Profile AnalysisPrint State Energy Profile
(overview, data, & analysis)
Last Updated: May 16, 2024
Overview
California has the largest economy in the nation, with a nearly $3.9 trillion GDP in 2023, and the fifth-largest in the world for the seventh year in a row.1,2 About one in nine U.S. residents live in California, and it is the most populous state in the nation.3 California also uses more energy than any other state except Texas.4 However, energy efficiency efforts have helped make California's per capita energy use the fourth lowest in the nation.5,6 California has abundant renewable energy resources, including solar energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass, and the state produces more electricity using renewable energy than every other state but Texas.7 California is also rich in mineral resources. Long known for gold and other precious minerals, the state has the nation's only rare earths mine.8 Additionally, California has significant crude oil reserves, and the state's petroleum refineries have one-tenth of the nation's total crude oil refining capacity.9,10
Per capita residential and commercial sector energy use in California is lower than in all other states except Hawaii.
California stretches two-thirds of the way up the U.S. West Coast. At its greatest distances, it is more than 1,000 miles long and 500 miles wide.11 With such great distances to travel, transportation accounts for the largest share of the state's energy consumption.12 Californians have more registered motor vehicles and travel more vehicle miles than residents in any other state.13 California accounts for one-tenth of U.S. motor gasoline consumption and about one-seventh of the nation's jet fuel consumption.14,15 Overall, the state's transportation sector accounts for nearly two-fifths of California's total energy consumption. The industrial sector uses about one-fourth of the state's total energy, the residential sector accounts for one-fifth, and the commercial sector uses slightly less than one-fifth.16 However, per capita energy consumption in both the residential and commercial sectors is lower than in all other states except Hawaii.17 Although California has a varied climate, most of the state's more densely populated areas are relatively mild for much of the year.18,19 Changes in weather patterns and climate have resulted in an increased use of cooling and almost three-fourths of California households have air conditioning.20,21
Electricity
California is the nation’s fourth-largest electricity producer.
In 2023, California was the nation's fourth-largest electricity producer and accounted for about 5% of all U.S. utility-scale (1-megawatt and larger) power generation.22 Renewable resources, including hydropower and small-scale (less than 1-megawatt) customer-sited solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, supplied 54% of California's total in-state electricity generation in 2023. Natural gas-fired power plants provided 39% of the state's total net generation.23 Nuclear power's share of California's total electricity generation was about 7%. The state has one operating commercial nuclear power plant—the two-reactor Diablo Canyon facility.24,25
In 2023, California was the nation's second-largest conventional hydroelectric power producer after Washington, and it is consistently among the nation's top four hydropower producers.26,27 Hydropower's contribution is highly variable and is dependent on rain and snowfall. After a very wet year in California in 2023, led in part by the highest mountain snowpack since the mid-1980s, the state's annual hydropower generation increased by more than 80% from 2022.28,29,30 Nonhydroelectric renewable resources, mainly solar and wind energy, provided 41% of California's total in-state electricity generation in 2023. Coal fuels only a small amount of California's in-state net generation, all of it from one 57-megawatt industrial cogeneration plant.31,32
California imports more electricity than any other state and typically receives between one-fifth and one-third of its electricity supply from outside of the state.33 However, in 2023, in-state utility-scale electricity generation equaled about 90% of California's electricity sales, and the rest of the state's power supply came from out of state.34 Wildfires in California and surrounding states threaten both imports of electricity and transmission within the state.35
Although California consumes more electricity than all other states except Texas and Florida, it uses less electricity per capita than any other state but Hawaii.36,37 In 2023, California had the nation's second-highest average price of electricity, after Hawaii.38 The commercial sector accounted for 47% of California's electricity sales in 2023. The residential sector, where three in ten California households use electricity for home heating, accounted for 35% of sales.39 About 18% of the state's electricity sales went to the industrial sector. Light rail, subways, and the iconic cable cars in California's transportation sector accounted for less than 0.3% of electricity use.40
California has led the states in the most electric vehicles (EVs) and EV charging locations every year since 2016.41 California is part of the West Coast Green Highway, an extensive network of electric vehicle DC fast charging locations located along Interstate 5. The state has about 15,300 public charging locations.42,43 In 2022, California had about 783,000 registered battery electric vehicles, the most of any state.44 California also requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to 100% zero-emission bus (ZEB) fleets. Beginning in 2029, all transit agency new bus purchases must be ZEBs.45
Renewable energy
California is the nation’s top producer of electricity from solar and geothermal energy.
