Data

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Economy
Population and Industry	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Population	3.5 million	321.4 million	2015
Gross Domestic Product	$ 103 billion	$ 18,037 billion	2015

Prices
Electricity	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Residential	24.40 cents/kWh	12.99 cents/kWh	Mar-18
Commercial	27.97 cents/kWh	10.47 cents/kWh	Mar-18
Industrial	22.42 cents/kWh	6.64 cents/kWh	Mar-18

Reserves
Reserves	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Crude Oil	0 billion barrels	NA	2018
Natural Gas	0 trillion cu ft	322 trillion cu ft	2017
Recoverable Coal	0 million short tons	254,896 million short tons	2015
Capacity	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Electricity Installed Capacity	6 million kW	1,064 million kW	2015

Imports & Exports
Total Imports	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Natural Gas Imports	52 billion cu ft	2,718 billion cu ft	2015
Coal Imports	1,682 thousand short tons	11,318 thousand short tons	2015
Total Exports	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Natural Gas Exports	0 billion cu ft	1,784 billion cu ft	2015
Coal Exports	0 thousand short tons	73,958 thousand short tons	2015

Supply
Production	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Energy	*	84 trillion Btu	2015
Crude Oil, NGPL, and Other Liquids	0 thousand barrels/day	14,461 thousand barrels/day	2017
Natural Gas - Gross	0 billion cu ft	32,915 billion cu ft	2015
Coal	0 thousand short tons	896,941 thousand short tons	2015
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Net Electricity Generation	20 billion kWh	67 billion kWh	2015
Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Net Electricity Generation	20 billion kWh	2,727 billion kWh	2015
Total Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources	*	544 billion kWh	2015
»  Hydroelectric	*	249 billion kWh	2015
»  Other Renewables	*	295 billion kWh	2015

Consumption
by Source	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Energy	*	93 trillion Btu	2015
Total Petroleum Products	106.0 thousand barrels/day	19,687.0 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Motor Gasoline	42.0 thousand barrels/day	9,317.0 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Distillate Fuel	11.0 thousand barrels/day	3,877.0 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Liquefied Petroleum Gases	3.0 thousand barrels/day	1,340.0 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Jet Fuel	2.7 thousand barrels/day	1,614.0 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Kerosene	0 thousand barrels/day	9 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Residual Fuel	36 thousand barrels/day	326 thousand barrels/day	2016
»  Other Petroleum Products	11 thousand barrels/day	3,204 thousand barrels/day	2016
Natural Gas	52 billion cu ft	27,244 billion cu ft	2015
Coal	1,458 thousand short tons	798,115 thousand short tons	2015

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
by Source	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Fossil Fuels	28 million metric tons	5,269 million metric tons	2015
Petroleum	22 million metric tons	2,295 million metric tons	2015
Natural Gas	3 million metric tons	1,488 million metric tons	2015
Coal	3 million metric tons	1,485 million metric tons	2015

Analysis



Last Updated: September 21, 2017

Overview

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico consists of the easternmost islands of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Florida. Puerto Rico has no proved reserves or production of conventional fossil fuels. The commonwealth has some renewable solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass resources but relies primarily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy needs.^1,2

The commonwealth's main island, Puerto Rico, has coastal plains, sandy beaches, and a forested and mountainous interior, with the highest peak exceeding 4,000 feet. Rivers flowing down the mountains offer hydropower potential.³ The tropical marine climate has little seasonal variation, and rain occurs year round. The Caribbean hurricane season, from June to November, sometimes brings destructive storms.⁴ The population is concentrated on the main island of Puerto Rico, with smaller populations on the islands of Vieques and Culebra. There are also small, uninhabited islands scattered around the main island.⁵ The commonwealth's population has been close to 4 million, but it is decreasing.⁶ Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens, and some have chosen to move to the U.S. mainland since an ongoing recession began in 2006.^7,8,9

