Puerto Rico Territory Energy Profile

Puerto Rico Quick Facts

Puerto Rico consumes almost 70 times more energy than it produces, and the Commonwealth's energy consumption per capita is roughly one-third of the average in the 50 U.S. states.
Puerto Rico relies heavily on fossil fuel-fired power plants to generate most of its electricity and the island has a higher average electricity price than all but three U.S. states.
Petroleum products account for about three-fifths of Puerto Rico's total energy consumption. However, the island's per capita petroleum consumption is about half the U.S. average.
In 2024, petroleum-fired power plants provided 62% of Puerto Rico's electricity generating capacity, followed by natural gas (24%), coal (8%), and renewables (7%).
Puerto Rico's per capita natural gas consumption is about one-fourth of the average of the 50 U.S. states.

Last Updated: March 20, 2025

Data

Last Update: June 20, 2025 | Next Update: July 17, 2025

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Economy
Population and Industry	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Population	3.0 million	328.2 million	2019
Gross Domestic Product	$ 66 billion	$ 19,552 billion	2018

Prices
Electricity	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Residential	26.29 cents/kWh	17.11 cents/kWh	Mar-25
Commercial	29.61 cents/kWh	13.27 cents/kWh	Mar-25
Industrial	28.93 cents/kWh	8.26 cents/kWh	Mar-25

Reserves
Reserves	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Recoverable Coal	0 million short tons	273,244 million short tons	2023
Capacity	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Electricity Installed Capacity	7 million kW	1,235 million kW	2023

Imports & Exports
Total Imports	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Natural Gas Imports	82 billion cu ft	2,928 billion cu ft	2023
Coal Imports	1,239 thousand short tons	4,010 thousand short tons	2023
Total Exports	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Natural Gas Exports	1 billion cu ft	7,610 billion cu ft	2023
Coal Exports	1 thousand short tons	100,208 thousand short tons	2023

Supply
Production	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Energy	*	103 trillion Btu	2023
Crude Oil, NGPL, and Other Liquids	0 thousand barrels/day	17,936 thousand barrels/day	2020
Coal	0 thousand short tons	577,657 thousand short tons	2023
Total Utility-Scale Net Electricity Generation	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Net Electricity Generation	20 billion kWh	4,257 billion kWh	2023
Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Net Electricity Generation	19 billion kWh	2,509 billion kWh	2023
Total Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources	1 billion kWh	979 billion kWh	2023
» Hydroelectric	*	245 billion kWh	2023
» Other Renewables	1 billion kWh	734 billion kWh	2023

Consumption
by Source	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Energy	*	94 trillion Btu	2023
Total Petroleum Products	80 thousand barrels/day	20,010 thousand barrels/day	2022
» Motor Gasoline	32 thousand barrels/day	8,810 thousand barrels/day	2022
» Distillate Fuel	18 thousand barrels/day	4,026 thousand barrels/day	2022
» Liquefied Petroleum Gases	5 thousand barrels/day	1,375 thousand barrels/day	2021
» Jet Fuel	5 thousand barrels/day	1,560 thousand barrels/day	2022
» Kerosene	0 thousand barrels/day	5 thousand barrels/day	2022
» Residual Fuel	20 thousand barrels/day	329 thousand barrels/day	2022
» Other Petroleum Products	0 thousand barrels/day	1,923 thousand barrels/day	2022
Natural Gas	82 billion cu ft	32,056 billion cu ft	2023
Coal	1,239 thousand short tons	535,736 thousand short tons	2023

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
by Source	Puerto Rico	United States	Period
Total Fossil Fuels	19 million metric tons	4,795 million metric tons	2023
Petroleum	12 million metric tons	2,258 million metric tons	2023
Natural Gas	5 million metric tons	1,760 million metric tons	2023
Coal	3 million metric tons	777 million metric tons	2023

Analysis

Last Updated: March 20, 2025

Overview

Puerto Rico consumes almost 70 times more energy than it produces

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico consists of the easternmost islands of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Florida. Puerto Rico has no proved reserves or production of fossil fuels. The Commonwealth has some renewable resources in the form of solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass, but relies primarily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy needs.^1,2,3 Puerto Rico consumes almost 70 times more energy than it produces. In 2023, petroleum accounted for 58% of the Commonwealth's total energy use, while natural gas accounted for 31%, coal for 10%, and renewables for about 1%.⁴ Puerto Rico's energy consumption per capita is about one-third that of the 50 U.S. states.⁵

