and now processes about 105,000 barrels of crude oil per calendar day. That refinery produces a variety of refined products from U.S. and Canadian sweet and sour crude oils, including motor gasoline, distillates, asphalt, heavy fuel oil, propane, and refinery-grade propylene.^81,82 Petroleum product pipelines cross the state and distribute refined products from Minnesota's refineries and from refineries in other states to Minnesota markets.⁸³

Minnesota's per capita petroleum consumption is near the midpoint of the states.⁸⁴ The transportation sector consumes 70% of the petroleum used in Minnesota, and motor gasoline accounts for slightly more than two-fifths of the state's total petroleum consumption.^85,86 Minnesota was the first state to require the use of ethanol in motor gasoline and is one of only two Midwestern states (Missouri is the other) that requires the statewide use of oxygenated motor gasoline blended with at least 10% ethanol.^87,88 In February 2024, federal regulators approved the sale of gasoline with up to 15% ethanol throughout the year in Minnesota and seven other Midwest states starting in 2025. Previously, so-called E15 gasoline was banned during the summertime due to concerns that it caused smog in hotter temperatures.⁸⁹ Minnesota also has about 400 public-access fueling stations that sell E85, a blend of 15% motor gasoline and 85% ethanol. The state has the second-highest number of E85 fueling stations, after California, and it has about one-tenth of the nation's total.⁹⁰ The industrial sector is the second-largest petroleum consumer in Minnesota and accounts for about one-fifth of the petroleum used in the state. The residential sector accounted for about 7% of Minnesota's petroleum consumption. About one in eight Minnesota homes heat with petroleum products, mainly propane.^91,92 The commercial sector used about 4% of the petroleum consumed in the state. A small amount of petroleum was used by the electric power sector.⁹³

Natural gas

Minnesota does not have any natural gas reserves or production.^94,95 Although several natural gas pipelines cross the state, no natural gas market centers are in Minnesota. The state does have four U.S.-Canada natural gas pipeline border crossings capable of handling hundreds of billions of cubic feet of natural gas each year.^96,97 Interstate pipelines deliver natural gas to Minnesota, primarily from South Dakota, Canada, North Dakota, and Iowa. Three-fourths of the natural gas that enters Minnesota continues on to other states. Almost all of it goes to Iowa and Wisconsin on its way to markets in the Midwest and beyond. A small amount is delivered back to North Dakota and Canada, and some is placed in Minnesota's one natural gas storage field, which has a storage capacity of 7 billion cubic feet.^98,99

The industrial sector consumes the largest share of natural gas delivered to consumers in Minnesota and accounts for almost one-third of state consumption. The residential sector, where two out of three Minnesota households heat with natural gas, uses about one-fourth of the natural gas delivered to consumers in the state. The commercial sector accounts for more than one-fifth, and one-fifth goes to the state's electric power sector.^100,101 Natural gas use for power generation in the state has substantially increased during the past decade, and in 2023, the sector consumed a record amount of natural gas in the state. Minnesota's electric power sector used twice as much natural gas as it consumed in 2013.^102,103

Coal

Minnesota does not have any operating coal mines or economically recoverable reserves.^104,105 However, the state plays a key role in the nation's coal shipments. Coal from the Powder River Basin travels across Minnesota by rail to the Port of Duluth-Superior, where it is transferred to vessels for shipment on the Great Lakes and through the St. Lawrence Seaway for delivery to utilities and manufacturing plants along the Great Lakes in the United States and Canada and some to overseas markets. Coal accounts for about 15% of the tonnage shipped from the Port of Duluth.^106,107,108 Wyoming and Montana supply almost all the coal Minnesota consumes. More than 90% of that coal is used for electric power generation, and the rest goes to industrial users.¹⁰⁹ Minnesota had about 3,100 megawatts of coal-fired generating capacity as of mid-2024, but about 1,200 megawatts of that capacity is scheduled for retirement by early 2028.¹¹⁰

