• The government of Egypt is looking to address the growing gap between domestic fossil fuel supply and demand, particularly for natural gas, by launching several licensing rounds to attract upstream development. In August 2024, the government pened its latest exploration licensing round, offering 10 offshore blocks and 2 onshore blocks in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Nile Delta. In February 2025, Egypt launched an additional bidding round (the Open Blocks Licensing Program, or OBLP) that allows investors to bid on seven undeveloped fields in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as six other onshore and offshore areas in the Gulf of Suez and the Western Desert. The 2024 international licensing round closed in February 2025, and bids for that round are currently being evaluated; the 2025 OBLP will close bidding in July 2025.³
• Israel does not have any open bidding rounds for exploration. Its most recent bidding round, the Fourth Offshore Bid Round (OBR4), offered 20 offshore blocks for exploration in the Mediterranean Sea. Bidding closed in 2023, and licenses were awarded to six companies, which included international oil companies (IOCs) such as Eni and BP. Israel is reportedly planning to launch a fifth round sometime in 2025.⁴
• Lebanon extended the deadline for bid submissions in its third offshore licensing round to November 28, 2025, according to The Lebanese Petroleum Administration. The current round offers nine offshore blocks for exploration (Blocks 1–4, 5–8, and 10), which are in its maritime exclusive economic zone. The third offshore licensing round was initially launched in late 2023, with a deadline for submissions in July 2024, but was postponed because of rising geopolitical tensions in the area.⁵
• Neither Cyprus nor Jordan has any bidding rounds underway or planned for the near future (Table 1).

Petroleum and other liquid fuels

Production

• Egypt is the largest liquid fuels producer in the Eastern Mediterranean, producing an average of about 687,000 barrels per day (b/d) from 2015 to 2024. Egypt’s total liquid fuels production increased slightly after 2017 when the Zohr natural gas field came online, which provided a boost to natural gas plant liquids production. Egypt’s total liquid fuels production began to decline by 2019, however, because of maturing fields, reduced oil-focused upstream activity, and no new significant discoveries.⁶
• Israel produces only small amounts of liquid fuels, averaging about 10,000 b/d between 2015 and 2024.
• Jordan produced negligible amounts of liquid fuels from 2015 to 2024, while Cyprus and Lebanon did not produce any liquid fuels during the same period (Figure 2).⁷

Consumption

• Egypt is the largest liquid fuels consumer in the Eastern Mediterranean, in part because of its larger economy and population, according to World Bank estimates and EIA analysis. On average, Egypt consumed 799,000 b/d between 2015 and 2024.⁸
• Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon have relatively smaller populations and consume small liquid fuels volumes compared with Egypt. Israel consumed about 223,000 b/d of liquid fuels between 2015 and 2024. During the same 10-year period, Lebanon’s liquid fuel consumption averaged about 148,000 b/d, and Jordan’s consumption averaged about 105,000 b/d.⁹
• Cyprus consumes the lowest volumes of liquid fuels in the Eastern Mediterranean, consuming, on average, about 47,000 b/d between 2015 and 2024 (Figure 3).¹⁰

Natural Gas

Production

• Egypt is the top natural gas producer in the Eastern Mediterranean, producing an average of about 2.0 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) per year between 2015 and 2024, according to estimates by EIA and the Energy Institute. Before commercializing the Zohr field, Egypt’s natural gas production declined between 2012 and 2017 because it had no new discoveries and natural declines in its maturing fields. After the Zohr field was discovered in 2015, it was fast-tracked for development and came online in 2017 and  significantly increased Egypt’s natural gas production. Egypt’s dry natural gas production reached a peak of about 2.4 Tcf in 2021, which was approximately 61% higher than in 2016, the year before the Zohr field came online. However, since then, natural gas production growth has fallen, in part because no new fields are under development, production is declining at maturing fields, and persistent technical issues that have limited natural gas output at the Zohr field.¹¹
• Israel is the second-highest natural gas producer in the Eastern Mediterranean, producing an average of 528 billion cubic feet (Bcf) per year between 2015 and 2024, according to estimates by EIA and the Energy Institute. Before 2012, Israel produced very little domestic natural gas, but natural gas production increased significantly after the first phase of the Tamar field came online in 2013. Other significant natural gas discoveries, such as the Leviathan and the Karish fields, have continued to fuel Israel’s natural gas production growth.¹² However, the attack on Israel by Hamas in October 2023 and subsequent missile attacks by Iran led to brief shutdowns at some of Israel’s major natural gas fields, most recently in June 2025. The fields and their associated infrastructure reportedly suffered no damage and were shut down pre-emptively for safety and security reasons.¹³
• Jordan has very little domestic natural gas production, averaging 6 Bcf between 2014 and 2023. Jordan’s only producing field is the Risha field in the northeast, and production from this field is used for domestic power generation.¹⁴
• Cyprus and Lebanon did not produce any dry natural gas between 2014 and 2023 (Figure 4).¹⁵