Puerto Rico has coastal plains, sandy beaches, and a mountainous interior, where the highest peak exceeds 4,000 feet.⁶ The mountains in the interior separate the main island into two distinct climate regions. The north is relatively humid and the south semi-arid. Overall, the island's tropical marine climate has little seasonal variation, and rain occurs year-round.^7,8 Because of its tropical climate, about 9 out of 10 Puerto Rican households have no heating system.⁹ The Caribbean hurricane season, which runs from June to November, sometimes brings destructive storms.¹⁰ In 2017, Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria devastated much of the Commonwealth's electricity infrastructure and left many residents without power for months.^11,12 Puerto Rico suffered further damage to its electric grid and an island-wide power blackout when Hurricane Fiona struck in September 2022.^13,14 In 2024, Puerto Rico was impacted by Hurricane Ernesto and Hurricane Oscar, which damaged infrastructure and caused power outages.^15,16

Previously unknown undersea faults on the south side of Puerto Rico triggered a sequence of earthquakes that began in December 2019.^17,18 This event culminated in a 6.4 magnitude earthquake in January 2020, as well as numerous aftershocks that significantly damaged infrastructure on the island and led to power outages.^19,20,21 After these earthquakes, two-thirds of residents were left without power and the Puerto Rico's two largest power plants were damaged.^22,23

The Commonwealth's population is concentrated on the main island of Puerto Rico, with the highest population density around the capital city of San Juan on the northern coast. Smaller populations are located on the islands of Vieques and Culebra. Puerto Rico also contains several small, uninhabited islands scattered around the main island.^24,25,26 The Commonwealth's population reached 3.8 million in 2000, but declined since then to slightly over 3.2 million in 2023.²⁷ Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens, and some have chosen to move to the U.S. mainland. About 123,000 people left the island between 2017 and 2018 after Hurricane Maria hit.^28,29,30 Although more people are leaving Puerto Rico than entering, the number of those leaving has slowed. About 55,000 people left in 2021, the first time this number fell below 60,000 since 2010, and about 14,000 left in 2023.^31,32 This migration trend is impacting Puerto Rico's economic growth.³³

Agriculture, mainly sugar cane, dominated Puerto Rico's economy until the 1960s.³⁴ Today, agriculture, including coffee, fruits, starchy vegetables, milk, and poultry, accounts for less than 1% of Puerto Rico's GDP.^35,36 Private sector investment is concentrated in the manufacturing sector, especially in pharmaceuticals and medical devices, chemicals, and electronics.^37,38 In 2023, Puerto Rico's largest export sector was pharmaceuticals, followed by medical equipment and supplies.³⁹ Employment in the Commonwealth government has been declining since 2008, but the public sector still employs about one in six workers.^40,41 In 2016, because the Commonwealth faced more than $100 billion in debt and unfunded liabilities, the U.S. Congress established a financial oversight board through the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) to restructure the island's debt and stabilize its economy.^42,43 The oversight board's bankruptcy plan to reduce Puerto Rico's debt by 80% was approved by a federal court, and Puerto Rico's government formally exited bankruptcy in March 2022.^44,45

Electricity

The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA, also known as Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, or AEE) is Puerto Rico's publicly owned power utility. Known as the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority until 1979, PREPA's responsibilities grew over the years to encompass island electrification. Serving about 1.5 million customers, PREPA is one of the largest electric utilities by customers served in the United States. However, on a per-customer basis, PREPA provides less than half as much power as similar-sized U.S. mainland utilities. ^46,47

In 2024, fossil fuel-fired power plants provided 93% of Puerto Rico’s electricity generating capacity.

In 2024, fossil-fuel power plants provided 93% of Puerto Rico's electricity generating capacity. Petroleum-fired power plants provided 62% of Puerto Rico's electricity generation capacity, followed by natural gas (24%), coal (8%), and renewables (7%).⁴⁸ By comparison, less than 1% of the electricity generated in 50 U.S. states is provided by petroleum—though shares are higher in some states, such as Hawaii with 67% and Alaska with 10% of electricity generated by petroleum.^49,50,51

The commercial sector consumes about 47% of Puerto Rico's electricity, the residential sector accounts for 43%, and the industrial sector makes up about 10%. Puerto Rico's per capita electricity consumption is less than half that of the 50 U.S. states.^52,53,54 PREPA's heavy reliance on petroleum means that Puerto Rican power prices fluctuate with international petroleum prices and vary monthly with fuel and purchased power costs.⁵⁵ In 2023, Puerto Rico's average electricity price would have ranked fourth-highest compared to U.S. states, behind Hawaii, California, and Connecticut.⁵⁶

Puerto Rico's electric power sector has suffered from underinvestment, poor financial oversight, and natural disasters.⁵⁷ In September 2017, Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria made landfall two weeks apart and destroyed much of Puerto Rico's electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure.⁵⁸ Generating facilities were not as badly damaged as the electric grid. Still, PREPA's largest generating plants are in the south, while the largest population concentrations are in the north, making the system dependent on its approximately 18,000 miles of transmission lines.^59,60