Endnotes

¹ NETSTATE, 50 State Rankings for Size, accessed August 16, 2024.
² Infoplease, Minnesota: Geography, accessed August 16, 2024.
³ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6 and Table 8.
⁴ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals and Dry Production, Annual, 2018-23.
⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 1, Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
⁶ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Minnesota, Natural Gas Pipelines, Crude Oil Pipelines, accessed August 16, 2024.
⁷ U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Minnesota, Mississippi River Facts, updated August 11, 2024.
⁸ Explore Minnesota, Mississippi River, accessed August 16, 2024.
⁹ Minnesota Department of Transportation, Ports, and Waterways, Commercial waterways, The Mississippi River System, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹⁰ Geology.com, Largest Lake in the World & Largest Lake in the United States, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹¹ NETSTATE, Minnesota, Minnesota Base and Elevation Maps, updated February 25, 2016.
¹² Minnesota Department of Transportation, Ports and Waterways, Commercial waterways, Lake Superior/Great Lakes / St. Lawrence Seaway, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹³ Duluth Seaway Port Authority, Port of Duluth-Superior, Port Statistics, Port of Duluth-Superior Docks/Terminals, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹⁴ Minnesota Department of Transportation, Crude By Rail/Rail Safety Improvement Study, What is Crude by Rail?, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹⁵ Eleff, Bob, Minnesota's Petroleum Infrastructure: Pipelines, Refineries, Terminals, Minnesota House of Representatives, House Research Department, updated October 2018, p. 2.
¹⁶ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Minnesota, Maps & Data, Minnesota Land-Based Wind Speed at 100 Meters, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹⁷ NETSTATE, Minnesota, The Geography of Minnesota, The Land, updated February 25, 2016.
¹⁸ University of Minnesota, Forests & Ecosystems, accessed August 16, 2024.
¹⁹ Minnesota Department of Commerce, Bioenergy, Bioenergy Industry, accessed August 16, 2024.
²⁰ U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, Cash receipts by commodity State ranking, Cash receipts by commodity, state ranking, 2022, Nominal (current dollars), select crops and corn.
²¹ U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
²² Ethanol Producer Magazine, Ethanol Plant List, accessed August 16, 2024.
²³ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Lakes, rivers, and wetlands facts, accessed August 16, 2024.
²⁴ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Minnesota, Hydroelectric Power Plants, accessed August 16, 2024.
²⁵ NETSTATE, Minnesota, The Geography of Minnesota, Climate, accessed August 16, 2024.
²⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C14, Total Energy Consumption Estimates per Capita by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2022.
²⁷ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Interactive Data, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, SAGDP2 GDP in Current Dollars, Minnesota, All statistics in table, 2022.
²⁸ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F35, Total Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
²⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Minnesota, Annual, 2001-23.
³⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Minnesota, Annual, 2001-23.
³¹ U.S. EIA, Minnesota Electricity Profile 2022, Table 2A.
³² U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024 and Inventory of Retired Generators as of July 2024.
³³ Penn, Ivan, "Coal Power Defined This Minnesota Town. Can Solar Win It Over?," The New York Times (August 19, 2024).
³⁴ Hoffer, Cora, "Wind, solar projects support Minnesota's clean energy goals as coal plants retired," Center for Rural Affairs (June 26, 2024).
³⁵ U.S. EIA, Minnesota Electricity Profile 2022, Tables 2A, 2B.
³⁶ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Minnesota, Plant Level Date, Coal (Sherburne County), Nuclear (Prairie Island), Annual, 2021-23.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, Minnesota Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10.
³⁸ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Retail sales of electricity, Minnesota, All sectors, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transportation, Other, Annual, 2001-23.
³⁹ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Minnesota.
⁴⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales to Ultimate Customers, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁴¹ U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (August 2024), Appendix F monthly state file, XLS.
⁴² U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Locator, Minnesota, accessed August 19, 2024.
⁴³ Minnesota Department of Transportation, National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program in Minnesota, accessed August 19, 2024.
⁴⁴ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Minnesota, Annual, 2001-23.
⁴⁵ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Tables 1.3.B, 1.14.B, 1.17.B.
⁴⁶ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 6.2.B.
⁴⁷ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Minnesota, Wind Power Plants, accessed August 19, 2024.
⁴⁸ McCabe, Kevin, Distributed Wind Energy Futures Study, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-7A40-82519 (May 2022), Tables 10, 12.
⁴⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Minnesota, Annual, 2001-23.
⁵⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Minnesota, Annual, 2001-23.
⁵¹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024.
⁵² U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Minnesota, Biomass Power Plants, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁵³ U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census: Minnesota Profile, Population Density by Census Tract.
⁵⁴ Koda Energy, Koda Energy, Clean, Renewable, Friendly, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁵⁵ U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report (August 1, 2024), Table 1. Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, May 2024.
⁵⁶ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Minnesota.
⁵⁷ NETSTATE, The State of Minnesota, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁵⁸ NETSTATE, The Geography of Minnesota, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁵⁹ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024.
⁶⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Minnesota, Annual, 2001-23.
⁶¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁶² U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX.