Consumption

• Egypt is the top natural gas consumer in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Domestic natural gas consumption grew over the past decade, averaging about 2 Tcf per year between 2015 and 2024, according to estimates by EIA and the Energy Institute. Egypt’s natural gas production varied during this period, necessitating natural gas imports in some years to meet domestic demand, which grew at a consistent pace.¹⁶
• Israel also consumes less natural gas domestically relative to neighboring Egypt, but consumption has grown significantly since 2012. Israel’s development of its own natural gas resources has enabled it to substitute natural gas for coal and petroleum products in power generation and industrial production.¹⁷
• Jordan uses relatively small amounts of natural gas domestically, averaging 159 Bcf per year between 2014 and 2023.¹⁸
• Cyprus and Lebanon historically have not used natural gas, instead using other fuel sources to meet domestic consumption across sectors (Figure 5).¹⁹

Recent natural gas discoveries

• Cyprus has had several natural gas discoveries that may make the country a significant regional producer in the future. In February 2025, the governments of Cyprus and Egypt approved development plans for the Aphrodite and Cronos natural gas fields, which are located southwest of Cyprus. Chevron and Eni are the respective operators for the Aphrodite and Cronos fields and intend to link their upstream facilities to Egypt’s natural gas transmission network for export, given Cyprus’s relatively low domestic demand and lack of natural gas export infrastructure.²⁰ According to Rystad Energy, production from these fields is not likely to start until the end of this decade, subject to pending final investment decisions for these fields. Other offshore discoveries in Cyprus’s waters, such as the Calypso or Glaucus fields, may lead to additional natural gas production but are still in preliminary development.²¹
• Egypt’s Zohr field, located in the Shorouk concession, came online in 2017 and is the country’s largest natural gas discovery to date; Eni is the operator. Natural gas production at the Zohr field reportedly reached approximately 1.0 Tcf per year in February 2021, but unplanned outages in 2020 and 2021 have since limited output. Eni plans to drill additional wells to increase production, but the outlook remains uncertain.²² Other offshore projects brought online in the past five years—such as the Baltim Southwest, Bashrush, and Raven projects—have resulted in additional output, but none rivals the Zohr field in production volume. Egypt does not have any other significant discoveries in the development pipeline, limiting the country’s prospects for continued growth in natural gas production.²³
• Israel has had a substantial boost to its natural gas production over the past decade resulting from a series of significant offshore natural gas discoveries coming online, most notably the Leviathan field, which is one of the largest natural gas discoveries in the region. Production growth is likely to continue over the next decade; Israel has planned further development at its Leviathan and Tamar fields and is looking to develop smaller offshore discoveries, such as the Athena field.²⁴
• Jordan and Lebanon have not reported any significant offshore natural gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean recently (Table 2 and Figure 6).