In January 2020, the 6.4 magnitude earthquake that hit Puerto Rico significantly damaged the island's two largest power plants, Costa Sur and EcoEléctric.^61,62 The earthquake caused widespread power outages and shifted Puerto Rico's electricity generation energy mix to a higher reliance on petroleum, as the two damaged power plants primarily used natural gas for electricity generation. The 766-megawatt Costa Sur is the largest power plant in Puerto Rico and represents 55% of the island's natural gas-fired electricity generating capacity.^63,64

After the hurricanes and earthquakes, PREPA had to both rebuild its electricity infrastructure and restructure its business, while facing financial constraints. In 2018, as part of the restructuring plan, the Puerto Rico legislature approved privatizing parts of PREPA. Under the plan, private entities will manage, operate, and maintain PREPA's generation assets and electricity transmission and distribution system.⁶⁵ In June 2020, the private entity LUMA Energy was selected to operate Puerto Rico's electricity transmission and distribution system. In June 2021, LUMA Energy began its role to reduce power interruptions, provide reliable electricity service to the island's residents and businesses, and upgrade the power grid.^66,67 As of December 2024, LUMA Energy has made investments to improve the grid, such as installing 23,000 utility poles to strengthen against storms and completing equipment upgrades at all substations.⁶⁸ However, Puerto Rico continues to experience power outages, such as the blackout in December 2024 that left over 1.2 million people without electricity.⁶⁹ In January 2023, Genera PR, a subsidiary of New Fortress Energy Inc., was selected to operate, maintain, and decommission, where applicable, PREPA's aging electricity generating assets through a 10-year agreement.^70,71 The company's short-term repair plan is to reduce Puerto Rico's electricity generation outages, which as of July 2024 had declined from 37% to 23%. The long-term goal is to add reliable and affordable electricity generation resources.⁷²

Petroleum

Puerto Rico has no crude oil production, refining capacity, or proved oil reserves. However, a 2013 U.S. Geological Survey assessment identified potential undiscovered crude oil resources in a subsea formation south of the island.⁷³ Petroleum accounts for about three-fifths of the energy consumed in Puerto Rico. The island imports all of its petroleum products, mostly through the port of San Juan, with minor shipments also arriving at the ports of Ponce, Guayanilla, and Yabucoa.^74,75 The port of San Juan is one of the largest natural harbors in the Caribbean.⁷⁶ The last of Puerto Rico's petroleum refineries, located at Yabucoa, shut down in 2009, joining four other island refineries that closed between 1992 and 2005.⁷⁷ However, 4.6 million barrels of tank storage and shipping facilities at the Yabucoa site, near the southeast corner of Puerto Rico, continue to be used as a petroleum terminal.^78,79

Puerto Rico’s per capita natural gas consumption is about one-fourth of the U.S. average.

Motor gasoline, residual fuel oil, and jet fuel account for about 7 out of 10 barrels of petroleum products imported by Puerto Rico and most of it is used by the Commonwealth's transportation and electric power sectors.^80,81 Puerto Rico allows the use of conventional motor gasoline without ethanol.⁸² Puerto Rico's per capita consumption of petroleum is about 9 barrels per year, compared to an average of 22 barrels annually in the 50 states.^83,84,85

Natural gas

Puerto Rico does not produce natural gas and has no proved gas reserves. However, the 2013 U.S. Geological Survey assessment also identified possible undiscovered natural gas resources in a subsea formation south of the island.^86,87 Natural gas arrives in Puerto Rico at two liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminals, one located near Ponce at Guayanilla Bay in the southwest and one at the Port of San Juan in the north.^88,89,90 The regasified LNG is used to fuel electricity generation at the 766-megawatt Costa Sur power plant and the 580-megawatt EcoEléctrica power plant. Puerto Rico also has several small natural gas-fired generating units at industrial sites.⁹¹ The imported LNG mostly comes from Trinidad and Tobago and Nigeria, with smaller shipments from Norway, Spain, and Egypt.⁹² In 2023, LNG imports to Puerto Rico reached a new high of 82 billion cubic feet, an increase from 50 billion cubic feet in 2022.⁹³

Beginning in 2012, LNG imports increased to support PREPA's conversion of the petroleum-fired Costa Sur generating station and the San Juan generating station in 2022 to dual-fuel capability with natural gas.^94,95,96 PREPA is exploring the use of natural gas-fired power plants and renewable energy with battery storage technology to provide a reliable electricity supply.⁹⁷ Puerto Rico's per capita natural gas consumption is about one-fourth of the U.S. average.^98,99

Renewable energy

PREPA is planning to obtain 100% of its electricity supply from renewable sources by 2050.