California is second in the nation, after Texas, in total electricity generation from renewable resources. The state is the nation's top producer of electricity from solar energy and geothermal resources. In 2023, California was the nation's second-largest producer of electricity from biomass, after Georgia, and also the second-largest producer of conventional hydroelectric power, after Washington.46
Solar energy is the largest source of California's renewable electricity generation.47 The state's greatest solar resources are in California's southeastern deserts, where all of its solar thermal facilities and several of its largest solar PV plants are located. However, there are solar PV facilities throughout the state.48 In 2023, utility-scale solar energy supplied 16% of the state's total electricity net generation. When small-scale solar generation is included, solar energy provided 28% of the state's total electricity generation.49 At the beginning of 2024, California had nearly 20,000 megawatts of utility-scale solar power generating capacity, more than any other state. When small-scale solar panel generating systems are included, the state had almost 36,500 megawatts of total solar capacity.50
In 2023, wind accounted for 6% of California's total in-state electricity generation, and the state ranked eighth in the nation in wind-powered generation.51,52 California wind power potential exists at several areas around the state, both onshore and offshore.53 The majority of the state's wind turbines are in six major wind resource areas: Altamont, East San Diego County, Pacheco, Solano, San Gorgonio, and Tehachapi.54 At the beginning of 2024, California had about 6,200 megawatts of wind capacity.55 The first wind power farm on California's coast, with 27 turbines and 95 megawatts of capacity, came online in Santa Barbara County at the beginning of 2024.56
California is the nation's top producer of electricity from geothermal resources. In 2023, the state produced 67% of the nation's utility-scale geothermal-sourced electricity, and geothermal power accounted for about 4% of the state's total in-state generation.57,58 The state's operating geothermal power plants have a combined total capacity of nearly 1,900 megawatts.59 Four areas in California have substantial geothermal resources—the coastal mountain ranges north of San Francisco, volcanic areas of north-central California, areas near the Salton Sea in southern California, and areas along the state's eastern border with Nevada. The Geysers, located in the Mayacamas Mountains north of San Francisco, is the largest complex of geothermal power plants in the world and has about 725 megawatts of installed generating capacity.60,61
Superheated geothermal brines in the Salton Sea geothermal resource area in southern California contain lithium, a critical mineral used to manufacture rechargeable batteries.62,63 The state has the only rare earth mine in North America. The Mountain Pass mine in southern California's Mojave Desert is the largest deposit of rare earth elements in the nation. Rare earths are used in the manufacture of electric vehicles, wind turbines, and batteries, among other applications.64,65 In 2023, the Mountain Pass mine produced almost 42,000 metric tons of rare earth concentrate, accounting for about 12% of global rare earth production.66,67
California ranks second in the nation, after Georgia, in the most utility-scale electricity generation from biomass.68 In 2023, biomass fueled 2% of the state's total net generation, and more than half of that was from wood and wood-derived fuels.69 Nearly three-fifths of the state's 1,121 megawatts of utility-scale biomass generating capacity is fueled by wood and wood waste. Landfill gas, municipal solid waste, and other biomass sources fuel the remaining biomass capacity.70 California's biomass resources also provide feedstock to the two wood pellet manufacturing facilities in the state. Those plants can produce about 168,000 tons of pellets per year. Wood pellets are used for heating but can also be used for electricity generation.71 About 173,000 California households use wood as their primary fuel for space heating.72
California consumes 1.4 billion gallons of fuel ethanol annually, which is one-tenth of the nation's fuel ethanol supply and 11 times more than the 128 million gallons that the state's three fuel ethanol plants can produce annually.73,74 Midwestern states provide most of the additional fuel ethanol California uses.75 California can produce a combined 80 million gallons of biodiesel annually from 4 production plants, which is about one-fourth of the nearly 282 million gallons of biodiesel consumed in the state each year.76,77 Several California petroleum refineries have added renewable diesel production, derived from biomass, manufacturing capacity.78,79 California accounts for 97% of the nation's renewable diesel consumption.80