Agriculture, mainly sugar cane, dominated Puerto Rico's economy until the middle of the 20th century.¹⁰ Although rum is still produced, sugar cane production had ceased in Puerto Rico until a recent government program reintroduced it,^11,12,13 and agriculture has become a relatively small part of the economy.¹⁴ Manufacturing has led the private sector,¹⁵ with industries that include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, electronics, aviation, and renewable energy, but manufacturing has been contracting¹⁶ as some special federal and commonwealth tax benefits have been phased out.^17,18 Tourism is a growing sector of the economy. Employment in the commonwealth government has fallen, but the government still employs one in four workers.¹⁹

On average, the islands' residents use much less energy than is used by consumers in the 50 U.S. states. Puerto Rico's energy intensity—the energy expended per dollar of gross domestic product—is less than two-thirds of the states' energy intensity,^20,21 and the commonwealth's energy consumption per capita is about one-third of the states' figure.²²

Petroleum

A recent U.S. Geological Survey assessment identified the potential for undiscovered crude oil resources in a subsea formation south of the islands,²³ but Puerto Rico has no proved petroleum reserves, and the islands neither produce nor refine crude oil. About three-fourths of the energy used in Puerto Rico comes from petroleum products,^24,25 which are all imported, principally through the ports of San Juan, Guayanilla, and Ponce.^26,27 The last of Puerto Rico's five petroleum refineries, located at Yabucoa, was shut down in 2009,²⁸ joining four other island refineries that were closed between 1992 and 2005.²⁹ Storage and shipping facilities on the Yabucoa site continue to be used as a refined products terminal.³⁰

More than nine-tenths of Puerto Rico's petroleum imports are residual fuel, motor gasoline, and distillate fuel that serve the commonwealth's electric power and transportation sectors.³¹ Puerto Rico allows use of conventional motor gasoline,^32,33 which makes up more than one-third of annual petroleum product imports. About 40% of Puerto Rico's electricity generating capacity is fired with No. 6 residual fuel oil and 31% with No. 2 diesel fuel.³⁴ To reduce both costs of and emissions from petroleum fuels, the commonwealth's electric utility is considering substituting propane or natural gas at several generating plants.³⁵ Other petroleum products imported include jet fuel and small amounts of liquefied petroleum fuels and kerosene.³⁶ Despite the commonwealth's low per capita total energy consumption, Puerto Rico's per capita petroleum consumption is about three-fourths of the average for the 50 states,^37,38 primarily because of the commonwealth's dependence on residual fuel oil and diesel fuel for nearly half of the islands' electricity.³⁹

Natural gas

The U.S. Geological Survey assessment also identified the potential for undiscovered natural gas resources in a subsea formation south of Puerto Rico, but the commonwealth has no proved natural gas reserves and does not produce natural gas.⁴⁰ Nearly all natural gas is imported as liquefied natural gas (LNG) through the Peñuelas terminal and regasification facility at Guayanilla Bay on the southwestern coast.^41,42,43 The facility was built to supply the adjacent 507-megawatt EcoEléctrica generating plant.⁴⁴ LNG is imported mainly from Trinidad and Tobago.^45,46 Small amounts of LNG from the U.S. mainland have also begun entering Puerto Rico in standardized cryogenic containers to supply fuel to a few industrial customers,^47,48,49 but otherwise natural gas is consumed only in electricity production. Puerto Rico's per capita natural gas consumption is about one-fifth of the average in the 50 states.^50,51,52 Beginning in 2012, LNG imports through Peñuelas increased to support the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority's (PREPA) conversion of the nearby oil-fired Costa Sur (South Coast) generating station to dual-fuel capability with natural gas.^53,54 The U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has approved a truck-loading facility at the terminal so that LNG can also be used in transportation.⁵⁵

PREPA is planning to add more natural gas-fired generating capability.^56,57 PREPA plans originally called for a pipeline to take natural gas from the Peñuelas terminal to the north coast, where three PREPA oil-fired generating stations are located.⁵⁸ But public opposition arose to routing the pipeline through Puerto Rico's rugged central mountains,^59,60 and the plan was dropped after officials found the terminal could not handle all of PREPA's expected natural gas needs.⁶¹ PREPA subsequently contracted for installation of a floating terminal with regasification capability four miles offshore from the Aguirre generating station on the southern coast.⁶² FERC approved the facility in 2015,⁶³ and PREPA has been pursuing permits and negotiating financial arrangements to enable Aguirre construction to proceed.^{64,65,66,67,68} PREPA is also considering the feasibility of transporting natural gas by pipeline from the Aguirre terminal to its north coast generating plants, building a second LNG regasification and storage terminal on the north coast, or fueling some smaller peaking generators with LNG imported in cryogenic containers.⁶⁹