Puerto Rico's renewable resources include solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, and biomass.¹⁰⁰ Under the Puerto Rico Energy Public Policy Act, PREPA must obtain 40% of its electricity supply from renewable resources by 2025, 60% by 2040, and 100% by 2050.¹⁰¹ To meet the 2020 Integrated Resource Plan goals, PREPA would need to procure 3,750 megawatts of renewable energy and 1,500 megawatts of battery energy storage. However, by mid-2023, none of the original 18 approved projects had commenced operations.¹⁰² In January 2025, new Governor González Colón sent three bills to the Legislature aimed at curtailing the interim renewable resource targets, as well as the option to extend the use of coal-fired power until stable electricity generation is procured to meet demand without undue burden on consumers.¹⁰³

In 2024, two renewable energy projects came online: the 26-megawatt Punta Lima wind farm resumed operations and a utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) solar photovoltaic (PV) installation with 4.4 megawatts of total generation capacity with 2-megawatts of battery energy storage.¹⁰⁴ According to PREPA, in fiscal year 2023 (which ended June 30, 2023), 2% of total electricity generation came from renewable energy sources.¹⁰⁵ In 2023, solar PV accounted for 42% of total renewable generation capacity, while hydroelectric accounted for 28% and wind power accounted for 20%. The remainder of renewable generation capacity came from other resources, such as landfill gas-fueled facilities.¹⁰⁶ Three renewable energy projects are scheduled to come online by 2026: three solar PV projects, with a total of 122 megawatts of generating capacity. One project would also include a 55-megawatt battery energy storage facility.¹⁰⁷

A National Renewable Energy Laboratory study outlines a large potential in Puerto Rico for small-scale (less than 1 megawatt) rooftop solar panel systems, about 24.6 terawatthours, which is equal to about four times Puerto Rico's residential electricity consumption.¹⁰⁸ Rooftop solar installations have grown due to a net metering program that allows customers to receive credit on their electricity bill. Puerto Rico ranks fifth among U.S. states and territories for rooftop solar adoption per capita.¹⁰⁹ According to PREPA, in December 2024, residential rooftop solar generation capacity was about 900 megawatts, more than double from 2022.¹¹⁰ The Puerto Rico Department of Housing offers a solar incentive program, which can cover 30% of the cost or up to $15,000 for residents to install rooftop solar systems.¹¹¹

Puerto Rico's 20 hydroelectric generating units, most of which are more than 70 years old, are sited on reservoirs that often supply drinking and irrigation water as well as electricity.^112,113,114 Hydropower generation varies significantly, affected by rainfall, competing water uses, and lack of funds for maintenance. However, under the 2020 Integrated Resource Plan, PREPA is exploring options to update these facilities as part of its requirement to increase the use of renewable energy.¹¹⁵ In March 2023, PREPA established HydroCo, which will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of Puerto Rico's hydroelectric generating facilities.¹¹⁶

Puerto Rico's largest utility-scale wind farm is the 75-megawatt Santa Isabel facility on the southern coast, which started generating electricity in 2012.¹¹⁷ The 26-megawatt Punta Lima facility is the second-largest wind farm, which started generating electricity in 2012 and was significantly damaged by Hurricane Maria in 2017. It remained non-operational until 2024.^118,119,120 A smaller 0.6-megawatt wind turbine is located at Fort Buchanan U.S. Army Garrison in San Juan.¹²¹ Other wind projects have been proposed, but Puerto Rico's onshore wind resources are limited. The island has more offshore wind potential.^122,123

In the past, PREPA encouraged development of municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and other waste-to-energy facilities, but proposed facilities have faced local opposition and were canceled.¹²⁴ Two landfill gas generating facilities with a combined capacity of 4.8 megawatts are located at Fajardo and Toa Baja and began producing electricity in 2016 and 2020, respectively.¹²⁵ However, many of the island's landfills cannot be used for electricity generation because they violate federal standards and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ordered some of them to close.^126,127,128

Coal

Puerto Rico has no coal reserves and produces no coal.¹²⁹ The Commonwealth has one coal-fired electricity generating plant, located at Guayama. The 454-megawatt plant began operating in 2001 and accounted for about 8% of Puerto Rico's total generation capacity in 2024.^130,131 The power plant is operating under a 25-year power purchase agreement with PREPA, which will expire in 2027. Puerto Rico's public policy currently prohibits the use of coal-fired power after January 1, 2028, but this deadline may be extended by Governor González Colón.^132,133,134 Puerto Rico consumed 1.2 million tons of coal in 2023, the lowest amount since 2017. Almost all of it was bituminous coal to fuel the power plant.¹³⁵

Endnotes

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² Southern States Energy Board, Southern Regional Energy Profiles 2022, p. 60-61.
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⁴ U.S. EIA, International Energy Statistics, Puerto Rico, 2023 primary energy data in quadrillion BTU.
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