⁶³ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Minnesota, Ethanol Plants, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁶⁴ Minnesota IT Services, Minnesota Land Use/Cover: Recent (1969-present), Minnesota 2013 Land Cover and Impervious Surface Area, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁶⁵ Ethanol Producer Magazine, Ethanol Plant List, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁶⁶ U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity (August 15, 2024), Detailed annual production capacity by plant is available in XLSX format.
⁶⁷ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P4B, Primary Energy Production Estimates, Biofuels, in Thousand Barrels, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁶⁸ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Laws and Incentives, Minnesota, Biodiesel Blend Mandate, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁶⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State, accessed August 20, 2024.
⁷⁰ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁷¹ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Minnesota Renewable Energy Standard, updated November 8, 2023.
⁷² Dawson, Madeline, "Minnesota Joins 20 Other States in Pursuit of 100 Percent Clean Energy," Environmental and Energy Study Institute (April 21, 2023).
⁷³ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 6.
⁷⁴ U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual-Thousand Barrels per Day 2018-23.
⁷⁵ U.S. EIA, East Coast (PADD 1) Receipts by Rail from Midwest (PADD 2) of Crude Oil (Thousand Barrels), 2010-23.
⁷⁶ Enbridge Inc., Enbridge in Minnesota: Clearbrook Terminal, accessed August 21, 2024.
⁷⁷ Enbridge Inc., The Mainline Pipeline System (April 2024).
⁷⁸ U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, and Atmospheric Crude Oil Distillation Operable Capacity, as of January 1, 2024.
⁷⁹ U.S. EIA, Energy Explained, Top 10 U.S. refineries operable capacity as of January 1, 2024, See full list of refineries, Minnesota.
⁸⁰ Flint Hills Resources LLC, Fuels, accessed August 21, 2024.
⁸¹ U.S. EIA, Refinery Capacity Report (June 14, 2024), Table 3, Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries by State as of January 1, 2024.
⁸² Marathon Petroleum Corporation, St. Paul Park Refinery, accessed August 21, 2024.
⁸³ Eleff, Bob, Minnesota's Petroleum Infrastructure: Pipelines, Refineries, Terminals, Minnesota House of Representatives, House Research Department, Information Brief (October 2018), p. 9-10.
⁸⁴ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption Estimates, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2022.
⁸⁵ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸⁶ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C3, Primary Energy Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁸⁷ Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Ethanol in Minnesota, accessed August 22, 2024.
⁸⁸ Southern States Energy Board, U.S. Gasoline Requirements, updated January 2018.
⁸⁹ "EPA Approves Year-Round Sales of Higher Ethanol Blend for Illinois, 7 Other Midwest States," Associated Press (February 23, 2024).
⁹⁰ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State, updated August 22, 2024.
⁹¹ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁹² U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Minnesota.
⁹³ U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2022.
⁹⁴ U.S. EIA, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, Year-end 2022 (April 29, 2024), Table 8.
⁹⁵ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
⁹⁶ U.S. EIA, Interactive GIS Data Viewer, Layer List: State Mask Minnesota, Natural Gas Trading Hubs, Natural Gas Pipelines, Border Crossings- Natural Gas, accessed August 23, 2024.
⁹⁷ U.S. EIA, Minnesota Natural Gas International Receipts from Canada, 1999-2022.
⁹⁸ U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, 2017-22.
⁹⁹ U.S. EIA, Underground Natural Gas Storage Capacity, Total Number of Existing Fields and Total Storage Capacity, Annual, 2017-22.
¹⁰⁰ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Minnesota, Annual, 2018-23.
¹⁰¹ U.S. Census Bureau, House Heating Fuel, Table B25040, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, Minnesota.
¹⁰² U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, Minnesota, Annual, 2018-23.
¹⁰³ U.S. EIA, Minnesota Natural Gas Deliveries to Electric Power Consumers, 1997-2023.
¹⁰⁴ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 15, Recoverable Coal Reserves at Producing Mines, Estimated Recoverable Reserves, and Demonstrated Reserve Base by Mining Method, 2022.
¹⁰⁵ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report (October 3, 2023), Table 6, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2022.
¹⁰⁶ Duluth Seaway Port Authority, Port of Duluth-Superior, Port Statistics, accessed August 23, 2024.
¹⁰⁷ Orenstein, Walker, "As energy use changes in the Great Lakes, so too does the Port of Duluth-Superior," MinnPost (April 28, 2020).
¹⁰⁸ Duluth Seaway Port Authority, Port of Duluth-Superior, Navigation Season/Tonnage Reports, Port of Duluth-Superior Marine Tonnage Report, January 2024 & Season End 2023.
¹⁰⁹ U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report (October 3, 2023), By Coal Destination State, Minnesota, Table DS-19, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
¹¹⁰ U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of July 2024.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 2
• Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) and Independent System Operator (ISO): Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO)
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) ERO Enterprise: Regional Entities: Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO)

Other Websites

• Minnesota Department of Commerce, Energy & Utilities
• Minnesota Department of Commerce, Energy Assistance Program
• Minnesota Public Utilities Commission
• Minnesota Department of Agriculture
• Minnesota Department of Commerce, Weatherization Assistance Program
• Minnesota Biofuels Association
• EIA Minnesota Flickr Album
• Minnesota Land-Based Wind Speed at 100 Meters Map
• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Minnesota
• University of Minnesota Energy Transition Lab
• Alternative Fuels Data Center, Federal and State Laws and Incentives
• Usa.Gov, Get help with energy bills
• NC Clean Energy Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Geospatial Data Science Data and Tools
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Community Services, An Office of the Administration for Children & Families, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
• U.S. Geological Survey, Maps
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Energy Flow Charts
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE)
• EIA Status of U.S. Nuclear Outages
• EIA Natural Gas Storage Dashboard
• EIA Energy Disruptions
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Development, Energy Programs