Coal

Puerto Rico has no coal resources and produces no coal.⁷⁰ The commonwealth has one coal-fired electricity generating plant, at Guayama.⁷¹ The plant uses circulating fluidized-bed combustion and began operation in 2002. Typically, about 1.6 million short tons of coal are imported annually from Colombia to supply the 454-megawatt plant.^72,73 Ash from coal combustion is recycled on site into a partially solidified aggregate that is used in asphalt and concrete for road construction and other applications.^74,75 The commonwealth's per capita coal consumption is about one-fifth of per capita coal consumption in the 50 states.^76,77,78

Electricity

Puerto Rico's electricity is supplied by PREPA, a government agency that owns the electricity distribution system for the main island, Vieques, and Culebra, as well as most generating stations.^79,80 PREPA (in Spanish, Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, or AEE) was founded in the 1920s as a government irrigation system, but its responsibilities grew over the years to encompass island electrification.⁸¹ It serves more customers than any other public electric utility in the United States.⁸² Until recently, Puerto Rico obtained two-thirds of its electricity from petroleum, generated mainly at six PREPA stations with steam turbines, combustion turbines, combined cycle technology, or some combination of the three. The other one-third of PREPA's power supply was almost evenly divided between natural gas and coal generation, provided by two independent power producers, plus a small fraction from hydroelectric generators.^83,84 In 2012, natural gas firing capability was added to PREPA's Costa Sur generating station in Guayanilla. As a result, for the fiscal year ending in June 2017, petroleum supplied just under half of the island's electricity, and natural gas supplied nearly one-third. Coal continued to supply about one-sixth of electricity, while renewables supplied about 2.4%.^85,86

The commercial sector consumes nearly half of PREPA's retail electricity, and the residential sector consumes more than one-third. The industrial sector, including agriculture, accounts for one-eighth of consumption, with the balance consumed for public uses like street lighting.⁸⁷ Per capita, Puerto Rico's electricity consumption is a little more than two-fifths of the average in the 50 states.^88,89 In recent years, high world petroleum prices have driven typical Puerto Rican power prices as high as three times the U.S. states' average retail price.⁹⁰ In 2015 and 2016, PREPA electricity rates declined along with international petroleum prices, but, in 2016, PREPA rates were still higher than rates in 49 of the 50 states.⁹¹ Only Hawaii's rates were higher.⁹² To reduce fuel costs, PREPA has planned to add natural gas capability at its largest generating stations,⁹³ but conversions beyond Costa Sur depend on construction of LNG import terminals and natural gas distribution infrastructure.⁹⁴ Plans are under way for conversion of PREPA's largest generating station, Aguirre, to use LNG supplied from a floating off-shore terminal.^95,96 PREPA is considering a variety of alternative fuel and supply options to reduce costs and emissions at its two large San Juan-area plants, San Juan and Palo Seco, as well as options for its diesel-fueled turbines at Cambalache and Mayagüez.^97,98 Decisions on PREPA's future directions are awaiting PREPA's bankruptcy reorganization in the face of the ongoing recession and completion of an Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) with the Puerto Rico Energy Commission (PREC).^{99,100,101,102,103}

In 2014, Puerto Rico's legislature passed Law 57, reforming the commonwealth's electricity sector and creating the PREC. The commission is the first commonwealth body to regulate PREPA. The commission approves wholesale and retail rates, sets efficiency and interconnection standards, and oversees PREPA'S compliance with Puerto Rico's 2010 renewable portfolio standard (RPS). The law also required PREPA to expedite connections for distributed (customer-sited, small-scale) generation, improve the efficiency of fossil generation by 60% within three years, and initiate integrated resource planning with full public input.^104,105

Puerto Rico, the nearby U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. federal agencies have explored the potential for connecting the isolated island grids with each other and with other Caribbean islands, with an eye toward a possible Caribbean-wide grid.^106,107 A larger grid could lower costs and enable the integration of more renewable energy,¹⁰⁸ but laying cables across deep ocean trenches would be costly, and the option was not included in PREPA's IRP.¹⁰⁹