Natural gas trade

LNG infrastructure

• Cyprus does not have any operating LNG infrastructure. A floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) is under construction at the port of Vassiliko and is reportedly aiming to begin commercial operations by the end of 2025.²⁵
• Egypt operates two LNG export terminals at Damietta (SEGAS LNG) and Idku (Egyptian LNG). These two export terminals export LNG produced domestically and piped in from Israel to destinations, including Europe.²⁶ Cyprus also plans to use Egypt’s LNG infrastructure to export its natural gas once its fields come online.²⁷ Egypt has one FSRU in operation where they can import LNG. The Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS) secured a charter for the Höegh Galleon, an FSRU operating at Ain Sukhna until February 2026; the Höegh Galleon is reportedly scheduled to be replaced with another FSRU, the Höegh Gandria, in the fourth quarter of 2026 when its charter expires.²⁸
• Egypt is looking to increase its regasification capacity in the future by securing additional FSRUs, which would enable the country to increase LNG imports relatively quickly to satisfy domestic demand. EGAS chartered two FSRUs from New Fortress Energy, the Energos Eskimo and the Energos Power, which began commercial operations at Ain Sukhna in July 2025. The Energos Eskimo was operating at the Aqaba port in Jordan until it departed for Egypt in June 2025.²⁹ A third FSRU, the Energos Winter, was secured through a five-year charter with New Fortress Energy and is scheduled to begin operations at the terminal in Damietta by the end of August 2025.³⁰ 
• Israel does not have any operating LNG facilities. Israel exports surplus natural gas to Egypt via pipeline, where the gas is either re-exported through Egypt’s LNG facilities or consumed in that country. Israel previously had one FSRU (known as the Excelerate ExcelsiorFSRU) in operation from 2013 to 2022 at the port of Hadera near Sharon.³¹ Excelerate Energy, the owner of the FSRU, announced the FSRU’s charter would not be renewed and the FSRU would be redeployed to Albania’s Vlora LNG terminal in 2023.³²
• As of August 2025, Jordan has an FSRU, the Energos Force, that is currently operating at the Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah LNG terminal, located at the port of Aqaba in the southwestern tip of the country. The Energos Force replaced the previous FSRU, the Energos Eskimo, which departed for Egypt in June 2025 after its charter expired. NEPCO, Jordan’s state utility, signed agreements with EGAS that would enable either country to ship natural gas to the other via the Arab Gas Pipeline in the event of an emergency, providing both countries with additional import capacity from FSRUs located outside their territories.³³
• Lebanon has no infrastructure to produce or transport LNG. In 2019, the Lebanese government announced a tender offer for private companies to provide FSRUs near Beddawi, Zahrani, and Selaata to import natural gas that would feed into either existing or proposed power plants near the respective sites, but the projects have either been put on hold or have not reached final investment decisions (Table 3).³⁴

Pipeline infrastructure

• Development of the East Mediterranean Gas (EastMed) pipeline, a proposed natural gas pipeline that would deliver natural gas from fields in Israel and Cyprus to Greece (and possibly other European countries via the Gas Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria and the Poseidon pipelines), has reportedly stalled, although discussions and feasibility studies are still ongoing.³⁵ Stakeholders in the project are re-evaluating the project’s feasibility and are also considering other alternatives as a result of the project’s technical and financial challenges. In January 2020, the governments of Cyprus, Greece, and Israel agreed to build a subsea pipeline that would provide Europe, which has largely imported natural gas from Russia and Eurasia, with an alternative source.³⁶ European and U.S. support for the pipeline’s development reportedly waned, in part, because of technical difficulties and territorial disputes between Türkiye and Cyprus over portions of the proposed route.³⁷
• Development of the Nitzana pipeline, a proposed onshore natural gas pipeline that would transport natural gas from Israel to Egypt has been delayed because of a dispute between Chevron’s field partners at the Leviathan and Tamar fields and Israel’s Natural Gas Authority. The pipeline was originally scheduled to begin operations in 2025, but disagreements over cost sharing and allocation of the pipeline’s takeaway capacity have reportedly delayed the start of commercial operations until the first half of 2028. The delayed start will complicate Israel’s plans to provide Egypt with additional natural gas exports to meet growing demand.³⁸
• The Arab Gas Pipeline (AGP) is a trans-regional natural gas pipeline that enables Egypt to export natural gas to neighboring countries Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon, as well as to Israel via the Arish-Ashkelon pipeline.³⁹ A June 2022 agreement among Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt sought to provide 23 Bcf per year (0.65 billion cubic meters per year) of natural gas from Egypt to Lebanon via Syria and Jordan along the AGP by using the Jordan segment of the AGP. However, implementation of the agreement was delayed because of U.S. sanctions imposed on the al-Assad regime. The lifting of U.S. sanctions on Syria in May 2025 may provide an opportunity for the countries to make headway in implementing the agreement.⁴⁰
• The Arish-Ashkelon pipeline, also known as the Eastern Mediterranean Gas (EMG) pipeline, is a subsea branch pipeline of the AGP. The Arish-Ashkelon pipeline was initially built in 2008 to deliver natural gas from Egypt to Israel. Egypt’s domestic natural gas shortages and damage to the AGP due to attacks on the pipeline in the 2010s curtailed Egypt’s natural gas exports to Israel. In 2019, Egypt and Israel agreed to reverse pipeline flows, which delivered natural gas from Israel’s offshore fields to Egypt.⁴¹
• Jordan began importing natural gas via pipeline from Israel’s Leviathan field in 2019 following an agreement with Leviathan partners to deliver natural gas of up to 300 million cubic feet per day (or about 110 Bcf per year) over a 15-year period. Jordan also imports natural gas via pipeline, albeit in small quantities, from Egypt.⁴²
• The government of Cyprus is planning to use Egypt’s LNG infrastructure by developing a subsea pipeline that would connect to Egypt’s natural gas processing plants and liquefaction facilities to export its natural gas to Europe. The proposed subsea pipeline would transport natural gas from the Aphrodite and Cronos fields, once operational, directly to Egypt’s LNG facilities (Table 4).⁴³