California's renewable portfolio standard (RPS), enacted in 2002 and revised several times since, required that 33% of electricity retail sales in California come from eligible renewable resources by 2020. The state met that goal three years before the target date.81 The RPS also requires that 60% of electricity sales come from renewables by 2030, and 100% by 2045.82 In 2022, the state legislature set intermediate targets of 90% renewable energy and zero-carbon electricity by the end of 2035 and 95% by the end of 2040 on the way to the eventual target of 100% by 2045.83
Petroleum
California was the seventh-largest crude oil producer among the states in 2023 and accounted for almost 2.5% of the nation's total onshore and offshore oil production.84 Although California's annual crude oil production has steadily declined from its peak of 394 million barrels in 1985, the state produced 112 million barrels of crude oil in 2023.85 Reservoirs along California's Pacific Coast, including in the Los Angeles basin, and those in the state's Central Valley contain major crude oil reserves, and the state holds about 3% of the nation's total proved crude oil reserves.86,87
Assessments of California's offshore areas indicate the potential for large, undiscovered recoverable crude oil resources in the federally administered Outer Continental Shelf.88 However, in 1994, concerns about the risks of offshore crude oil and natural gas development resulted in a permanent moratorium on new offshore oil and natural gas leasing in state waters.89 Congress imposed a federal moratorium on oil and natural gas leasing in California federal waters in 1982, but it expired in 2008.90 No new California offshore federal lease sales have occurred since then, although there are 22 older crude oil and natural gas production platforms that remain active in federal waters and 11 in state waters off the coast of California.91,92,93
Foreign suppliers provide three-fifths of the crude oil refined in California.
California has one-tenth of the nation's total crude oil refining capacity and ranks third after Texas and Louisiana.94 A network of pipelines connects California crude oil production to the state's 14 operating petroleum refineries, which are located primarily in the Los Angeles area, the San Francisco Bay area, and the San Joaquin Valley.95,96,97 As crude oil production in California and Alaska declined, the state's refineries increased their supply from foreign oil imports.98,99 Led by Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Brazil, foreign suppliers provided three-fifths of the crude oil refined in California in 2023.100,101
California requires that motorists use, at a minimum, a specific blend of motor gasoline called CaRFG (California Reformulated Gasoline) to reduce emissions from motor vehicles. California refineries produce cleaner fuels in order to meet state environmental regulations. Refineries in the state often operate at or near maximum capacity because of the high demand for those petroleum products and the lack of interstate pipelines that can deliver those cleaner fuels into the state. When unplanned refinery outages occur, the lack of CaRFG deliveries available from interstate pipelines means replacement supplies of CaRFG come in by marine tanker from out-of-state U.S. refineries or from other countries. It can take several weeks to find and bring replacement motor gasoline from overseas that meets California's unique specifications.102,103
California is the nation's second-largest consumer of refined petroleum products, after Texas, and accounts for about 9% of U.S. total consumption.104 California is the nation's largest consumer of jet fuel and the second-largest consumer of motor gasoline, after Texas.105,106 The transportation sector uses about 85% of the petroleum consumed in the state. The industrial sector accounts for about 11% of state petroleum use, and the commercial sector consumes about 3%. The residential sector, where about 500,000 California households heat with petroleum products, mostly propane, uses about 1%. A small amount of petroleum is used for electricity generation.107,108
Natural gas
Most of California's natural gas reserves and production are in fields in the northern portion of the state's Central Valley.109 California's natural gas output has declined steadily since 1985, and the state now accounts for less than 1% of the nation's total natural gas reserves and production.110,111 California's natural gas production is less than one-tenth of the state's total consumption.112,113 Several interstate natural gas pipelines enter California from Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon and bring natural gas into California from the Southwest, the Rocky Mountain region, and western Canada.114 Although a small amount of natural gas is exported to Mexico, California consumes more than four-fifths of the natural gas delivered to the state.115 Some natural gas that enters the state is placed in California's 14 underground natural gas storage fields that together can hold about 600 billion cubic feet of natural gas, which accounts for about 7% of the nation's storage capacity.116
California is the nation’s second-largest natural gas consumer, after Texas.