Renewable energy

Puerto Rico has renewable resources from its wind, rivers, and the sun and is home to both the largest solar photovoltaic (PV) facility and the largest wind farm in the Caribbean.^110,111 In fiscal year 2016-17, ending June 30, 2017, about 2.4% of PREPA's electricity came from renewable energy sources, with two-fifths of that from wind and nearly as much from solar. The rest came from hydroelectric and landfill gas facilities. In the first six months of 2017, solar generation exceeded wind generation as new solar facilities came online and regional weather produced less wind.^112,113

Puerto Rico has two utility-scale wind farms. The 26-megawatt facility at Naguabo went online in 2009, and the 95-megawatt facility at Santa Isabel began service in 2010.¹¹⁴ Other wind projects have been proposed, but Puerto Rico's onshore wind resource is limited, and proposed sites have faced local opposition.^{115,116,117,118}

Solar power is Puerto Rico's fastest growing renewable resource. In June 2017, three-fourths of Puerto Rico's solar generation came from utility-scale facilities and one-fourth from distributed solar panels on the islands' homes and businesses.¹¹⁹ The largest solar farm, at Isabela, has 45 megawatts of capacity and came into service between September 2016 and May 2017, doubling PREPA's solar generation over that period.^120,121 As of June 2017, Puerto Rico had five utility-scale solar farms in full operation and two in preoperational testing, plus 14 more solar projects in negotiations with PREPA.¹²² In addition, there were more than 8,500 customers with nearly 88 megawatts of distributed capacity connected with net metering. From June 2016 to June 2017, net generation from distributed facilities rose by nearly three-fifths.¹²³ There is no legal limit on the total capacity of net-metered facilities that may be connected to PREPA's transmission system, and continued growth of distributed generation is expected.¹²⁴ Puerto Rico also requires solar hot water heaters in all new single-family housing units.¹²⁵ The commonwealth used funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for a weatherization assistance program that installed more than 11,000 solar hot water heaters in existing homes.¹²⁶

Puerto Rico's 21 hydroelectric generating units, which were built beginning in 1915, are sited on reservoirs that often supply drinking and irrigation water as well as electricity.^{127,128,129,130} Their output varies significantly with rainfall and competing water uses. In recent years, they have supplied nearly one-fifth of Puerto Rico's renewable electricity.¹³¹ Two generators using landfill gas, located at Fajardo and Toa Baja, began generating electricity in late 2015. Biomass generation now contributes more than 2% of Puerto Rico's renewable electricity.^132,133 PREPA encouraged development of municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and other waste-to-energy facilities, but proposed facilities faced local opposition,^{134,135,136,137} and only one proposal is still active with PREPA.¹³⁸ Moreover, many of the island's landfills violate federal standards and may be shut down.^139,140 For the longer term, Puerto Rico has explored the use of biofuels, primarily those derived from agricultural wastes, and technologies that could harvest energy from the waves, currents, and ocean depths surrounding the islands. ^141,142

In 2010, Puerto Rico's legislature enacted an RPS that required PREPA to get 12% of its electricity from renewable sources starting in 2015, scaling up to 15% by 2020 and 20% by 2035.¹⁴³ The 2015 goal was not met. From 2008 to 2012, PREPA signed 68 long-term power purchase agreements with solar, wind, and biomass energy developers for about 1,600 megawatts of renewable capacity. Of those, 11 contracted projects have been built, 10 were canceled, and 47 contracts are inactive or in renegotiation.¹⁴⁴ In 2014, PREPA renegotiated some contracts to require energy storage equal to 30% of project capacity to increase grid stability.^145,146 A 16-megawatt solar farm at Salinas, which came on line in 2016, incorporates 4.5 megawatts of batteries that are charged during daylight hours and supply the grid overnight, and batteries are being added at another solar facility.^147,148,149 As part of the IRP process, PREPA and the PREC are discussing future RPS goals and how they can be met.^150,151