Endnotes

1. Ron Bousso, “Mideast war highlights Egypt’s energy weak spot,” Reuters, June 30, 2025. Julian Bowden, “East Med: Gaza crisis tightens regional gas balances,” Oxford Energy Comment, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2023. Julian Bowden and Elad Golan, “East Mediterranean Gas: a triangle of interdependencies,” Energy Insight 151, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, May 2024. Tom Pepper and Daniel Stemler, ed. Michael Sultan, “Egypt Open to State-to-State LNG Deals Amid Fresh Tender,” Energy Intelligence, June 12, 2025. Mohammed Ezz and Marwa Rashad, “Egypt in talks to buy 40-60 LNG cargoes amid energy crunch, sources say,” Reuters, May 25, 2025. Tom Pepper, ed. Jaime Concha, “Egypt’s Gas Supply Challenge Amid Iran-Israel War,” Energy Intelligence, June 17, 2025. “Tom Pepper, ed. Michael Sultan, “Egypt’s Gas Import Strategy Draws In Regional Infrastructure,” Energy Intelligence, January 29, 2025. Ron Bousso, “Israel-Iran war already takes toll on oil and gas sector,” Reuters, June 17, 2025.Aydin Calik, “Israel takes gas fields off line after Iran attack,” Argus Media, June 15, 2025. Paul Samson, ed. Michael Sultan, “Israeli Gas Fields Resume Production After Ceasefire,” Energy Intelligence, June 25, 2025. Steven Scheer and Mohammed Ezz, “Israel’s gas fields resume operations after shutdown during Iran conflict,” Reuters, June 25, 2025.
2. Chase Winter and Massoud Derhally, ed. Chris Raine, “US Rollback of Syria Sanctions Opens Path for Energy Revival,” Energy Intelligence, July 1, 2025. “Trump will sign executive order to terminate Syria sanctions, White House says,” Reuters, June 30, 2025. Massoud Derhally, ed. Deb Kelly, “Syria Gets to Work on Pipelines, Energy Supplies,” Energy Intelligence, May 15, 2025. Massoud Derhally, ed. Oliver Klaus, “Syria Issues Tenders for Light Crude, LPG and Crude Oil,” Energy Intelligence, June 9, 2025. U.S. Department of State, “Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act,” press release, June 17, 2020. U.S. Department of State, “Providing Sanctions Relief for the Syrian People,” press release, May 23, 2025. U.S. Department of State, “Syria Sanctions,” accessed July 2, 2025. U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Issues Immediate Sanctions Relief for Syria,” press release, May 23, 2025. U.S. Department of State, “Termination of Syria Sanctions,” press release, June 30, 2025. “Regional Trends Report: Eastern Mediterranean,” Rystad Energy, April 2025.
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