California is the nation's second-largest natural gas consumer. Only Texas uses more.117 In 2023, about 32% of the natural gas delivered to California consumers went to the state's electric power sector, where it fuels about two-fifths of the state's total electricity generation.118,119 The industrial sector made up 31% of the state's natural gas consumption. The residential sector, where six in ten California households use natural gas for home heating, accounted for 23% of natural gas use. The commercial sector consumed about 13%, and the transportation sector used about 1% as compressed natural gas vehicle fuel.120,121
Coal
California does not have any coal reserves or production and has very little coal-fired electricity generation. All the generation is from one industrial facility in Trona, California.122,123 Almost all the coal consumed in California arrives by rail and truck from mines in Colorado and Utah. A small amount comes from Pennsylvania.124 In 2023, some coal produced in other states was exported to other countries from California ports.125
Energy on tribal lands
California has the largest Native American population in the nation at about 535,000, and the state is home to more than 100 federally recognized tribal groups.126,127 Although tribal areas exist throughout California, they account for less than 1% of the state's land area.128,129 Many of the tribal lands are small, including the nation's smallest reservation, the 1.32-acre parcel that contains the Pit River Tribe cemetery.130 The largest is the forested Hoopa Valley Reservation, home of the Hupa people, in northern California's Humboldt County, with 102,000 acres.131,132
California's diverse climate and geography give tribes access to a variety of renewable energy resources. One of the first utility-scale wind projects on tribal land in the nation is in southern California. In 2005, the Campo Kumeyaay Nation in southern California leased some of its land in San Diego County for the development of a 50-megawatt wind project.133,134 The Ramona Band of Cahuilla became one of the first tribes to make its reservation independent of the regional electric grid in 2009.135 In 2015, the Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria in Northern California became the first California tribe to install a hybrid solar, wind, and advanced energy storage microgrid for power generation.136
Some reservations in California have abundant biomass potential. The Blue Lake Rancheria Tribe in Humboldt County has a 175-kilowatt biogas fuel cell system powered by gasified wood waste from the forestry industry.137,138 In 2019, the Rancheria extended use of its microgrid to the broader community, about 10% of the county's population, during a widespread wildfire-related utility power shutoff in northwest Humboldt County.139 In 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the Karuk Tribe $2 million to build a nearly 1 megawatt ground-mounted solar panel system and battery energy storage in northern California.140 In addition to the tribes that have abundant solar, wind, and biomass resources, some California tribal lands have geothermal electricity generation potential, particularly in the Imperial Valley in southern California, the Geysers area in northern California, and along the state's eastern border.141
The California Energy Commission (CEC) awarded a total of $2 million in grants to 10 Native American tribes in early 2021. The grants supported climate and energy planning efforts on tribal lands and in tribal communities, including studies related to the development of renewable resources, microgrids, and energy storage systems.142 In 2022, the CEC awarded one of its largest grants, $31 million, to the Viejas Tribe of Kumeyaay Indians for a long-duration energy storage system that will provide renewable backup power for the tribe. It will support statewide grid reliability in the event of an emergency.143 Since 2010, DOE has invested more than $21 million in about 40 California tribal renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.144
Endnotes
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38 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2024), Table 5.6.B.
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107 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
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118 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, California, Annual, 2018-23.
119 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, California, Annual, 2023.
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