Endnotes

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² Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Informe Mensual de Indicadores Principales (Junio 2017), p. 3-4.
³ U.S. Geological Survey, Caribbean Water Science Center: Puerto Rico Hydroelectric-Power Water Use, updated December 12, 2012.
⁴ Rivera, Magaly, Welcome to Puerto Rico, Geography of Puerto Rico, accessed August 9, 2017.
⁵ U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census, Puerto Rico Profile, accessed August 9, 2017.
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⁷ Berridge, Scott, "Puerto Rico: A Study of Population Loss Amid Economic Decline," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (September 2015).
⁸ Levin, Jonathan, and Rebecca Spalding, "Puerto Rico's Exodus Is Speeding the Island's Economic Collapse," Bloomberg (June 2, 2107).
⁹ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Other Information Required in the Regulation on Integrated Resource Planning for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (2015), p. 15.
¹⁰ Bram, Jason, et al., Trends and Developments in the Economy of Puerto Rico, Federal Reserve Bank of New York (March 2008), p. 2-3.
¹¹ Bridgman, Benjamin, et al., What Ever Happened to the Puerto Rican Sugar Manufacturing Industry? Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (December 2012), p. 1.
¹² Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Department of Labor and Human Resources, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Puerto Rico Economic Analysis Report 2013-14, p. 6-12.
¹³ Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Department of Labor and Human Resources, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Puerto Rico Economic Analysis Report 2015-16, p. 19.
¹⁴ Setrini, Gustavo, Cultivating New Development Paths: Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Puerto Rico (September 4, 2012), p. 6-8.
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¹⁹ Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Department of Labor and Human Resources, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Puerto Rico Economic Analysis Report 2015-16, p. 19-20.
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²³ Schenk, Christopher J., et al., "Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico-U.S. Virgin Islands Exclusive Economic Zone," U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2013-3101 (November 2013).
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³⁴ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 3-3.
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³⁶ U.S. EIA, Puerto Rico Territory Energy Profile, Data, Imports & Exports, accessed August 10, 2017.
³⁷ U.S. EIA, International Energy Statistics, Total Petroleum Consumption 2015, quadrillion Btu, Puerto Rico and United States, 2014.
³⁸ U.S. Census Bureau, State Population Totals Tables: 2010-2016, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 (NST-EST2016-01), 2014 Population Estimates.
³⁹ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Informe Mensual de Indicadores Principales (Junio 2017), p. 4.
⁴⁰ Schenk, Christopher J., et al., "Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico-U.S. Virgin Islands Exclusive Economic Zone," U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2013-3101 (November 2013).
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⁶⁴ Puerto Rico Energy Commission, Final Resolution and Order on the First Integrated Resource Plan of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, Case No. CEPR-AP-2015-0002 (September 23, 2016), p. 2, 77-78.
⁶⁵ Alvarado León, Gerardo E., "Excelerate Energy sigue ‘hacia adelante' con el Aguirre GasPort," Elnuevodia.com (August 3, 2017).
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⁶⁹ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 5-8 to 5-17.
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⁷¹ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 3-1 to 3-3.
⁷² U.S. EIA, International Energy Statistics, Coal Recoverable Reserves 2014, Puerto Rico and United States, Coal Reserves, Coal Production, and Coal Consumption, 2011-14.
⁷³ U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report (October-December 2016), Table 20, Coal Imports by Customs District.
⁷⁴ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Leaching Behavior of ‘AGREMAX' Collected from a Coal-Fired Power Plant in Puerto Rico, EPA 600/R-12/724 (December 2012), Material Description, p. 2.
⁷⁵ Pando, Miguel, and Hwang, Sangchul, Possible Applications for Circulating Fluidized Bed Coal Combustion By-Products From the Guayama AES Power Plant, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (March 2006), p. 9.
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⁸⁷ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, indicadores.pr, Generación, consumo, costo, ingresos y clientes del sistema eléctrico de Puerto Rico, Mes 06/01/2017.
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⁸⁹ U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2017), Table 5.4.B.
⁹⁰ Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico. Natural Gas Diversification Strategy for PREPA (2011), slide 4.
⁹¹ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, indicadores.pr, Generación, consumo, costo, ingresos y clientes del sistema eléctrico de Puerto Rico, Mes 06/01/2017.
⁹² U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (February 2017), Table 5.6.B.
⁹³ Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico, Natural Gas Diversification Strategy for PREPA (2011), slides 4, 8-10, 14-15.
⁹⁴ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 5-1 to 5-4.
⁹⁵ Excelerate Energy, Aguirre Offshore GasPort, Project Overview, accessed August 11, 2017.
⁹⁶ Alvarado León, Gerardo E., "Excelerate Energy sigue ‘hacia adelante' con el Aguirre GasPort," Elnuevodia.com (August 3, 2017).
⁹⁷ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 5-1 to 5-4.
⁹⁸ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Other Information Required in the Regulation on Integrated Resource Planning for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (2015), p. 15-18.
⁹⁹ Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico, Investor Resources, Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, accessed August 11, 2017.
¹⁰⁰ Scurria, Andrew, "Puerto Rico power monopoly's debt deal rejected," Market Watch (June 28, 2017).
¹⁰¹ "Más cerca el desarrollo del Aguirre Offshore GasPort," Elnuevodia.com (August 7, 2017).
¹⁰² Puerto Rico Energy Commission, Final Resolution and Order on the First Integrated Resource Plan of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, Case No. CEPR-AP-2015-0002 (September 23, 2016).
¹⁰³ Puerto Rico Energy Commission, PREPA's Compliance Filing for Items Due by July 30, 2017, in re: Integrated Resource Plan for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (July 28, 2017).
¹⁰⁴ O'Neill & Borges, Transformation & Energy Relief Act (June 2014).
¹⁰⁵ Puerto Rico Energy Commission, About the Puerto Rico Energy Commission, accessed August 15, 2017.
¹⁰⁶ Lewin, Aldyth, "U.S. Virgin Islands Mulls Electrical Connection with Puerto Rico," Overseas Territories Review (December 12, 2012).
¹⁰⁷ Lantz, Eric, Dan Olis, and Adam Warren, U.S. Virgin Islands Energy Roadmap: Analysis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-7A20-52360 (September 2011), p. 18.
¹⁰⁸ Branham, Mary, "Puerto Rico Implementing Cleaner, Leaner Energy Plan," Capitol Ideas (May/June 2012).
¹⁰⁹ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015).
¹¹⁰ Theel, Shawna, "How wind energy can help Puerto Rico's debt crisis," Into the Wind (June 30, 2015).
¹¹¹ Sonnedix, "The Largest Solar Power Plant in the Caribbean Begins Producing Energy," Press Release (September 14, 2016).
¹¹² Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Informe Mensual de Indicadores Principales (Junio 2017), p. 4, 6-7.
¹¹³ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, indicadores.pr, Generación, consumo, costo, ingresos y clientes del sistema eléctrico de Puerto Rico, Mes 06/01/2017.
¹¹⁴ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Other Information Required in the Regulation on Integrated Resource Planning for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (2015), p. 40.
¹¹⁵ Ruiz-Marrero, Carmelo, "Puerto Rico divided over energy future," The Guardian (January 26, 2012).
¹¹⁶ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 4-1 to 4-3.
¹¹⁷ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Puerto Rico Wind Power at 50 Meters, accessed August 14, 2017.
¹¹⁸ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, indicadores.pr, Generación, consumo, costo, ingresos y clientes del sistema eléctrico de Puerto Rico, Mes 06/01/2017.
¹¹⁹ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Informe Mensual de Indicadores Principales (Junio 2017), p. 6.
¹²⁰ "The Caribbean's Biggest Solar Energy Plant," Caribbean Journal (April 30, 2017).
¹²¹ Sonnedix, "The Largest Solar Power Plant in the Caribbean Begins Producing Energy," Press Release (September 14, 2016).
¹²² Puerto Rico Energy Commission, PREPA's Compliance Filing for Items Due by July 30, 2017, in re: Integrated Resource Plan for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (July 28, 2017), Appendix 1.
¹²³ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Informe Mensual de Indicadores Principales (Junio 2017), p. 5-6.
¹²⁴ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 4-6, 4-7.
¹²⁵ U.S. Department of Energy, Puerto Rico-Building Energy Code with Mandatory Solar Water Heating, accessed August 14, 2017.
¹²⁶ Tonn, Bruce, and Erin Rose, U.S. Territories and Weatherization Assistance Program During the Recovery Act Period, ORNL/TM-2014/592, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (March 2015), p. 11-13.
¹²⁷ Government Development Bank for Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, Ratings Agency Presentation (March 2, 2010), slide 25.
¹²⁸ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 3-3.
¹²⁹ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, PREPA, History of PREPA, accessed August 14, 2017.
¹³⁰ U.S. Geological Survey, Caribbean Water Science Center: Puerto Rico Hydroelectric-Power Water Use, updated December 12, 2012.
¹³¹ Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, indicadores.pr, Generación, consumo, costo, ingresos y clientes del sistema eléctrico de Puerto Rico, Mes 06/01/2017.
¹³² Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, Ley 57 del Año 2014, Estadísticas, Energía Comprada por Tipo de Combustible.
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¹³⁴ "Puerto Rico Waste-to-Energy Plant Receives Approval from EPA," Caribbean Journal (June 12, 2013).
¹³⁵ Kantrow, Michelle, "Energy Answers Lands EQB Final Permit for Arecibo Plant," News Is My Business (October 31, 2014).
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¹³⁹ Blasor, Lorraine, "Environmental Quality Board to Release Landfill Study," News Is My Business (October 6, 2014).
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¹⁴¹ Irizarry-Rivera, Agustín, et al., Achievable Renewable Energy Targets for Puerto Rico's Renewable Portfolio Standard, Final Report, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez (November 2008), Achievable Renewable Energy Targets, Chapter 3, Ocean Energy Resource, and Chapter 6, Biomass Energy Resource.
¹⁴² Electric Power Research Institute, Mapping & Assessment of the United States Ocean Wave Energy Resource, Technical Report 1024637 (December 2011), p. 7.
¹⁴³ NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Puerto Rico-Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard, updated May 6, 2015.
¹⁴⁴ Puerto Rico Energy Commission, PREPA's Compliance Filing for Items Due by July 30, 2017, in re: Integrated Resource Plan for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (July 28, 2017), Appendix 1.
¹⁴⁵ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Energy Transition Initiative, Energy Snapshot, Puerto Rico (March 2015), p. 2.
¹⁴⁶ "Puerto Rico's Energy Regulator Signs Final PPAs for Six Large-Scale PV Projects," Photon (January 23, 2014).
¹⁴⁷ Maloney, Peter, "Puerto Rico energy storage project tests load shifting capabilities of hybrid batteries," Utility Dive (May 3, 2016).
¹⁴⁸ Sonnedix, "Sonnedix and Yarotek reach commercial operation of 16 megawatt photovoltaic solar energy project in Puerto Rico," Press Release (August 18, 2015).
¹⁴⁹ Colthorpe, Andy, "Saft's grid-balancing batteries added to 10MW PV farm in Puerto Rico," Energy Storage News (March 21, 2016).
¹⁵⁰ Siemens Industry, Integrated Resource Plan Volume I: Supply Portfolios and Futures Analysis, prepared for PREPA, Draft for PREC Review (August 17, 2015), p. 3-1, 4-1, 4-2, 6-3.
¹⁵¹ Puerto Rico Energy Commission, Final Resolution and Order on the First Integrated Resource Plan of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, Case No. CEPR-AP-2015-0002 (September 23, 2016), p. 27, 30, 49-55, 82, 88.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and Organizations

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 6

Other Websites

• Puerto Rico Energy Commission
• Comision de Energia de Puerto Rico, Seccion de Datos y Estadisticas
• Puerto Rico Energy Commission, Data and Statistics
• Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority
• Autoridad de Energia Electrica
• Autoridad de Energia Electrica, Ley 57 del Ano 2014, Estadisticos
• Oficina Estatal de Politica Publica Energetica
• Comision de Servicio Publico
• Green Energy Fund, Fondo de Energia Verde
• Weatherization/Programa de Asistencia de Climatizacion
• Department of Natural Resources and Environment/Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales
• Family Socioeconomic Development Administration/Administracion de Desarrollo Socioeconomico de la Familia
• Puerto Rico Infrastructure Financing Authority
• NC Clean Technology Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Energy
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)-Geospatial Data Science
• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Publications
• U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
• United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Community Services, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program

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